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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 69 of 154

  • 11 - The diversity of creative activity of men and women in Germany, France, UK and Italy on the basis of patents filed at the EPO in the period 1999–2013

  • Ewa Okoń-Horodyńska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Statistical Profiles of Women's and Men's Status in the Economy, Science and Society
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 201-214

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Patent statistics are currently one of the research areas being intensively explored. Patent activity, measured by the number of patents, is one of the recognized measures of creativity and innovation, not only among countries and regions but also business entities. Patent statistics include a rich and detailed description of the patent, not only in terms of its content. This description includes information about the inventors of the patent, as well as the International Patent Classification (IPC). A new chapter in the exploration of patent statistics is their use to assess the creative diversity of patent activity for men and women. This variation applies not only to the total number of patents. It is crucial to indicate the areas of science, technology and the economy in which different patent activity for men and women appears. Therefore, in this study two main research tasks were formulated: analysis of the differences in the dynamics of changes in creative patent activity of men and women and identification of the diversity of creative accumulation of patent activity for men and women for the entire study period 1999‒2103 in the countries under study: Germany, France, the UK, and Italy. In order to obtain uniform conditions for obtaining patent protection for the inventions of all inventors, the data source was the database European Patent Office (EPO).The diversity of accumulation of creative patent activity for men and women was achieved by using the IPC/NACE concordance table.

    Key words: inventions and innovations, research and development, intellectual property, comparative analysis of countries

    Introduction

    Patent statistics is a diverse area of research exploration. In the literature, it is seen as a measure of: innovation (Griliches, 1990; OECD, 2005; Wisła, 2014; European Union, 2014), competition, specialization (RIS3 Guide, 2012), creativity (Fischer and Varga, 2003), intellectual property, effects created by the outlays on research and development (R&D), and the level of technological advancement of countries, regions and individual traders. Patent activity is also recognized as a component of innovation potential. It can also serve as a measure of the creative involvement of women and men in building countries’ innovative potential. In this study two research tasks were formulated: the first is to analyze the differences in the dynamics of changes in creative patent activity of men and women in selected countries.

  • The treatment of pagoda in etymological dictionaries

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 87-96

  • Summary

    The word pagoda has, since March 2005, been defined as follows in the Oxford English dictionary: (1) “In South and South-East Asia: a Hindu or (in later use esp.) Buddhist temple or sacred building …” (2) “In South and South-East Asia: an image or carving of a god; an idol …” (3) “A gold or silver coin of higher denomination than the rupee, formerly current in southern India …” It is, of course, a loanword, and its etymology is given as follows by the OED:

    < Portuguese pagode (1516 in sense 2a, 1525 in sense 1a, 1697 in sense 3), of uncertain and disputed origin … The ultimate origin of the Portuguese pagode is uncertain and disputed. It was once thought to be < Persian butkada idol temple < but idol + kada habitation, but now seems more likely to be either < Tamil pākavata devotee of Vishnu (< Sanskrit bhāgavata pertaining to the Lord (Vishnu), worshipper of Vishnu or the goddess Bhagavati: see below), or < Tamil pakavati (name of a) goddess (< Sanskrit bhagavatī goddess, alternative name of the goddess Kali). Sense 3 arose from the fact that the image of the goddess was stamped on the coin.

    The treatments of the word in western European etymologica fall into two groups, from which I shall quote some entries (with punctuation normalized). It is universally agreed that a Portuguese form pagode or pagoda is the etymon of the forms in other western European languages. In the first group of etymologies, to which the OED etymology cited above belongs, some doubt is expressed as to the immediate origin of the Portuguese word, and it is suggested that this may possibly be found in Persian or in an Indic language.

    Kluge (2002): Entlehnt aus port. pagode ‘Götzenbild, Götzentempel,’ das (wohl über des Malayische) auf ein indisches Wort zurückgeht. Allerdings ist die Entstellung durch die portugiesischen Handelsreisenden so groß, daß das indische Vorbild nicht mit Sicherheit angegeben werden kann.

    Chantrell (2002): from Portuguese pagode, perhaps based on Persian butkada ‘temple of idols,’ influenced by Prakrit bhagodī ‘divine.’

