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The sea and seapower within the international system

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2017

Paul Kennedy
Affiliation:
Paul Kennedy is Professor in History at Yale University, United States
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Summary

ABSTRACT.The 19thcentury was dominated by naval power and seaborne trade, which allowed Britain to reproduce afloat something like the political and economic dominance of the Roman Empire. The Industrial Revolution reinforced British power for a short time, but quickly generated rival naval powers, while the strategic dangers of dependence on overseas markets and raw materials became clearer by the end of the century. An international naval arms race ensued in which Britain was challenged first by France and Russia, then the United States and Germany, but before and during the First World War Britain outspent all of them except the U.S.A., which was glad to get out of the race in 1922 with a nominal equality. The Washington Treaties “froze” the battlefleets of the major powers, and diverted international competition towards the new technology of aircraft. Aircraft in turn, and submarines, were to change the nature of naval war, but the Second World War only confirmed the dominant role of navies in a world war. Post-war economic growth and the container revolution helped to shift the centre of gravity of world trade to the Pacific, and the centre of effort of the U.S. Navy from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but the sea and sea power remain today at the heart of international affairs.

RÉSUMÉ.Le XIXe siècle fut dominé par la puissance navale et le commerce maritime, permettant à la Grande-Bretagne de reproduire sur l'eau une domination économique et politique proche de celle de l'Empire romain. La Révolution industrielle renforça l'autorité britannique pendant une courte période mais suscita rapidement la montée de puissances maritimes rivales. En outre, les dangers stratégiques d'une dépendance aux marchés et matières premières extérieurs devinrent plus clairs à la fin du siècle. Une course à l'armement naval internationale s'ensuivit, pour laquelle la Grande-Bretagne dut tout d'abord faire face à la France et la Russie, puis aux États-Unis et à l'Allemagne. Avant et pendant la première guerre mondiale, elle les surpassa tous, excepté les États-Unis qui se réjouit de sortir de la course en 1922 par une égalité symbolique. Le traité de Washington « gela » les flottes de combat des principales puissances et dispersa la compétition internationale vers la nouvelle technologie aérienne.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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