Non-communicable Diseases such as anaemia, hypertension and diabetes and their treatment may upsurge the risk of childbirth-related complications for both women and their babies. The present study is an attempt to assess the level and determinants of Anaemia, Hypertension and Diabetes among pregnant women using the fourth round of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) data. Bivariate and logistic regression techniques have been used for data analysis. Study findings suggest that the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was found to be 25.9%, whereas the corresponding figure for hypertension and diabetes were 4.4% and 2.4%, respectively. Further, substantial socio-economic differentials have been observed in the prevalence of Anaemia, Hypertension and Diabetes among pregnant women. Results of regression analysis suggest that anaemia and hypertension were significantly higher among women in their third trimester [(OR = 2.10; p < 0.001) and (OR = 1.63; p < 0.001)], respectively, compared to women in the first trimester. Similarly, pregnant women in the age group 35-49 were at an elevated risk of hypertension (OR = 2.78; p < 0.001)) and diabetes (OR = 2.50; p < 0.001)) compared to women aged 15-24. Further, the risk of anaemia was found to be significantly lower among pregnant women from the richest quintile (OR = 0.71; p < 0.001) and women with higher educational level (OR = 0.72; p < 0.001) when compared to women from the poorest wealth quintile and women with no formal education respectively. Similarly, pregnant women from the richest quintile (OR = 1.68; p < 0.001) and women from other religion (OR = 1.75; p < 0.001) are significantly more likely to develop diabetes compared to women from the poorest quintile and women from the Hindu religion, respectively. In conclusion, early screening for predicting the risk of gestational anaemia, gestational diabetes, and gestational hypertension is critical in minimizing maternal and reproductive outcomes. The existing guidelines for Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes, Gestational Hypertension need to be contextualized and modified according to a local need for effective treatment.

The human health benefits of cardiometabolic disease prevention can be accompanied by planetary co-benefits. Focusing efforts towards young people, including children and adolescents, is conducive to disease prevention. In the context of cardiometabolic disease prevention, this review paper critically summarises the available literature on the acute cardiometabolic responses to physical activity and breakfast manipulations among young people. Given the seriousness of global climate change, which will disproportionally affect our younger generations, this review paper offers new insights into the inherent interactions between child–adolescent behaviour and cardiometabolic health from an environmental sustainability perspective to aid climate change mitigation efforts, including exploring future research avenues. A growing evidence base suggests acute moderate- to high-intensity exercise bouts can attenuate postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations for up to 24–48 h in young people. Whether accumulating physical activity throughout the day with short, frequent bouts promotes cardiometabolic risk marker attenuations is unclear. Breakfast consumption may enhance free-living physical activity and reduce glycaemic responses to subsequent meals for a possible additive impact. If repeated habitually, attenuations in these cardiometabolic risk factors would be conducive to disease prevention, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with disease diagnosis and treatment. To progress current understanding with high public health and planetary relevance, research among samples of ‘at risk’ young people that span cellular-level responses to ecologically valid settings and address human and planetary health co-benefits is needed. Indeed, certain physical activity opportunities, such as active travel to school, offer important direct co-benefits to humans and planetary health.

Many dietary guidelines recommend restricting the consumption of processed red meat (PRM) in favour of healthier foods such as fish, to reduce the risk of chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential effect of replacing PRM for fatty fish, lean fish, red meat, eggs, pulses, or vegetables, on the risk of incident hypertension and diabetes. This was a prospective study of women in the E3N cohort study. Cases of diabetes and hypertension were based on self-report, specific questionnaires, and drug reimbursements. In the main analysis, information on regular dietary intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire, and food substitutions were modelled using cox proportional hazard models 95 % confidence intervals were generated via bootstrapping. 71,081 women free of diabetes and 45,771 women free of hypertension were followed for an average of 18.7 and 18.3 years respectively. 2,681 incident cases of diabetes and 12,327 incident cases of hypertension were identified. Replacing PRM with fatty fish was associated with a 15 % lower risk of diabetes (HR = 0.85, 95 CI [0.73: 0.97]), and hypertension (HR =0 .85 [0.79: 0.91]). Between 3 – 10 % lower risk of hypertension or diabetes was also observed when replacing PRM with vegetables, unprocessed red meat, or pulses. The replacement of PRM with alternative protein sources such as fatty fish, unprocessed red meat, vegetables, or pulses was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension and diabetes.