    Cloete et al. (2003): uit Port. pagoda ‘godebeeld, godetempel.’ Deur hulle ontdekkingsreise het die Port. eerste met die Oosterse konsepte en woorde kennis gemaak en na die Weste versprei. Port.

  • 6 - Entrepreneurship of women and men in Poland – a comparative analysis

  • Ewa Okoń-Horodyńska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Statistical Profiles of Women's and Men's Status in the Economy, Science and Society
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 107-128

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Women entrepreneurs are in a minority among entrepreneurs in most developed countries. Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between the probability of becoming an entrepreneur and gender. Entrepreneurship is dependent on many different factors. Some affect the entrepreneurship of women and men in similar ways, but others seem to have a different impact on each of the sexes. In this chapter a comparative analysis of entrepreneurship in Poland is broken down by gender. Among the entrepreneurs we can also see signs of occupational segregation.

    Key words: gender, entrepreneurship, segregation, Poland

    Introduction

    Women entrepreneurs are in a minority among entrepreneurs in most developed countries. Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between the probability of becoming an entrepreneur and gender (der van Peter et al., 2012; Parker, 2009). Bonte and Piegeler (2012), and Estrin and Mickiewicz (2011) showed that women were less willing to compete and risk than men, and in countries where the public sector is larger, they were less willing to start companies. In turn, others perceive the source of this negative relationship in the differences between the sexes in education, family conditions and motivation to establish a company (Cowling and Taylor, 2001; Blanchflower, 2004; Minniti and Naude, 2010).

    In the literature, on the one hand (Gardawski, 2013; Goedhuys and Sleuwaegen, 2000; Minniti and Naude, 2010) the importance of education for entrepreneurship is emphasised. Among others, Shim and Eastlick (1998), using data on Spanish business owners, showed that entrepreneurs have a higher education level compared to other respondents. However, at the same time the educational differences between men and women entrepreneurs were not significant in their view. On the other hand, some scholars suggest that the lack of formal education can be compensated by the experience of the individual (Nafziger and Terrell, 1996; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007; Davidsson and Honig, 2003; Oberschachtsiek, 2012). Additionally, Lazear (2004, 2005; Wagner, 2006) draws attention to the fact that entrepreneurs have very varied experience and skills. It is worth emphasizing here that most women entrepreneurs are far less experience based on years of work than male entrepreneurs (Lee and Rendall, 2001; Minniti and Naude, 2010).

  • Compiling dictionaries of defunct (?) languages: Thracian elements in Romanian

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 237-246

  • Summary

    What thou lovest well remains, the rest is dross

    Ezra Pound

    Preliminaries

    The study of Romanian, as the easternmost expression of the Romance world, still has an unresolved issue: the lack of a complete and reliable etymological dictionary. There is, in fact, a paradox. Romanian was approached from the etymological perspective at an early phase by Cihac (1870–1879, two volumes), especially if we consider the fact that similar etymological dictionaries did not exist at that time for a series of languages of the area. One should note, as an exception, the etymological dictionary of Albanian (Meyer 1891) and that both Romanian and Albanian have remained ‘etymology-resistant’ languages, in the sense that many words have remained unexplained, badly explained or have been given several explanations, details, which tells us a lot about the specific situation of these languages. Immediately after its publication, Cihac'1 work was vehemently criticized (to just use an elegant phrasing) by Hasdeu, an outstanding linguist and philologist, conversant with many languages, the initiator of the Indo-European studies in Romania, also the first editor of Slavic texts and, implicitly, the first Slavist as well. Cihac put into circulation some clichés, some of them still very persistent, despite the poor scientific quality of his work in general. On the other hand, Hasdeu's reference studies are available in newer editions, e.g. Hasdeu (1988). Cihac's method was simplistic and, of course, easily criticizable: any word of non-Latin origin was considered of Slavic, Turkic or Hungarian origin.

    It is not the purpose of this paper to deny or underestimate the Slavic, Hungarian or Turkic, including Turkish (Ottoman), influence on Romanian. I would like to point out some facts which prove that the situation is, in reality, more complex than suggested by Cihac some 150 years ago and sometimes persistent until now. What Cihac really lacked, and unfortunately the situation has been so frequent in the studies dedicated to the Romanian etymology ever since, was a deeper insight into the substratum of Romanian, a field of investigation in which Cihac's first critic, Hasdeu, initiated a brilliant series of studies, some outdated, some still valid from the etymological perspective.

