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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 71 of 154

  • Zygmunt Bauman's Ethical Warnings in the Area of Economics. The Third Millennium's Perspective

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 91-104

  • Summary

    Presentation of the author

    Zygmunt Bauman is not only a sociologist and philosopher renowned in the world of science, he is also an authority for those interested in the phenomenon of globalization. He is particularly inquisitive about how the modern economic and political changes influence the life of societies. By pulling a man out of the machine of globalisation, he evinces sensitivity, which appeals to a great many opponents of the modern reality. For that reason, alter-globalists treat his works as the Bible. His latest publications, written in great language, often in the form of essays, inspire next generations – including the youngest practitioners of science (Smoleński 2005).

    At present Bauman writes books in English. The sociologist, up to the year 1968, lectured at Warsaw University, however, as he was forced by the communist authorities to flee the country, he has been related to Leeds University all his scientific life. His output comprises around 50 books, including the most important ones such as (bestsellers most of the time): Modernity and the Holocaust; Postmodernity and its Discontents; Globalization: the Human Consequences; Together, Apart; Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts; Liquid Modernity; Liquid Life; Liquid Fear; The Art of Life or the recently published – and greatly personal work – This is not a Diary.

    Modern angst

    Trying to find the leading scientific trend in the newest compilations by Bauman, there is a visible focus on the ‘fears’ which have accompanied man since the beginning of civilization and which, however, have never been that greatly exposed and articulated in such a direct way. In the world of modernity and uncertain times in our ‘liquid’ life there are more and more threats and fears connected with them. He frequently tries to indicate how to prevent them and how to act in order not to feel the ‘wastes’ of postmodernity.

    The sociologist tries to define what fear actually is. Among a number of various interpretations there is an interesting term which says that it is the uncertainty stemming from a lack of knowledge about a threat and what actions should be taken (Bauman 2008, 6).1 We receive detailed information about what fears look like in the world of postmodernity – how they differ from previous epochs.

  • To tell and to show: The interplay of language and visualizations in communication

  • Edited by Piotr Łukowski, Aleksander Gemel, Bartosz Żukowski
  • Book:
    Cognition, Meaning and Action
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 123-136

  • Summary

    The use of imitation, gestures and pictures has played a very important role in the evolution of human cognition (Zlatev et al., 2005; Persson, 2008). Another important strand of research has studied the human ability to communicate multimodally, by using a combination of language, mimics, gestures, pictures, and body movements (Allwood, 2002).

    Let us have a closer look at the use of various types of visualization that accompany language in communication. Imagine a group of friends involved in a lively conversation about their holiday adventures. Whether they talk about a dangerous bungy-jumping experience, hiking in the mountains, or enjoying the beach and pub life, they behave in a similar way. They do not only use language to describe events and things; they also use gestures, draw sketches, imitate voices, and engage their whole body to re-enact events. In short, when narrating, they not only tell but also show their experiences, tales, or stories.

    Since Plato and Aristotle, these two activities are called diegesis (narrators describe things) and mimesis (narrators show things). In the following, we will be concerned with mimesis in more detail, following the distinctions made by Clark (2004). The term mimesis has been taken by Plato from music theory and applied to designate scenic performance where actions of persons are imitated and re-enacted. In other words, mimesis is a re-production based on imitation of an action. In communication, mimesis is important for both speakers and listeners. It is a means of showing actions to make them visible (and audible) to the listeners. By using voice, gestures, and drawings, the speakers create scenes, embody and dramatize events, and thereby involve their partners. “Mimesis gives us the sense of reality in fiction, the illusion of access to the reality of personal experience” (Lodge, 1990: 144). The more effective the imagination, the better the possibility for the audience to visualize the speaker's experience.

    There is, however, an important distinction to be made between two ways of “showing”: on the one hand we can indicate something by pointing at an object, on the other hand we can demonstrate things with the help of our voice, hands, or body.

  • Political Science in Switzerland

  • from Switzerland
  • Edited by Barbara Krauz-Mozer, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małgorzata Kułakowska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Piotr Borowiec, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Paweł Ścigaj, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 533-554

  • Summary

    Summary: The development of political science in Switzerland in terms of an academic recognition has its origins in the French part of Switzerland in the 1960s to 1980s, followed by the German part. Today, ten institutions in Switzerland off er political science at Bachelors and at Masters level. While in 2000, only about 2,300 students studied political science in Switzerland this number almost doubled within ten years. One of the main changes in political science education in Switzerland consists in the replacement of the existing degrees of Lizentiat and Diplom by Bachelors- and Masters programmes according to the ‘Bologna reform’ in the early 2000s, by which Switzerland has pioneered the transformation processes. The first chair in political science was installed in 1959. Currently, there are about 50 full professorships at Swiss Universities. The main research fields of political science consist of international studies, democracy and Swiss politics. Swiss politics still is considered particularly important in Switzerland due to of its unique political system within Europe such as direct democracy.

