A number of different ways of defining topologies in a lattice or partially ordered set in terms of the order relation are known. Three of these methods have proved to be useful and convenient for lattices of special types, namely the ideal topology, the interval topology, and the new interval topology of Garrett Birkhoff. In another paper (2) we have shown that these three topologies are equivalent for chains (totally ordered sets), where they reduce to the usual intrinsic topology of the chain.

Since many important lattices are either direct products of chains or sublattices of such products, it is natural to ask what relationships exist between the various order topologies of a direct product of lattices and those of the lattices themselves.

We shall consider a space S, a σ-algebra M of subsets of S, a measure μ defined on M, and the μ-integrals of certain μ-integrable functions f. To each point x of a certain set E of S we associate certain ones of the sets V ∈ M and form the quotients ∫ vf(x)dμ(x)/μ(V) for each such set V. In case these quotients tend to f(x) as the sets V converge to x in accordance with a definition we adopt in §2, then we say that the integral of f is differentiable or derivable at x. It is of interest to assert conditions that ensure the differentiability of a given integral or class of integrals at μ-almost all points of E.

A Prüfer domain is an integral domain D with the property that for every proper prime ideal P of D the quotient ring DP is a valuation ring. Examples of such domains are valuation rings and Dedekind domains, a Dedekind domain being merely a noetherian Prüfer domain. The integral closure of the integers in an infinite algebraic extension of the rationals is another example of a Prüfer domain (5, p. 555, Theorem 8). This third example has been studied initially by Krull (4) and then by Nakano (8).

In this paper we use number-theoretic properties to classify ordinary graphs that are finite and have no isolated vertices. The classification depends on whether there is an assignment of real values, usually rational integer values, to the edges of the graph, such that the set of assigned values and the set of vertex sums of these values, summed at each vertex over all the edges incident to the vertex, will be a pair of sets with prescribed properties. Then we seek corresponding graph-theoretic properties.

It is possible to describe the problem in terms of a symmetric matrix having specified properties for its row sums, but in this paper we make no use of this interpretation; however, see (3).

In an important paper (7), long overlooked, J. H. Redfield dealt with several aspects of enumerative combinatorial analysis. In a previous paper (1) I showed the relation between a certain repeated scalar product of a set of permutation characters of a symmetric group and Redfield's composition of his group reduction functions. Here I consider, from a group representational point of view, Redfield's idea of a range-correspondence and its application to enumeration of linear graphs. The details of the application of these ideas to more general enumerations are also given.

Let ﹛an﹜ be a sequence of complex numbers such that

and

Then {an} is called a Blaschke sequence. For each Blaschke sequence {an} a Blaschke product is defined as

Thus a Blaschke product B(z, ﹛an﹜) is a function regular in the open unit disk D = {z: |z| < 1﹜ and having a zero at each point of the sequence ﹛an﹜.

Let H0m(Ω) denote the so-called Sobolev space consisting of functions denned on a region Ω in n-dimensional Euclidean space, which together with their generalized derivatives of all orders ⩽m belong to , and which vanish in a certain sense on the boundary ∂Ω. (Precise definitions are given in the next section.) For each pair m, k of non-negative integers the inclusion H0m+k(Ω) ⊂ H0m(Ω) defines a natural “embedding” map. For the case of a bounded region Ω it is well known that these maps are completely continuous, and even, for sufficiently large k, of Hilbert-Schmidt type. We have discussed complete continuity in the case of unbounded regions in an earlier paper; here we consider conditions on Ω which imply the Hilbert-Schmidt property for embeddings.

In (3) we proved that if A is a complex n-square normal matrix with characteristic roots α1 … , αn,then

1

If A is positive semi-definite hermitian, the inequality (1) becomes

2

This inequality partially answers the problem of determining the maximum permanent of a positive semi-definite hermitian matrix with prescribed characteristic roots (6). In (1), Brualdi and Newman proved that (2) also holds when A is an n-square circulant with non-negative entries. In a recent conversation Dr. Newman raised the question of determining the cases of equality in (1). In the present note we answer this question.

In (3) Tutte showed that the order of a regular graph of degree d and even girth g > 4 is greater than or equal to

Here the girth of a graph is the length of the shortest circuit. It was shown in (2) that this lower bound cannot be attained for regular graphs of degree > 2 for g ≠ 6, 8, or 12. When this lower bound is attained, the graph is called minimal. In a group-theoretic setting a similar situation arose and it was noticed by Gleason that minimal regular graphs of girth 12 could be constructed from certain groups. Here we construct these graphs making only incidental use of group theory. Also we give what is believed to be an easier construction of minimal regular graphs of girth 8 than is given in (2). These results are contained in the following two theorems.

This paper is an outgrowth of studies related to the converse of the contraction mapping principle. A natural formulation of the converse statement may be stated as follows: “Let X be a complete metric space, and T be a mapping of X into itself such that for each x ∈ X, the sequence of iterates ﹛Tnx﹜ converges to a unique fixed point ω ∈ X. Then there exists a complete metric in X in which T is a contraction.” This is in fact true, even in a stronger sense, as may be seen from the following result of Bessaga (1).

