We present WALLABY pilot data release 1, the first public release of H i pilot survey data from the Wide-field ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind Survey (WALLABY) on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. Phase 1 of the WALLABY pilot survey targeted three $60\,\mathrm{deg}^{2}$ regions on the sky in the direction of the Hydra and Norma galaxy clusters and the NGC 4636 galaxy group, covering the redshift range of $z \lesssim 0.08$ . The source catalogue, images and spectra of nearly 600 extragalactic H i detections and kinematic models for 109 spatially resolved galaxies are available. As the pilot survey targeted regions containing nearby group and cluster environments, the median redshift of the sample of $z \approx 0.014$ is relatively low compared to the full WALLABY survey. The median galaxy H i mass is $2.3 \times 10^{9}\,{\rm M}_{{\odot}}$ . The target noise level of $1.6\,\mathrm{mJy}$ per 30′′ beam and $18.5\,\mathrm{kHz}$ channel translates into a $5 \sigma$ H i mass sensitivity for point sources of about $5.2 \times 10^{8} \, (D_{\rm L} / \mathrm{100\,Mpc})^{2} \, {\rm M}_{{\odot}}$ across 50 spectral channels ( ${\approx} 200\,\mathrm{km \, s}^{-1}$ ) and a $5 \sigma$ H i column density sensitivity of about $8.6 \times 10^{19} \, (1 + z)^{4}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ across 5 channels ( ${\approx} 20\,\mathrm{km \, s}^{-1}$ ) for emission filling the 30′′ beam. As expected for a pilot survey, several technical issues and artefacts are still affecting the data quality. Most notably, there are systematic flux errors of up to several 10% caused by uncertainties about the exact size and shape of each of the primary beams as well as the presence of sidelobes due to the finite deconvolution threshold. In addition, artefacts such as residual continuum emission and bandpass ripples have affected some of the data. The pilot survey has been highly successful in uncovering such technical problems, most of which are expected to be addressed and rectified before the start of the full WALLABY survey.

Ostium secundum atrial septal defects are mostly closed in the cardiac catheterisation laboratories using either Amplatzer® (Abbott Laboratories, IL) atrial septal occluder, Gore® Cardioform septal occluder and more recently using the recently approved (US FDA approval June 2019) Gore® Cardioform atrial septal defect occluder (W. L. Gore & Associates, AZ). Similar to any new device in the market, there is a learning curve to the deployment of this device. We therefore aim to report the key features about this new Gore Cardioform atrial septal defect occluder device with special emphasis on technical aspects that can be employed during transcatheter closure of challenging ostium secundum atrial septal defects using this device.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Patients living in overcrowded zip codes were at increased risk of contracting severe COVID-19 after controlling for confounding disease and socioeconomic factors OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study sought to examine whether residences in over-crowded zip codes with higher reported over-crowding represented an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection, defined by presentation to an emergency department. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this zip code tabulated area (ZCTA)-level analysis, we used NYC Department of Health disease surveillance data in March 2020 merged with data from the CDC and ACS to model suspected COVID-19 case rates by zip code over-crowdedness (households with greater than 1 occupant per room, in quartiles). We defined suspected COVID-19 cases as emergency department reported cases of pneumonia and influenza-like illness. Our final model employed a multivariate Poisson regression models with controls for known COVID-19 clinical (prevalence of obesity, coronary artery disease, and smoking) and related socioeconomic risk factors (percentage below federal poverty line, median income by zip-code, percentage White, and proportion of multigenerational households) after accounting for multicollinearity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our analysis examined 39,923 suspected COVID-19 cases across 173 ZCTAs in NYC between March 1 and March 30 2020. We found that, after adjusted analysis, for every quartile increase in defined over-crowdedness, case rates increased by 32.8% (95% CI: 22.7%% to 34.0%, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Over-crowdedness by zip code may be an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19. Social distancing measures such as school closures that increase house-bound populations may inadvertently worsen the risk of COVID-19 contraction in this setting.

Associations between different forms of malnutrition and environmental conditions, including water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), may contribute towards persistently poor child health, growth and cognitive development. Experiencing poor nutrition in utero or during early childhood is furthermore associated with chronic diseases later in life. The primary responsibility for provision of water and sanitation, as a basic service and human right, lies with the State; however, a number of stakeholders are involved. The situation is most critical in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where, in 2015, 311 million people lacked a safe water source, and >70% of SSA populations were living without adequate sanitation. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review to investigate the state of literature concerned with WASH and its association with nutritional status, and governance in children from birth to 5 years of age in SSA. Articles were sourced from PubMed Central, Science Direct and ProQuest Social Science databases published between 1990 and 2017. The PRISMA Statement was utilised and this systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017071700). The search terms returned 15,351 articles for screening, with 46 articles included. This is indicative of a limited body of knowledge; however, the number of publications on this topic has been increasing, suggesting burgeoning field of interest. Targeted research on the governance of WASH through the identification of the various role players and stakeholders at various levels, while understanding the policy environment in relation to particular health-related outcomes is imperative to address the burden of child undernutrition.