    Introduction

    This chapter provides an overview of political science in Switzerland in higher education with a focus on the period from 2000 to 2010. It consists of seven sections and is structured as followed: in the first section, a presentation of the historical and institutional context in which political science operates in Switzerland is given. The second section is devoted to illustrate forms of political science education and its changes in Switzerland during the period from 2000 to 2010 with regard to the introduction of the ‘Bologna model.’ The third, fourth and fifth sections deal with the number of higher education institutions where political science is taught, the number of students as well as the number of research and teaching personnel in political science. Moreover, a brief overview of the situation of post-doctoral political scientists in Swiss Universities is included in section five. The sixth section discusses some contemporary important research areas in political science and discusses by example several research institutions committed to those different research areas in Switzerland.

  • Using Music to Stress Reduction

  • from III - PROMOTING OF RESILIENCE AND ASSISTED RESILIENCE
  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 141-152

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Strong, long-lasting stress understood as the bodyʼs psychosomatic response to stimuli interpreted as stressors is one of the main pathogens. Reception of music with appropriate structural features is one of the non-pharmacological methods of reducing the level of stress. A lot of research studies confirm the influence of music on regulation of the human psychosomatic condition. Reception of calming music may reduce muscle and emotional tension, minimize the level of anxiety, lower the blood cortisol level, slow breathing and heart rate, lower blood pressure and give a sense of relaxation. Properly chosen music positively affects the physical and emotional state of a recipient, stimulating the secretion of endogenous opioids and others chemicals by the organism, which improve well-being and reduction of pain. Music is a universal means of health-promoting, successfully used in people of all ages. Music therapy techniques based on physical activity to music, relaxation supported by music, musical improvisation, performance, composing or artistic creativity inspired by music and others are useful in reducing stress.

    Key words: music, stress reduction, music therapy

    Introduction

    This article will discuss the phenomenon of using music in order to reduce the level of stress. We understand the concept of stress as a state of body's psychophysiological mobilization in response to stimuli interpreted as stressors (Tylka, 2000). It should be added that regular contact with music can be beneficial to the process of resilience. Reception or playing music can support the regulation of psychosomatic state of the organism, which is advantageous for the process of positive adaptation to difficult life events. We will review the research on the effects of music on the regulation of stress in the first part of the publication. Then we will consider mechanisms of music influence on psychosomatic state of the human organism. We will also focus on the mechanism of reducing psychosomatic tensions by music. Then features of relaxing music will be discussed. In the final part of this article we will discuss techniques of music therapy, which are useful in reducing psychosomatic tension associated with stress.

  • Anatomy and Therapy of Eye-Diseases in Esmā῾īl Gorgānī Compared to Syriac Sources

  • from Social and Cultural Studies
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 341-346

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    In the Proceedings of a congress held in Beirut in 2004, I published an article on « La transmission de l'héritage grec aux Arabes par les Syriaques » (pp. 53–65), and I briefly compared the three parts of eye in the treatise of E. Gorgānī (1042–1135/1140), who distinguished three humours, to those of one anonymous Syriac treatise edited by E.A. Wallis Budge. This work would be necessarily prior to the Persian ophtalmologist's book. First it is interesting to note that the two treatises attest the same anatomic theory. Though the author of the anonymous Syriac was not particularly aware of the eye anatomy, I would like to add some other points of comparison, namely in studying the names of medicinal plants and products mentioned in both of authors.

    INTRODUCTION

    On ne doit pas oublier en effet que, de même que la civilisation russe s'est développée à partir de Byzance, de cette merveilleuse cité où nous sommes réunis aujourd'hui, – et je profite de cette allusion pour remercier vivement les organisateurs d'y être si bien accueillis –, de même la culture arabe est largement redevable à la médecine grecque et à la pharmacopée, depuis Dioscoride, Galien et la tradition hippocratique.

