To examine the effects of exposure to conflicting nutritional information (CNI) through different forms of media on nutrition-related confusion and backlash among consumers in the UK.

Cross-sectional survey administered via Qualtrics among 18–75-year-old participants in the UK. The sample was stratified by age and gender with quotas defined according to the 2011 UK census distribution.

Qualtrics’ Online panel of respondents in the UK.

676 participants comprising nearly an equal number of females (n 341) and males (n 335) and a majority (58·6 %) from households whose income was <£30 000.

Our findings showed that nearly 40 % of respondents were exposed to some or a lot of CNI. We found that while exposure to CNI from TV and online news increased nutrition confusion, CNI from health professionals increased backlash. Exposure to CNI from social media and health websites was associated with reduced backlash. We also found that nutrition confusion and backlash were negatively associated with exercise behaviour and fruit and vegetable consumption, respectively.

Our study supports the theoretical pathways that explain the influence of CNI exposure on nutrition-related cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Additionally, different types of online information sources are associated with these outcomes to varying degrees. In the context of obesity and diabetes rates in the UK, our findings call for (a) further experimental research into the effects of CNI on consumers’ diet-related cognitions and behaviours and (b) multi-stakeholder, interdisciplinary approaches to address this problem.

Une patiente âgée de 60 ans est adressée au CPOA pour troubles de la personnalité et du comportement chez l’adulte (F60–F69) dans un contexte de voyage pathologique.

L’histoire retrouve chez cette patiente un départ impromptu pour la Belgique. Elle présente dans ses antécédents un VIH non traité et un paludisme. Elle n’a pas d’antécédent psychiatrique. Un passage dans deux services d’urgences générales montre un examen clinique général normal et des examens biologiques et tomodensitométrique cérébral sans particularité. Elle se présente en état d’incurie et désorientée dans l’espace, avec une bizarrerie. Elle tient un discours désorganisé. Elle est persécutée et agitée de manière fluctuante, et en alternance rapide avec un état de perplexité sans autre symptôme thymique ou catatonique. Un diagnostic de confusion mentale est porté, une imagerie par résonance magnétique encéphalique est réalisée. Il montre un hypersignal FLAIR de la substance blanche péri-ventriculaire, profonde (supra- et infratentorielle) et du tronc cérébral, en faveur d’une leucoencéphalopathie multifocale progressive (LEMP) à VIH. Un transfert en médecine interne et des examens complémentaires confirment le diagnostic.

La LEMP est une affection démyélinisante due au virus JC qui survient généralement avec un taux de CD4+ < 100/mm3 . La littérature montre qu’une infection VIH peut s’exprimer par des troubles psychiatriques au stade SIDA avec une prévalence de 0,23 %–15,2 % . Les troubles psychotiques sont plus rares que les troubles thymiques . L’IRM est l’examen de choix pour confirmer le diagnostic de LEMP. Le traitement étiologique est la restauration immunitaire. Le traitement symptomatique de référence est la risperidone et la clozapine en raison d’une plus grande sensibilité aux effets secondaires extra-pyramidaux de ces patients.

Des troubles psychiatriques accompagnés de confusion mentale dans un contexte d’infection VIH doivent faire suspecter une atteinte neurologique, le diagnostic psychiatrique étant un diagnostic d’élimination.

To test the effect of news media exposure to contradictory information about carbohydrates and dietary fats on levels of confusion, nutritional backlash and dietary intentions.

We conducted an online survey experiment between 11 and 28 February 2018, randomizing participants to one of six experimental conditions. Two ‘contradictory information’ conditions asked participants to read one news article on the risks of a low-carbohydrate diet and one article on the risks of a low-fat diet. Two ‘convergent information’ conditions asked participants to read two articles with similar information on the risks of one of these two diets. A fifth ‘established health recommendations’ control condition asked participants to read two articles on the harms of smoking and sun exposure. A sixth ‘no information’ condition served as a second control group. We used general linear models to test hypotheses on the effects of exposure on confusion, nutritional backlash and dietary intentions.

USA.

Adults (n 901) registered with Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (M-Turk).

Exposure to contradictory information about carbohydrates and dietary fats increased confusion and nutritional backlash compared with exposure to established health recommendations for non-dietary behaviours and a no-exposure control. Exposure to contradictory information also increased confusion compared with exposure to consistent nutrition information regarding carbohydrates and dietary fats.

Contradictory nutrition information in the news media can negatively affect consumers’ attitudes, beliefs and behavioural intentions. Dietary debates that play out in the media may adversely influence both short-term dietary decisions and future efforts to communicate about unrelated nutrition issues.

Primary triage in a mass-casualty event setting using low-visibility tags may lead to informational confusion and difficulty in judging triage attribution of patients. In this simulation study, informational confusion during primary triage was investigated using a method described in a prior study that applied Shannon’s Information Theory to triage.

Primary triage using a low-visibility tag leads to a risk of informational confusion in prioritizing care, owing to the intermingling of pre- and post-triage patients. It is possible that Shannon’s entropy evaluates the degree of informational confusion quantitatively and improves primary triage.

The Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) triage method was employed. In Setting 1, entropy of a triage area with 32 patients was calculated for the following situations: Case 1 – all 32 patients in the triage area at commencement of triage; Case 2 – 16 randomly imported patients to join 16 post-triage patients; Case 3 – eight patients imported randomly and another eight grouped separately; Case 4 – 16 patients grouped separately; Case 5 – random placement of all 32 post-triage patients; Case 6 – isolation of eight patients of minor priority level; Case 7 – division of all patients into two groups of 16; and Case 8 – separation of all patients into four categories of eight each. In Setting 2, entropies in the triage area with 32 patients were calculated continuously with each increase of four post-triage patients in Systems A and B (System A – triage conducted in random manner; and System B – triage arranged into four categories).

In Setting 1, entropies in Cases 1-8 were 2.00, 3.00, 2.69, 2.00, 2.00, 1.19, 1.00, and 0.00 bits/symbol, respectively. Entropy increased with random triage. In Setting 2, entropies of System A maintained values the same as, or higher than, those before initiation of triage: 2.00 bits/symbol throughout the triage. The graphic waveform showed a concave shape and took 3.00 bits/symbol as maximal value when the probability of each category was 1/8, whereas the values in System B showed a linear decrease from 2.00 to 0.00 bits/symbol.

Informational confusion in a primary triage area measured using Shannon’s entropy revealed that random triage using a low-visibility tag might increase the degree of confusion. Methods for reducing entropy, such as enhancement of triage colors, may contribute to minimizing informational confusion.

AjimiY, SasakiM, UchidaY, KanekoI, NakaharaS, SakamotoT. Primary Triage in a Mass-casualty Event Possesses a Risk of Increasing Informational Confusion: A Simulation Study Using Shannon’s Entropy. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):498–504.

To assess the psychiatric side effects of ketamine when administered in subanesthetic doses to hospitalized patients. It is hypothesized that such effects occur frequently.

In this retrospective study, the medical records of 50 patients hospitalized on medical and surgical units at our facility who had continuous intravenous infusions of ketamine for pain or mild sedation were reviewed. Patient progress in the days following the start of ketamine infusion was reviewed and response to ketamine was noted.

Twenty-two percent of the patients were noted to have some type of psychiatric reaction to ketamine, including agitation, confusion, and hallucinations. These reactions were relatively short lived, namely, occurring during or shortly after the infusions. No association was found between patient response to ketamine and gender, age, or infusion rate.

Awareness of the psychiatric side effects of ketamine is an important consideration for clinicians administering this medication either for pain control or for depressive illness.