  • Google Books as a source of historical data: the entry for macaroni in OED3

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 247-264

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Ever since its very beginnings, the Oxford English Dictionary (1884–1928) was an unprecedented achievement of historical lexicography which, thanks to diachronically ordered quotations, came to be a record of linguistic and cultural heritage of the English language. The third edition (henceforth, OED3), now in the making, seeks to update the whole dictionary text by revising its etymological component, correcting the existing entries and incorporating new words, senses and illustrative quotations (see, e.g., Gilliver 2005). One of the features of the revision has been its attention to antedating; although collecting antedatings may appear to be merely “futile pedantry” (McConchie 1997: 154), there is a clear rationale behind the lexicographers’ efforts: the need to better document their recorded histories. This paper focuses on the entry for macaroni in OED3 − a miniscule sample of the revision process − offering a closer look at its development and suggesting evidence which can enhance its lexicographic treatment. It indicates that historical lexicography in general, and OED3 in particular, can benefit greatly from the use of “unchartered data” (Aiden and Michel 2013), of which Google Books is a case in point.

    Research framework

    Revision of the OED

    The revision of the OED, viewed as a daunting and ambitious task comparable to the original undertaking (Brewer 2007: 12), rests on the assumption that, once thoroughly revised and updated, OED3 will become a truly perfect repository of English vocabulary. However, despite having at their disposal “big data” embracing huge historical files, mega-corpora and impressive lexical databases like EEBO, OED3's lexicographers do not have access to all sources printed in English. A representative collection of texts should obviously be sufficient for describing a number of individual items, especially high-frequency words, yet claims that it will cover every use, sense and spelling variant would be merely wishful thinking. In this context, it is easy to see that changes to OED3 are only a matter of time. The dating of the headwords too may require corrections; while a great deal of antedatings have been discovered systematically in the course of the revision, many more will arguably appear in the not-so-distant future.

  • Editors’ Introduction

  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 7-16

  • Summary

    The articles presented in On-line/Off-line – Between Text and Experience con-cern the status of words and literature in contemporary culture. Opinions about ‘the death of words’, words displaced by pictures, are no longer formulated with equal firmness as in the past. Word and image do not compete, they rather act as equally important ‘ingredients’ of today's cul-ture.To revise popular judgments which reduce the meaning of the Word there is no need for detailed analysis, just observation of daily practices. The vast number of text messages, e-mails, tweets, comments, blogs’ or social networking's posts written day by day confirms the strong position of words (language) in the new media and the “new new media” (as spec-ified by Paul Levinson).

    However, just as with the introduction of earlier media in the 19th and 20th centuries, a new medium influences the structure and use of the old media. For example, when movies were introduced, they were initially just filmed theatre performances. It took some time before the techniques of cutting and scene changes were developed. However, once the tech-niques were established they had strong repercussions on the earlier me-dium of writing. Many authors, for example William Burroghs, started working with cut-up-techniques in their texts. This is a clear example of how the narrative forms of a new medium influences the narratives of an earlier medium. The use of e-mail and social media has already influ-enced the style of writing, making it more conversational. Similarly, the ever-presence of a camera in your smart-phone has radically changed the use of visual media. An important task of literary scholars is to follow and document the cross-fertilizations between different media, their influenc-es on narrative structures and their roles in democratic processes.

    The articles perfectly fit into the worldwide ongoing debate in hu-manities on the latest developments of cultural practice changing un-der the impact of new technologies – the way of experiencing the text, the various manifestations of “culture of participation”, website genres (among which blogs and microblogs have an important place).Despite the popularity of research on digital dimensions of human existence, the presence of the word (for example in oral culture) is a subject of unabat-ed discussion in other reaserch contexts. Thus, the object of reflection in this volume is not narrowed just to selected “on-line” phenomena, but issues from the “off-line” cultural activites.

  • III - On Codification of the Norm of the Contemporary Macedonian Language

  • from A - PRAGMATICS OF DISCOURSE
  • Maciej Kawka, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Macedonian Discourses
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 23-36

  • Summary

    In the history of the Polish language, there have never emerged such situations or necessities where linguistic norms were dependent on the findings of a commission or were determined by a group, not solely of representatives of science and literature, but also of political activists, as was the case with the literary Macedonian language taking shape in the second half of the XIX century. Trans-language conditioning of the codification of the Macedonian language was especially evident in the post-World War II Balkan reality.