    Mais, – et je tiens à le souligner –, il n'y a pas eu comme trop d'arabisants l’écrivent, un passage direct du grec à l'arabe. C'est pourquoi il n'est pas pertinent de comparer directement les 133 produits de la liste de Gorgānī à ceux connus chez Dioscoride, comme le fait T. de Crussol, le traducteur du Discours sur l'oeil d'Esmā īl Gorgānī, qui estime que 126 de ces médicaments sont déjà présents chez Dioscoride. N'ayant pas vérifié cette assertion à partir des données du médecin grec, je me suis attaché, comme je le montrerai dans la seconde partie de mon exposé, à l'appellation proprement linguistique des noms de médicaments, pour constater qu'un très petit nombre dans le traité arabe (12 seulement) proviennent du grec sans intermédiaire.

  • Introduction

  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 9-12

  • Summary

    The research described here is the continuation of several years of the subject matter of research on MANAGEMENT BY VALUES (MBV), which has been realized since 2012 within the framework of self-analysis by the College of Science on Entrepreneurship of SGH Warsaw that is also run with the participation of scientific and research employees from other colleges.

    In the period of 2013–2014, empirical research was executed which consisted of the following:

  • survey research, which was run in accordance with the original research tools that were prepared, tested and perfected in the third quarter of 2013, while also the copyright IT system aiding the formulation of results;

  • case studies of enterprises of interest to researchers from the viewpoint of the level of involvement and advancement in the sphere of MBV (research run from the second quarter to the fourth quarter of 2014).

    • Two copyright studies are directly related to this research, namely Andrzej Herman on the issue of the axiology of economic values and the proposition of the catalogue of values by Tadeusz Oleksyn which is a modified version of a similar catalogue dating from the year 2012. Both of these works have been presented in section 3 of the herein work.

    The work has been carried out within the framework of statutory research of College of Science on Entrepreneurship of SGH Warsaw (research no. KNOP/S/03/14) by the employees of the aforesaid college with the participation of Izabela Stańczyk PhD from the Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and Grzegorz Sobiecki PhD from the Faculty of Economics and IT of Warsaw University of Life Sciences.

    The undertaking of this subject matter was the result of the conviction of both the authors, as well as the people from the management team of the Warsaw School of Economics that accepted and financed it on the premise that management should both respect and promote values, not only economic values, but also non-economic ones that are important for our contemporary civilization that are frequently precious and cultural heritage of many centuries.

  • Cognitive science: From computers to ant hills as models of human thought

  • Edited by Piotr Łukowski, Aleksander Gemel, Bartosz Żukowski
  • Book:
    Cognition, Meaning and Action
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 11-30

  • Summary

    Before cognitive science

    In this introductory chapter some of the main themes of the development of cognitive science will be presented. The roots of cognitive science go as far back as those of philosophy. One way of defining cognitive science is to say that it is just naturalized philosophy. Much of contemporary thinking about the mind derives from René Descartes’ distinction between the body and the soul. They were constituted of two different substances and it was only humans that had a soul and were capable of thinking. According to him, other animals were mere automata.

    Descartes was a rationalist: our minds could gain knowledge about the world by rational thinking. This epistemological position was challenged by the empiricists, notably John Locke and David Hume. They claimed that the only reliable source of knowledge is sensory experience. Such experiences result in ideas, and thinking consists of connecting ideas in various ways.

    Immanuel Kant strove to synthesize the rationalist and the empiricist positions. Our minds always deal with our inner experiences and not with the external world. He introduced a distinction between the thing in itself (das Ding an sich) and the thing perceived by us (das Ding an uns). Kant then formulated a set of categories of thought, without which we cannot organize our phenomenal world. For example, we must interpret what happens in the world in terms of cause and effect.

    The favourite method among philosophers of gaining insights into the nature of the mind was introspection. This method was also used by psychologists at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In particular, this was the methodology used by Wilhelm Wundt and other German psychologists. By looking inward and reporting inner experiences it was hoped that the structure of the conscious mind would be unveiled.

    However, the inherent subjectivity of introspection led to severe methodological problems. These problems set the stage for a scientific revolution in psychology. In 1913, John Watson published an article with the title “Psychology as the behaviourist views it” which has been seen as a behaviourist manifesto. The central methodological tenet of behaviourism is that only objectively verifiable observations should be allowed as data.

  • Introduction

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 7-10

  • Summary

    The significant growth of scholarship on the issue of money in American politics in recent years does not mean that the problems with these matters have emerged only recently. In fact, they have been there since the beginnings of the American political system, and the scope of their influence has depended on the given state of the regulations – legislative and Supreme Court opinions – as well as the creativity of candidates and campaign operatives.