Over 300 cases of acute toxoplasmosis are confirmed by reference testing in England and Wales annually. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection to inform prevention strategies. Twenty-eight cases and 27 seronegative controls participated. We compared their food history and environmental exposures using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals in a model controlling for age and sex. Univariable analysis showed that the odds of eating beef (OR 10·7, P < 0·001), poultry (OR 6·4, P = 0·01) or lamb/mutton (OR 4·9, P = 0·01) was higher for cases than controls. After adjustment for potential confounders a strong association between beef and infection remained (OR 5·6, P = 0·01). The small sample size was a significant limitation and larger studies are needed to fully investigate potential risk factors. The study findings emphasize the need to ensure food is thoroughly cooked and handled hygienically, especially for those in vulnerable groups.

The objective of this study was to compare carcass and meat quality between Barbarine lambs raised on rangelands and those reared indoors. A total of 24 weaned male lambs (23.2 kg) were allotted into two groups. The first group (GS) grazed pasture dominated by natural shrubs and was supplemented with 100 g of concentrate. The second group (HS) received oat hay and 200 to 300 g supplement of the same concentrate in order to obtain the same average daily gain (ADG) as the GS group. Six lambs from each group were slaughtered. Lambs to be slaughtered were randomly identified at the beginning of the trial. Carcass traits (offals percentage, dressing percentage, cuts yield, tissue composition, fatness and conformation) were determined; pH and meat and fat color were measured. Samples from longissimus lumborum were collected to analyze fatty acid composition. The GS group was characterized by a higher offals percentage, associated with higher lungs, heart, liver and kidney percentage. Carcass dressing percentage defined as the rate between hot carcass weight and empty BW was lower by 3.4% in the GS group. No differences were observed for carcass meat yield and carcass and leg compactness. Shoulder bone percentage of the GS group was higher, without differences in fat and lean percentages. Fat thickness, kidney and tail fats were lower in the GS lambs. However, intramuscular fat content was not affected. Percentages of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not modified, whereas levels of n-3 and long n-3PUFA (EPA, DPA and DHA) as well as Δ5 desaturase plus Δ6 desaturase index were higher for the GS group. Thrombogenic and atherogenic indexes were not altered. No significant effects were observed for meat pH, meat and fat color. Despite having the same ADG, lambs from the GS group were less fatty, and their meat was richer in beneficial fatty acids.

A report on Toxoplasma gondii by the UK Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food recommended that more accurate figures on the burden of disease in the UK are needed. We present the first 5 years of data from an enhanced surveillance scheme for toxoplasmosis in England and Wales. Between 2008 and 2012, 1824 cases were reported, with an average of 365 each year. There were 1109 immunocompetent cases, the majority presenting with lymphadenopathy, and 364 immunosuppressed cases, with central nervous system and systemic symptoms most frequently reported. There were also 190 pregnant and 33 congenital cases. Of the pregnant cases, 148 were asymptomatic (probably detected during screening), while 28 suffered a fetal loss or stillbirth. The enhanced surveillance system has led to an improvement in the detection of toxoplasmosis in England and Wales. However, numbers are still likely to be an underestimate, biasing towards the more severe infections.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome remained a largely untreated lesion until the 1980s. In the current era, 75–80% of patients who are managed at “centres of excellence” can be expected to survive into young adulthood after staged palliation. This improved survival has led to an emerging population of patients now entering adulthood with a new set of concerns. We discuss the realised and potential issues that will be faced by these patients, including family planning, transition, and re-operation.

We provided in [14] and [15] a semilocal convergence analysis for Newton’s method on a Banach space setting, by splitting the given operator. In this study, we improve the error bounds, order of convergence, and simplify the sufficient convergence conditions. Our results compare favorably with the Newton-Kantorovich theorem for solving equations.

Direct deposition of graphene from carbon sources on foreign substrates without the use of metal catalysts is shown to be an effective process with several advantages over other growth techniques. Carbon source molecular beam epitaxy (CMBE) in particular provides an additional control parameter in carbon flux and enables growth on substrates other than SiC, including oxidized Si and sapphire. CMBE using thermally evaporated C60 and a heated graphite filament on SiC is reported here. The graphene films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and Hall effect. Graphene films on Si-face SiC grown using the C60 source have Bernal-like stacking and n-type conduction while those grown using the graphite filament have turbostratic stacking and p-type conduction. The sheet concentration for both n- and p-type doping is linearly dependent on film thickness.