    Linguistic norms have played a principal role in the formation of the literary Polish language; these norms were binding at the ruling royal court (court language) as well as being the language of writers and educated people (Jan Kochanowski, Andrzej Trzecieski and Łukasz Górnicki). With regards to other Slavic languages, whose contemporary literary norms were created during the XIX century – specifically the southern Slavic languages: Serbian and Croatian (the activities of Vuk Karadžić), Bulgarian (the works of Christo Botew, Luben Karawełow and Iwan Wazow) as well as of Macedonian language – some manner of solution was attained by undertaking a process of codification. These procedures dealt with not only letters of the alphabet and writing norms, but also with some rules of grammar as well as planned lexicographical descriptions of vocabulary.

    Codification, and somewhat later standardization, and also unification are universal terms used in relation to the Macedonian language of the last fifty years.7 These terms appear with others, including: the standard Macedonian language (стандарден македонски јазик), determining linguistic norms (нормирање на македонскиот јазк) and establish a set of official formal measures as well as taking positive or negative decisions regarding more or less regular and typical linguistic phenomena with the aim of imposing upon them mandatory normative powers by passing the appropriate laws or decrees. There are two ratification dates currently recognized in Macedonia: May 3, 1945 – the establishment of alphabet (the alphabet was announced in the “Nova Makedonija” daily newspaper) – and 2 June 1945 – the adoption of spelling rules (this was confirmed in writing on 7 June by the Ministry of Education).

  • Chapter 10 - Developmental Trends of Media Organizations. Indicators of the Future of the Media

  • from Part 3
  • Boguslaw Nierenberg, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Media Management
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 181-192

  • Summary

    Jacques Attali [2008: 9] forecasts that market forces take the planet in hand. The ultimate expression of unchecked individualism, this triumphant march of money explains the essence of history's most recent convulsions.” He is convinced that history is governed by its own rules that make it possible to both forecast it and influence its course. The introduction to his monograph warned against the pernicious effects of forecasting the future. However, taking into consideration the words of J. Attali as well as past events and its governing rules, one may with some dose of probability try to anticipate future trends concerning the media, media markets, and media organizations within the coming years. A further forecasting would be like reading coffee grounds and would similarly make no sense. Therefore, main directions of media development and other factors that should be considered by the ones in charge of the media are as follows:

  • digitization and convergence

  • global vs. local processes

  • new realm of the Internet

  • digital exclusion

  • audience fragmentation

  • competition between network and hierarchical organizations.

    • The process of media digitization has already come to an end in many developed countries. The process of convergence is pending and it is difficult to predict what will be its final outlook. The process of digitization in the electronic media was to have been completed by August 1, 2013. The printed media have been using the digitization process intensively as well. The number of articles placed in printed form is gradually decreasing while one notices an increase in online editions. It requires a continuous updating of the content, front page stories, photo galleries, audio and video fi les as well as blogs. This stream of one's own information has perpetually been enriched with contents provided by users in many possible forms (forum, blog, chat, photographs, movies, etc.). Along with digitization, the convergence process is developing. Internet issues of newspapers provide us with a substitute for television. Radio includes short clips highlighting the events taking place on the Internet.

  • Literate Existence in the Digital Space. Contemporary Traces of Identity

  • from ON-LINE/ OFF-LINE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 19-34

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The aim of this study is to present how the development of writing technology influences writing itself. In this paper the analysis is focused on mechanisms of reinterpretation of writing and reading in digital space, in other words, the change in experience of text. To summarize, modern media techniques make reading become writing, when writing be-comes clicking (an action taken upon the texture), and clicking becomes the experience of text. Another goal is to present a special role of the texture as the tool of text's creation as well as the place of cohesion. The importance of semiotic tissue of digital text, especially in the case of digital art, is visible in the formation of intratextual relations. These relations are created in the process of working one element of texture onto another, which allow them to play an important role in the creation of textual meaning.

    Key words: identity, digital space, experience of text, textual meaning, intratextual relations

    Reading is writing. Writing is clicking

    The topic of writing as a way of living in relation to the digital culture evoke, first of all, problems connected with the prevalence of commu-nication in the public domain, globalization of the individual record, the changing relation between literacy and orality – shaping of the new forms of linguistic existence as well as the development of new text genres.