    In the 19th century the problem of money in elections was of little interest to legislators, though this did not mean there was a lack of regulations concerning the operation of the selection, appointment and election of public officers on the federal level. The laws implemented at that time, however, had limited range, and resulted either from political scandals or social concerns about corruption among government officers rather than from a general necessity to regulate campaign finance issues. In the 20th century, reformers began to see campaign laws as a way to solve the problem of the proper regulation of the growing impact of money on politics and politicians during election campaigns. Due to the changing perspectives of ideologically based political forces, electoral procedures became less important than questions concerning the proper functioning of American democracy, the rule of law, and the scope of such crucial individual rights as freedom of speech or broad access to information. Today, the discussion over the proper scope of campaign finance regulations is highly politicized and divides representatives of the two major political parties as to the scope of control over said regulations. Money and politics have always been connected, but the active participation of big business, corporations, and political action committees as contributors to congressional and presidential campaigns have made the system prone to and dependent on high levels of funding. The issue has never been so tense and challenging as it is now, as the amount of money pumped into political campaigns at the beginning of the 21st century increases the concern of various social and political circles over the proper functioning of American democracy.

  • Consolidation, Crisis and Prospects for Political Science in Spain

  • from Spain
    • By Olga Gil, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Edited by Barbara Krauz-Mozer, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małgorzata Kułakowska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Piotr Borowiec, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Paweł Ścigaj, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 491-510

  • Summary

    Summary: This article analyses the consolidation, crisis and prospects for Political Science in Spain. It begins with the historical context: The discipline of Political Science in Spain in the XXth century. It then unfolds the main methodological perspectives pursued by political scientists. The article reviews the estimated number of higher education institutions where political science is taught and research is conducted, including figures for Spanish universities offering degrees of political science. The position of political science in the higher education structures is also outlined, as well as forms of political science education. The number of students in political science is also provided. Recent changes in political science education are addressed together with the dominant research interests, methodological approaches and research paradigms. The article presents number of researchers and teaching personnel in political science in Spain, and finally the conclusions, where restrictions on political science development, challenges and future prospects are outlined.

    The historical and institutional context in which political science operates in Spain is grounded in the institutionalization undergone during the 1980s in university departments along the country. The Madrid-based University of Complutense – with a degree in Political Science from 1944 − was joined by newly created departments of political science where political scientists were hired at Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, UNED, and Universidad de Granada. This moment, a critical juncture for the discipline, broke from the previous concentration of studies in Madrid. The democratic transition from the 1980s marked a new turning point. Political science proceeded to grow rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s, but this growth has been limited, and has faced a number of particular challenges.

    Today, change comes from three directions: the process of adaptation to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA); the necessity to apply for research funds in a networked manner − jointly with foreign universities and firms under the European Union framework; and the general impact of the austerity measures at the national level. Austerity measures come hand in hand with a deep economic crisis with strong impact on society from 2009, together with a political crisis.

  • Ai Khanoum and Greek Domination in Central Asia

  • Edited by Edward Dąbrowa, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Central Asia and Iran - Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 17-46

  • Summary

    Abstract: Ai Khanoum is probably the most important and the best-known of the Greek settlements founded in Bactria by the Seleucid kings. The site was excavated between 1964 and 1978, but its chronology remains unclear. The purpose of this article is to give a more accurate view of its history, taking into account the results of recent research. As yet, we are still unable to date with precision the time of its foundation, which was not a single event but a process, going on for several decades between the time Alexander the Great entered eastern Bactria in spring 328 and the time a true city was planned there under Antiochos I. Nevertheless, the development of Ai Khanoum occurred only from the beginning of the second century BC, when the city had become, along with Bactra, the major city of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom. Under the Seleucids as well as the Graeco-Bactrian kings, Ai Khanoum was thus a royal city and its history was subordinate to those of the Greek kings.

    Key words: Hellenistic Bactria, Ai Khanoum, Alexander the Great, Seleucid kings, Graeco-Bactrian kings, Greek colonization.