Hyperglycemia during the first trimester leads to an increased risk of innate malformations as well as death at times close to delivery dates. The methylated genes include those from paternal H19 and PEG3 and those from maternal MEST and MEG3 that are necessary for the growth and regulation of the human fetus and its placenta. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the expression of these genes in the cord blood of healthy infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy mothers.

This case-control study was conducted on the cord blood of 40 infants born to mothers with GDM and 35 infants born to healthy mothers. Mothers were identified by measuring oral glucose tolerance in the 24th–26th week of pregnancy. Cord blood was obtained post-delivery, and cord blood mononuclear cells were immediately extracted, using Ficoll solution. Then, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed, and gene expression of MEG3, PEG3, H19, and MEST was assessed through quantitative real-time PCR.

Findings show that the expression levels of MEG3, PEG3, H19, and MEST genes were significantly decreased in mononuclear cord blood cells of infants born to mothers with GDM when compared to those of the healthy control group.

These findings reveal that the reduction of imprinted genes in mothers with GDM is most likely due to changes in their methylation by an epigenetic process. Considering the importance of GDM due to its high prevalence and its side effects both for mother and fetus, recognizing their exact mechanisms is of high importance. This has to be studied more widely.

Our study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and analyse the epidemiological characteristics of EPTB patients with or without pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). EPTB cases admitted in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were included. Uni- and multi-variable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify risk factors and prognostic factors of concomitant EPTB and PTB or exclusively EPTB. A total of 3488 EPTB patients were reviewed, including 2086 patients with concurrent PTB and EPTB, and 1402 patients with exclusively EPTB. Logistic regression analysis showed that age >60 years (OR = 1.674, 95% CI = 1.438–1.949, P < 0.001) and female (OR = 1.325, 95% CI = 1.155–1.520, P < 0.001) were risk factors of exclusively EPTB, while co-morbidities (OR = 0.676, 95% CI = 0.492–0.929, P = 0.016) and severe symptoms (OR = 0.613, 95% CI = 0.405–0.929, P = 0.021) were risk factors for concurrence of EPTB and PTB. Age >60 years was an independent prognostic factor in EPTB patients with or without PTB (HR = 11.059, 95%CI = 5.097–23.999, P < 0.001; HR = 23.994, 95%CI = 3.093–186.151, P = 0.0020). Female gender was an independent prognostic factor in patients with concurrent PTB and EPTB (HR = 23.994, 95%CI = 3.093–186.151, P = 0.002). Our study disclosed the differential epidemiological characteristics of EPTB patients with or without PTB in China.

Most current nutrition policies and dietary recommendations still reflect decades of research addressing the mechanism of action or health risks of individual nutrients. Yet, most high-income countries including the UK are far from reaching the dietary intakes which are recommended for good health. Food-based dietary patterns (DPs) can help target specific combinations of foods that are associated with disease risk, recognising the coexistence of multiple nutrients within foods and their potential synergistic effects. Reduced rank regression (RRR) has emerged as a useful exploratory approach which uses a priori knowledge of the pathway from diet to disease to help identify DPs which are associated with disease risk in a particular population. Here we reviewed the literature with a focus on longitudinal cohort studies using RRR to derive DPs and reporting associations with non-communicable disease risk. We also illustrated the application of the RRR approach using data from the UK Biobank study, where we derived DPs that explained high variability in a set of nutrient response variables. The main DP was characterised by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter and low-fibre bread, and low intakes of fresh fruit and vegetables and showed particularly strong associations with CVD, type 2 diabetes and all-cause mortality, which is consistent with previous studies that derived ‘Western’ or unhealthy DPs. These recent studies conducted in the UK Biobank population together with evidence from previous cohort studies contribute to the emerging evidence base to underpin food-based dietary advice for non-communicable disease prevention.