    The change in communicational behavior in the virtual world, trans-gression that takes place in text-user relation, inseparability of transciver activities – all of it significantly influence the existence of text. As a result, reading becomes writing (an action), writing becomes clicking, and click-ing becomes the way of experiencing text through the texture.

    Within digital culture the reception of text is a corporeal experience already at the perception level. There raises the question if clicking as a technical action, marking, selection of textual elements on the screen of computer, e.g., during reception of a hypertext novel, can be recognized as an action analogous to page turning during the reception of a novel pre-served in the medium of a traditional book? At first glance, it may appear so. The opening of a book and page turning are undoubtedly technical conditions of reading.

  • V - On the Development and Needs Of Textology, That Is, On Scientific Editing in Macedonia Related to The Phototypic Edition of the Anthology of the Madinov Brothers

  • from C - FOLKLORE
  • Maciej Kawka, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Macedonian Discourses
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 264-266

  • Summary

    In Polish linguistics, the word textology has two meanings. The first refers to text theory and includes all the mechanisms related to the creation of multi-clause expressions and analysis of a text's structure and its diverse description, including its variations and intertextual relations and stylistic derivations. This implies linguistic textology.

    The second meaning of textology refers to the complete action of the text and with the text in the field of text pragmatics, which leads to the publication of an authentic, correct text that is in accordance with the intention, that is, the will of the author. In scientific editing (for example the art of scientific editing, Fr. science d’édition, Germ. wissenschaftliches edieren), it is the most important editing criterion, but it primarily concerns the editing of literary works. And this is textology without an attribute, and the word itself is used in its original meaning as literature or literary textology, at the same time denoting a scientific editing.

    On this occasion we will discuss only the second meaning of the term textology. A scientific editing or literary textology has at its disposal its own typical terminology and rules primarily related to text processing prepared for printing. It is mainly about critical text analysis and critical apparatus that must contain all the textual variations of the preceding literary work as well as the explanations, conjectures and emendations (all corrections and recensions) that need to be placed in the thus constructed critical edition and to be in accordance with the author's will. All this should be provided by one procedure of comparison and introduction of necessary alterations and thus, to achieve the determination of the grounds for editing.

    The scientific editor or textologist primarily needs to deal with the author's original text, the authorized text, the text published at the time when the author was still alive, the first edition (editio princeps) or, at the end of the day, with the phototypic edition if the original text does not exist. Therefore, it is very important for all literary and linguistic operations that the text undergoes to be performed on the original texts, for example manuscripts, primarily those in accordance with or closest to the author's intention (edition authentica or edition verietur).

  • Text, Writing, School in Anthropological Perspective

  • from ON-LINE/ OFF-LINE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 35-48

  • Summary

    Abstract

    This paper attempts to reveal anthropological structures in the following categories: text and writing; the categories that nowadays require cultural, historical and institutional rel-ativization. The paradigm being maintained is that writing is a mental, individualistic cre-ation and a freely chosen way of life which is a result of late modernity. Moreover, even to-day it is not the only paradigm and nor is it universally acceptable. This is emphasized and developed upon in the text by using examples from current school exercise books. School – as the main institution of literate initiation, where one experiences one'sfirst mass contact with literature – is an institution in which the practice of writing is regulated by school breaks and is specifically managed for capitalist society's dual division of time. Writing is specifically a tool which is a well-defined, perceptual and social discipline. However, this discipline does not exclude creativity, as long as we go by its late-modern definition.

    Key words: text and writing, anthropological perspective, school, creation, exercise books

    What we understand first in discourse, as Paul Ricoeur wrote in reference to Heidegger's Being and Time, is not another person, but a „pro-ject, that is, the outline of a new way of being in the world. Only writing […] in freeing itself, not only from its author and from its original audience, but from the narrowness of the dialogical situation, reveals this destination of discourse as projecting the world (Paul Ricoeur 1976: 37). Writing as technology, as Walter J. Ong wrote, „is utterly invaluable and indeed essential for the realization of Fuller, interior, human potentials” […] Writing heightens consciousness.[…] The use of technol-ogy can enrich the human psyche, enlarge the human spirit, intensify its interior life (Ong 1991: 82–83).