Let Ω be a bounded open set in Euclidean n-space, En. Let α = (α1, … , an) be an n-tuple of non-negative integers;

and denote by Qm the set ﹛α| 0 ⩽ |α| ⩽ m}. Denote by x = (x1, … , xn) a typical point in En and put

In this paper we establish, under certain circumstances, the existence of weak and classical solutions of the quasi-linear Dirichlet problem

1

Let f(z) be an entire function of the complex variable z = x + iy defined by the everywhere absolutely convergent Dirichlet series

1.1

If

then log m(x,f) is an increasing convex function of x (2), and

is called the Ritt order of f(z).

In a mixed problem one is required to find a solution of a system of partial differential equations when the values of certain combinations of the derivatives are given on two or more distinct intersecting surfaces. If the differential equations arise from some physical process, the correct boundary conditions are usually apparent. Many particular problems of this type have been solved by special methods such as separation of variables and the method of images. However, no general criterion has been given for what constitutes a correctly set mixed problem. In fact such problems have usually been formulated in connection with hyperbolic differential equations with data prescribed on two surfaces (called the initial and boundary surfaces).

A quasi-Frobenius ring is a ring with minimum condition satisfying the conditions r(l)H)) = H and l(r(L)) = L for right ideals H and left ideals L where r(S) (l(S)) denotes the right (left) annihilator of a subset S of the ring. Nakayama first defined and studied such rings (8; 9) and they have been studied by a number of authors (2; 3; 4; 6). A dual ring is a topological ring satisfying the conditions r(l)H)) = H and l(r)H)) = L for closed right ideals H and closed left ideals L. Baer (1) and Kaplansky (7) introduced the notion of such rings, which is a natural generalization of that of quaso-Frobenius rings. Numakura studied the analogy between dual rings and quasi-Frobenius rings in (10).

Let denote a separable, complex Hilbert space, and let R be a von Neumann algebra acting on . (A von Neumann algebra is a weakly closed, self-adjoint algebra of operators that contains the identity operator on its underlying space.) An element A of R is a commutator in R if there exist operators B and C in R such that A = BC — CB. The problem of specifying exactly which operators are commutators in R has been solved in certain special cases; e.g. if R is an algebra of type In (n < ∞) (2), and if R is a factor of type I∞ (1). It is the purpose of this note to treat the same problem in case R is a factor of type III. Our main result is the following theorem.

The geometry of quadric varieties (hypersurfaces) in finite projective spaces of N dimensions has been studied by Primrose (12) and Ray-Chaudhuri (13). In this paper we study the geometry of another class of varieties, which we call Hermitian varieties and which have many properties analogous to quadrics. Hermitian varieties are defined only for finite projective spaces for which the ground (Galois field) GF(q2) has order q2, where q is the power of a prime. If h is any element of GF(q2), then = hq is defined to be conjugate to h.

This paper is concerned with the ideal theory of a commutative ring R. We say R has Property (α) if each primary ideal in R is a power of its (prime) radical; R is said to have Property (δ) provided every ideal in R is an intersection of a finite number of prime power ideals. In (2, Theorem 8, p. 33) it is shown that if D is a Noetherian integral domain with identity and if there are no ideals properly between any maximal ideal and its square, then D is a Dedekind domain. It follows from this that if D has Property (α) and is Noetherian (in which case D has Property (δ)), then D is Dedekind.

It is known that given a set X of m (⩾n) distinct real numbers and a real-valued function f denned on X, there exists a unique polynomial pn-1,f,x of degree n — 1 or less which approximates best to f(x) on X, that is, which minimizes the deviation δ = δ(f, p) defined by the αth-power metric (α < 1) with positive weights, or by the positively weighted maximum of |f — p| on X; these deviations shall be denoted by δα and δβ. The polynomial pn-1,f,x has the property that f — pn-1,f,x has at least n strong sign changes; in other words, there are at least n + 1 points in X where the difference takes alternatingly positive and negative values.

In (3, p. 85) we denned a Baer semigroup to be a multiplicative semigroup with 0 having the property that the left (right) annihilator of every element is a principal left (right) ideal generated by an idempotent. We showed (3, Lemma 1(vi) and Theorem 5, p. 86) that with set inclusion as the partial order, the set of left annihilators and the set of right annihilators of elements of a Baer semigroup form dual isomorphic lattices with 0 and 1.

The notion of “essential metrization” was introduced in (8) where it was used to obtain some extensions of the theorems of Egoroff and Lusin on measurable functions. In the present note we shall further develop the theory of essential metrization, in its own right.

As is well known, sets of measure zero (“null sets“) may be disregarded in many problems of measure theory. Hence the usual topological prerequisites of such problems are actually too restrictive and may be replaced by what could be called “topology modulo null-sets,” imitating such notions as “approximate continuity,” “essential supremum,” etc. Thus we consider spaces in which certain topological properties (such as metrizability, separability, etc.) hold not in the usual sense but only “essentially,” i.e. to within some null sets, as defined below.