    Central Asia was one of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great, leading subsequently to Greek immigration (Fig. 1). After his death, the region was initially incorporated into the Seleucid kingdom, then saw the emergence of independent dynasties that laid claim to Greek culture and exercised characteristically Hellenistic royal power. Literary sources and numismatics long constituted the only sources of information about its history, but they are not sufficiently numerous or comprehensive to allow it to be re-constructed in detail. Archaeological documentation provides welcome additions, and for the Hellenistic period reveals many settlements inhabited by people who were Greek or were in contact with the Greek world. One of the most important is Ai Khanoum, located on the current border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan on the left bank of the Darya-i Pandj, at the confluence with the River Kokcha. The site was excavated between 1964 and 1978 by the French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan, under the direction of Paul Bernard, and was home to the only truly known city of the Hellenistic era in Central Asia (Fig. 2). Founded in the early third century BC in ancient Bactria, it was occupied by settlers from more western regions. For nearly a hundred and fifty years their descendants.

  • The Hong-e Azhdar Parthian Rock Relief Reconsidered

  • from Archaeology
    • By Vito Messina, Università di Torino; Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Jafar Mehr Kian, Università di Torino; Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research (ICAR)
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 291-300

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    This article presents the preliminary results of the research conducted between 2008 and 2010 by the Iranian-Italian Joint Expedition in Khuzestan at Hong-e (also Khonge) Azhdar, near the modern city of Izeh. The aim of the expedition was the reconnaissance of the Parthian rock reliefs recovered in the Izeh plain, namely Hong-e Azhdar, Hong-e Yaralivand and Hong-e Kamalvand, by the use of the most up-to-date reconnaissance techniques (GPS survey and laser scanning). In the following pages special focus is given to the Hong-e Azhdar Parthian rock relief, which is sculpted onto a boulder near the mountain slopes, for the laser scanner survey revealed traces of re-sculpting and trenches opened at the foot of the boulder itself revealed structures in undressed stones that seem what remains of an ancient open-air sanctuary.

    In 2008 the Iranian-Italian Joint Expedition in Khuzestan started operations in the area of Hong-e Azhdar, a village located at the entrance of a small valley in the Bakhtyari Plateau, about 17 km north of the modern city of Izeh. The expedition, supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Fondazione CRT, operates within a Memorandum of Understanding signed between the Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia and the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research. Other institutions involved in the project are the Polytechnic of Torino, the University of Torino and the Ayapir Cultural Heritage NGO.

    The aim of the project is the reconnaissance of the Parthian rock reliefs located in the Izeh plain, which was part of the ancient region of Elymais. These rock carvings cover a period of time spanning from the Old Elamite to the Parthian age and have been the object of a number of studies by scholars of different nationalities. The high standard scientific results of these studies resulted in the classification of the reliefs based on the subjects they represent and their style. Some carvings of religious nature, discovered in Shah Savar, Eshkofte Salman (Shekaft-e Salman) and Kul-e Farah, provide a deep insight into the art of the Elamite period (20th–7th century BC), but the majority of rock carvings known in Elymais must be dated to the Parthian period (mid 2nd century BC–2nd century AD):

  • Clash or Compromise? Mongol and Muslim Law in the Ilkhanate (1258–1335)

  • from History
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 187-196

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    With the Mongol invasion of Persia and the founding of the Ilkhanate in 1258, the stage was set for the sometimes difficult encounter between Islamic and Mongol law, which has often been described as a ‘clash.’ This paper will look at factors which smoothed the encounter by allowing co-existence and compromise between Mongol and Islamic law. While many Mongols were willing to allow Muslims to practice their own law, Muslim objections to Mongol legal practices were also tempered by several factors, including the previous acceptance of ‘secular’ forms of trial such as the mazalim; the source of law being in religion rather than the ruler, which allowed Islamic legal practices to easily continue; and the possibility interpreting events in moral rather than strictly religious terms. Thus, the attitudes of both the conquerors and the conquered contributed to Mongol rule creating relatively small and painless ripples in the Persian legal landscape.

    INTRODUCTION

    When the Mongols invaded and came to rule Persia, they brought with them their own legal norms, but also had to confront the fact that in Persia there existed already a functioning legal system. How the Mongols reacted to this legal system, and how Muslims reacted to Mongol laws, is the subject of this paper.

    The Mongol and Islamic legal systems were very different. Not only did they represent different cultures, they were also representative one of a sedentary way of life and the other of a nomadic way of life. The Muslims had a class of legal specialists and a voluminous literature surrounding the legal system; the Mongols initially had neither legal specialists nor writing, although they assiduously and even religiously respected certain norms and taboos, while serious disputes were more often than not solved by the aggrieved ‘taking the law into their own hands’ in vengeance.