    Both cited authors have had a distinct impact on both literary studies and the theory of literacy as treated as a crucial medium for Western moder-nity. Both of them were zealous apologists of cultural institutions such as philosophy and literature, whose modern forms have had a decisive impact on their understanding of writing. In this article, it is argued that their understanding of writing as a creative and individualistic activity, enabling one to work in a new and more conscious way in cultural reality, and taking place between the disembodied text and the equally disembod-ied mind, demands relativization.

  • Chapter Two - The context

  • Jan Jacek Bruski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Between Prometheism and Realpolitik
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 47-78

  • Summary

    In the Second Polish Republic: Ukrainians as a minority

    Ukrainians constituted what was without doubt the largest minority living within the borders of the Polish interwar state. According to the general census of 30th September 1921, the accuracy of which had been queried, nearly 3.9 million of the inhabitants of Poland declared Ukrainian nationality, which made up 14.3% of the country's total population. The real percentage of Ukrainians has been estimated at around 15–16%. Most of the Ukrainians, who had formerly been Austrian subjects, lived in the the three voivodeships of Eastern Galicia, Lwow, Tarnopol, and Stanisławow, dubbed Małopolska Wschodnia (Eastern Lesser Poland) in the official nomenclature, a name disseminated and promoted for obvious reasons of propaganda. Ukrainians were in the majority in this region, but there was also a vibrant local Polish community. The Poles, who were predominant in the municipalities, especially in Lwow itself, were also in the majority in a couple of powiat districts in the east of the province. According to the 1921 census they accounted for over 39% of the population of Eastern Galicia.

    The situation was different in the part of Poland that had belonged to the Russian Empire before the First World War. Here the Ukrainian population was concentrated in Volhynia and the southern part of Polesia, and accounted for nearly 70% of the total population of these territories. The percentage of the Polish inhabitants was decidedly lower than in the eastern part of Galicia, amounting in most powiat districts to less than 20%. Smaller Ukrainian enclaves were located in the voivodeships of Lublin and Krakow. In the latter region this count involved the Lemko people, many of whom dissociated themselves from Ukrainian national movement. An unsettled, fluctuating or indeterminate sense of national identity could be observed among the inhabitants of Polesia, especially in the stretch along the Ukrainian-Belarusian ethnic border zone, where people tended to call themselves “locals” rather than opt for a specific ethno-nationality. Over 90% of the Ukrainians were peasants – not surprisingly, in view of the classically agricultural nature of the areas they inhabited. It should be added that most of the land was in Polish hands, which meant that more often than not ethno-national antagonism was coupled with a social conflict.

  • Chapter 5 - Economic Aspects of Media Management

  • from Part 2
  • Boguslaw Nierenberg, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Media Management
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 89-104

  • Summary

    Alan B. Albarran primarily [1996: 5] defined ‘media economics’ as a discipline investigating the way in which media industries use rare goods to create and distribute media contents among consumers in order to fulfi ll various needs and expectations. A few years later the same author defined “media economics” as a discipline which investigates the way organizations and media industries operate on different levels of their activity (e.g. global. national, household, individual) alongside other forces (e.g. global, regulatory, technological and social), by making use of theories, notions and rules resulting from both macro and microeconomic perspectives [Albarran 2010: 3]. Both of the mentioned definitions refer to the fulfi llment of social needs by means of a rare good (resource). A. B. Albarran does not define this good by providing just a general statement. According to the author of these considerations, this good stands for information, as the basic ingredient of media content.

    Media economics as an area of research

    Robert Picard [2006: 23] claims that media economics is a discipline which deals with examining how economic and fi nancial factors infl uence a variety of communicative media systems’ activities as well as individual organizations and enterprises, including telecommunications entities. R. Picard, considered to be the father of “media economics,” claims that from a technical point of view a thing like “media economics,” in the case that such a thing l existed, would mean that the laws of economics applied to different domains do not have any application for the media. It could seem that R. Picard holds completely different views in this scope compared to P. Drucker, who – let us remember – claims that information as a resource does not undergo the laws of classic economics. However, R. Picard notices the distinctness of media markets writing: “media economics is a specific translation of theory and economy to the media industry.” The word “specific” is key in this case. Therefore, both scholars see the distinctness and the economic specificity of the media sphere, yet they differ as to the level of this “specificity.”