Emerging infections pose a constant threat to society and can require a substantial response, thus systems to assess the threat level and inform prioritization of resources are essential. A systematic approach to assessing the risk from emerging infections to public health in the UK has been developed. This qualitative assessment of risk is performed using algorithms to consider the probability of an infection entering the UK population, and its potential impact, and to identify knowledge gaps. The risk assessments are carried out by a multidisciplinary, cross-governmental group of experts working in human and animal health. This approach has been piloted on a range of infectious threats identified by horizon scanning activities. A formal risk assessment of this nature should be considered for any new or emerging infection in humans or animals, unless there is good evidence that the infection is neither a recognized human disease nor a potential zoonosis.

Investigations of the reasons for the instability of emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) during storage and a study of reprocessing insecticide ECMs whose emulsification propertieshad deteriorated during storage is reported. Bioassay showed that very stable emulsions, although physically perfect, leave inadequate residues on the treated leaves. When a deteriorated EC was reprocessed, its emulsification properties were restored, resulting in better adherence of the insecticides on the leaves' surfaces; the residual toxicity was increased.

Layers of GaN deposited on Si substrates have been studied using Thermal Admittance Spectroscopy (TAS) and Optical Admittance Spectroscopy (OAS). Transparent front-side contacts were used to facilitate the optical measurements. Six specimens were cut from the same location in two different wafers, and three samples were randomly chosen from other growths. A shallow level at EC − 0.051 eV was found in all the specimens using TAS. In some specimens this peak was asymmetric, indicating more than one level near this energy. Deeper levels were also seen in the high-temperature portion of the spectra, but were poorly resolved in most specimens. Illuminating the specimen with UV light at 25 K resulted in the thermal position of the peak shifting to a lower temperature, and hence, the calculated energy, of the peak shifting lower. The amplitude of the peak also decreased. Transient OAS measurements revealed the interesting phenomenon of negative persistent photo conductance at room temperature in some of the specimens when the illumination photon energy was less than the bandgap. The negative response time was very short. At lower temperatures, below 100 K, the negative response diminished, but the response time was still short. At wavelengths above the bandgap energy, normal transient response was seen, with a longer time constant.

Spring postpartum reproductive performance was investigated in 19 Awassi and 15 Finn×Texel×Awassi (FTA) crossbred ewes, weaned at 2 months postpartum and simultaneously exposed to rams for a period of 48 days. The study was conducted in 1991/92 in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon.

Postpartum FTA ewes tended to have higher fecundity and prolificacy than those of Awassi ewes. Forty percent of the FTA ewes conceived and gave birth to 1·3 lambs per lambing, while 31·4% of the Awassi ewes conceived and lambed (1·1 lambs per lambing). Lambing to lambing and ram introduction to lambing intervals were similar in both genotypes and confirmed that a sizeable proportion (30–40%) of Awassi ewes and their crosses may rebreed during spring postpartum anoestrus and lamb at c. 8 months interval. Furthermore, relative progesterone values revealed continuous ovarian activity in 16% of Awassi ewes and 40% of FTA ewes and confirmed estimates of conception in ewes. All ewes with continuous ovulation mated and lambed. Weekly estimates of milk production over a 2-month period, starting the second week of lactation, showed that daily milk yields were almost twice as much in Awassi as in FTA ewes (P<0·01). These results indicate the potential for Awassi ewes and their crosses to be incorporated into frequent lambing systems. Reproductive efficiency in these ewes could be monitored efficiently by measuring progesterone at 2-weekly intervals.

In this paper we review the achievements in the field of silicon crystalline thin film solar cells and correlate these with the different types of growth techniques and substrates. As a starting point we discuss the characteristics of photovoltaic devices based on the use of highly doped monocrystalline substrates as mechanical carriers for the thin films. These films are epitaxially deposited from the gas (CVD) or liquid phase (LPE). The comparison of both techniques is extended to growth on defective silicon substrates, i.e., multicrystalline wafers or silicon ribbons. The intrinsic grain boundary recombination activity in the thin films is assessed as a function of the deposition technique. Bulk passivation by hydrogenation considerably improves the recombination properties. The optimization of the hydrogen passivation conditions is looked at in conjunction with the used surface passivation process. This review is completed with the approaches to realize thin film cells on nonsilicon substrates, including recrystallization in solid and liquid phases.