    Therefore it is not at all surprising that the encounter between Mongol and Muslim law is often described as a clash. Many authors simply assume the basic incompatibility of Islamic and Mongol law, and suggest that the influence of Mongol law faded with time. The idea that there existed a ‘Great Yasa’ i.e. codification of Mongol customary law to which the Mongols held strongly has reinforced the idea of the fundamental incompatibility of Mongol and Islamic law.

  • Communication Disorders as a Threat for Mental Health of Patients with Brain Damage and Their Immediate Environment

  • from IV - THREATS TO MENTAL HEALTH
  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 221-238

  • Summary

    Abstract

    In this article the circumstances of people with communicational disorders in the context of risk factors and resilience are analyzed. Those people form today around 15% of the world population, 2.2–3.8% of this population suffers from a severe type of such a disability, which makes this group an interesting subject to conduct research on. The situation will continue to deteriorate because of the process of ageing ongoing in European societies.

    Communication disabilities are the main theme of this article. They cause severe stress psychological consequences by hindering or preventing the creation of mutual interpersonal bonds. Problems resulting from them burden not only the patient, but also their closest relatives: family members, relatives, friends.

    Many of these conditions result from different neurological diseases – a few principal are described in this article. Communication disabilities caused by neurological diseases are analyzed as a risk factor for the psychological health of a patient and their family as well. It has also been proven that good family relationships and a positive attitude are main protective factors for both those groups of individuals.

    Three case studies are presented. They concern patients with neurological illnesses causing communicational disabilities and patient's care as well. Their situation is analyzed according to the ICF classification in the context of risk factors, possibility of positive adaptation and psychological resilience.

    Key words: aphasia, third party disability, patient, career, communication disorders, chronic illness, risk factors, resilience

    In 2011, the WHO and the World Bank published the World Report on Disability which also refers to the problem of communication disorders. It is estimated that people with communication disorders form about 15 percent of the worldʼs population (approx. 1 billion) among whom between 22 and 38 million (approx. 2.2–3.8 percent of population) suffer from a severe form of this disability.

    A chronic neurological illness will be analyzed in the article as a potential mental health threat in the context of psychological resilience. It is defined as one's ability to cope with life difficulties, daily stressors, also with extreme or long-term burden. A person demonstrates their resilience especially when they go through some hard life experiences without significant psychological damages or when they successfully recover from crises caused by them (Borucka, Ostaszewski, 2008).

  • Relationship between Economics and Ethics in the Thought of Mohandas Gandhi. An Attempt to Understand Contemporary India

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 59-68

  • Summary

    Aims and sources

    This chapter aims to present the economic thought of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in relation to ethical issues. When studying the views of the great Indian one very often comes across the information about the close connection between economics and ethics. According to Gandhi both spheres should by all means be inseparable. In order to verify this conviction, it is becoming acquainted with some aspects of Gandhi's concepts, or rather his judgements about various economic issues. A selective presentation of these opinions may be justified by the fact that it is difficult to find coherence in his socio-economic system. It is even somewhat risky to write about Gandhi's system. In fact, his economic thought does not fulfil the requirements of economics as a scientific discipline. This is not said as an argument to reject a scientific analysis thereof, however. A number of his remarks of a micro- and macroeconomic character were extremely valuable and may be used at least in researching the economic changes happening in India in the 20th century, or in getting to know the attitude of the Indian society to these changes.

    There is a vast literature covering the life and activity of the Indian leader. The subject of Gandhism and its economic dimension is presented in many compilations in English, especially by Indian authors. Among them is a work of the author of the term ‘Gandhian economics’ – Joseph Cornelius Kumarappa. Moreover there are the works of Ajit Dasgupta, Sudarshana Iyengar and, among the Western authors there is, inter alia, Richard Glyn. The most important Polish scientific work on the subject of Gandhi's ethics is a book written by Ija Lazari-Pawłowska (1965). She systematised his scattered moral directives, although she looked at them with the eyes of a philosopher and not an economist.

    The primary source of learning about Gandhi's beliefs is his Autobiography (The Story of My Experiments with Truth), which he finished in 1925 (over 22 years before he died). In order to find more of his views about economic development one has to refer to the work Hind Swaraj, written in 1909, and obtain the recording of his speech from 1916 entitled: Does economic progress clash with real progress? One has to bear in mind, though, that over time Gandhi modified some of his beliefs.

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