Se is an indispensable trace element for the human body, and telomere length is considered a marker of biological ageing. Previous studies have shown that dietary Se intake is associated with telomere length. However, the relationship between Se intake and telomere length in patients with diabetes has not been well studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary Se intake and telomere length in patients with diabetes. We extracted 878 participants with diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database for 1990–2002. Dietary Se intake was assessed using the 24 h dietary recall method, and telomere length was measured using quantitative PCR. Generalised linear models were constructed to assess the relationship between dietary Se intake and telomere length. After controlling for the confounders, 1 μg increase in dietary Se intake in female patients with diabetes, and telomere length increased by 1·84 base pairs (β = 1·84 (95 % CI: 0·15, 3·53)), there was a line relationship between dietary Se intake and telomere length in female patients with diabetes and telomere length increased with increasing dietary Se intake within the range of 0–250 μg. The study demonstrates that dietary Se intake is significantly associated with telomere length only in the female population with diabetes in the USA. However, further prospective studies are required to confirm this finding.

This study is performed to figure out how the presence of diabetes affects the infection, progression and prognosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and the effective therapy that can treat the diabetes-complicated patients with COVID-19. A multicentre study was performed in four hospitals. COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or hyperglycaemia were compared with those without these conditions and matched by propensity score matching for their clinical progress and outcome. Totally, 2444 confirmed COVID-19 patients were recruited, from whom 336 had DM. Compared to 1344 non-DM patients with age and sex matched, DM-COVID-19 patients had significantly higher rates of intensive care unit entrance (12.43% vs. 6.58%, P = 0.014), kidney failure (9.20% vs. 4.05%, P = 0.027) and mortality (25.00% vs. 18.15%, P < 0.001). Age and sex-stratified comparison revealed increased susceptibility to COVID-19 only from females with DM. For either non-DM or DM group, hyperglycaemia was associated with adverse outcomes, featured by higher rates of severe pneumonia and mortality, in comparison with non-hyperglycaemia. This was accompanied by significantly altered laboratory indicators including lymphocyte and neutrophil percentage, C-reactive protein and urea nitrogen level, all with correlation coefficients >0.35. Both diabetes and hyperglycaemia were independently associated with adverse prognosis of COVID-19, with hazard ratios of 10.41 and 3.58, respectively.

Severe acute malnutrition may lead both concurrently and subsequently to malabsorption and impaired glucose metabolism from pancreatic dysfunction. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the associations of current and prior postnatal wasting malnutrition with pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions in humans. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and reference lists of retrieved articles, limited to articles in English published before 1 February 2022. We included sixty-eight articles, mostly cross-sectional or cohort studies from twenty-nine countries including 592 530 participants, of which 325 998 were from a single study. Many were small clinical studies from decades ago and rated poor quality. Exocrine pancreas function, indicated by duodenal fluid or serum enzymes, or faecal elastase, was generally impaired in malnutrition. Insulin production was usually low in malnourished children and adults. Glucose disappearance during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests was variable. Upon treatment of malnutrition, most abnormalities improved but frequently not to control levels. Famine survivors studied decades later showed ongoing impaired glucose tolerance with some evidence of sex differences. The similar findings from anorexia nervosa, famine survivors and poverty- or infection-associated malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) lend credence to results being due to malnutrition itself. Research using large, well-documented cohorts and considering sexes separately, is needed to improve prevention and treatment of exocrine and endocrine pancreas abnormalities in LMIC with a high burden of malnutrition and diabetes.