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World war suspended and resumed: Russia, 1919–1940

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2017

Gunnar Åselius
Affiliation:
Gunnar Åselius is Professor in Military History at the Swedish Defence University, Sweden
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Summary

ABSTRACT.Soviet governments initially regarded their navy with suspicion and could hardly foresee a use for it. By the 1930s Russian strategists were moving from revolutionary enthusiasm towards great-power realism and planning to build a battle-fleet able to dominate the Baltic and Black Sea. In reality this expressed Soviet aspirations to great-power status rather than any realistic strategy. Like the army, the navy lost many of its senior officers to Stalin's purges, it had always suffered from the low educational level of Russian society and in 1940 it was completely outfought by the Finns, after which the battleship programme was quietly abandoned.

RÉSUMÉ.Les gouvernements soviétiques ont dans un premier temps été très méfiants à l'égard de leur marine qui ne revêtait pour eux que peu d'utilité. À partir des années 1930, les stratèges russes quittèrent leur enthousiasme révolutionnaire pour un réalisme propre aux grandes puissances, et projetèrent de construire une flotte de guerre capable de dominer la mer Baltique et la mer Noire. En réalité, ces plans étaient plus le reflet des velléités soviétiques à devenir une grande puissance, qu'une stratégie réaliste. Tout comme l'armée, la marine perdit un grand nombre de ses hauts gradés suite aux purges menées par Staline, et a toujours pâti de la faiblesse du niveau d'éducation de la société russe. Après avoir subi une cuisante défaite face aux Finlandais en 1940, le programme fut discrètement abandonné.

What role did the sea play for the young Soviet regime before the Second World War? The economic system the Bolsheviks introduced in Russia did not assign much importance to economic exchange with the surrounding world, and throughout the inter-war period Soviet seaborne trade remained limited. Already before the First World War the bulk of Russian foreign trade had gone either by rail or in foreign ships, and the dissolution of the Tsarist Empire in 1917–1920 reinforced this pattern. Suddenly, most of Russia's Baltic Sea coastline belonged to other countries, together with most of the Russian merchant fleet. In 1928, when the world's seaborne commerce finally had begun to return to pre-war levels, the Soviet merchant marine(Sovtorgflot) totalled less than 256,000 register tons(including sailing ships and tugs). As a comparison, the world's total merchant tonnage at the time amounted to some 61.6 million tons(excluding sailing ships and vessels under 100 gross tons).

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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