  • Reincarnations of the Word: Media, Genres, Practices

  • from ON-LINE/ OFF-LINE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 151-166

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The text presents the project of study of the multimedia, contemporary verbal environ-ment. It proposes the use of the category of speech genres (Bakhtin). Focusing on the sec-ondary genres (genres of verbal creativity) it justifies the argument that “The word is not dead. It is merely changing its skin” (Dick Higgins), and therefore in the living verbal envi-ronment we deal with changing, heterogeneous media of verbal expression that determine, in part, the modes of functioning of particular genres and how they should be described. This paper presents performance, text and hypertext as basic means of functioning of the verbal forms in contemporary culture; means which demand adequate categories of de-scription and research tools in order to avoid textualization of multimedia genres and not to treat them as literature.

    Key words: media, speech genres, multimedia genres, practices, performance, text and hypertext

    The Word and the snake

    “The word is not dead, it is merely changing its skin” (Higgins 1979: 66) – there is probably no better or more accurate response to all kinds of liter-ary discourses of crisis than this one aphorism by Dick Higgins.

    Defining modern culture in terms of death of narratives, of the ever approaching waning of stories and books, of the agony of verbal forms, or of painful, fatal convulsions of the verbal art which is being forced out by the havoc wrought by visual culture, audiovisual communication and other forms produced by the domination of the new media, resembles at-tempts to describe a living communicative environment and a dynamic, flexible and changeable media context with its emerging forms undertak-en by someone, who has never taken the risk of actually immersing them-selves in this sphere.

    Meanwhile merely looking up from the book – in a manner quite dif-ferent from what Roland Barthes proposed when trying to “star” the text and split its meanings from the inside, and from Umberto Eco who sug-gested readers should now go to libraries and study encyclopedias – is enough to hear the rumbling modernity, which hardly ever has its mouth shut, and to see the plethora of words that weave into both the everyday and the extraordinary.

  • The Practice of Writing Fan Fiction: A Fan Fiction Writer's Tutorial

  • from ON-LINE/ OFF-LINE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 49-62

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The aim of this article is to define fanfiction as a cultural phenomenon rooted in the literary field and created by readers in relation to works published and recognized by the audience itself. Fan confabulation, dreams and planned intrigue is supported by techniques created by the use of new media and aesthetics expressing a desire for brevity, and on the other hand – communication ecstasy. Fanfics creation may be a unique literary experience which also includes debates and discussions as well as the exchange of information on literary forums and chat rooms. It forms a part of the sphere of cultural participation mediated by the media.

    Key words: fanfiction, practice of writing, media, new media, readers

    The practice of writing fan fiction and tutorials for fan fiction writers is situated in its broadest of contexts by the creation of fan fiction published on the Internet. It applies to the reception which the texts receive from the pop culture circle, often under the sign of the bestseller. These „steps” can be seen as the practice of reading and writing about the works published and recognized amongst the readers. The effects of fansite interpretive work exceed the wildest of expectations. Amateur short stories, poems, video clips which somehow spring up around the original work, comple-ment it, function as errata or an afterword. Fansite text takes the quality of an individualized presentation of source reception and demonstrates its importance for the fan. It turns out that the prototype stirs the imagination to such an extent that one has to “rewrite” it anew, deepen the selected plots, unveil some mystery, change the viewpoint, accept a perspective of a supporting character. The author of fan fiction wishes to live the story once again but on his own terms, which creates a contextualized reading of the original.

    The work within fan fiction is proof of creative and critical reading at the same time (Jenkins 2008, 12.09.2013). Its results – fan fiction stories, in the sense of – proof from reading, are posted on literary forums and in blogospheres. Fans – both authors and critics, have developed their own vocabulary to talk about them. In many of the comments it is visible how strongly the legitimacy of the text and its implied opposition to the source text is negotiated as well as how complex conditions a fan fiction text must meet.

  • Chapter IV - Concepts of a final solution to the Polish Question, 1863-1866

  • Henryk Głębocki, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    A Disastrous Matter
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 217-278

  • Summary

    The clearest sign that following the outbreak of the Uprising in Poland opinion in the Russian elites changed to a more nationalist position was manifested in the press, especially in the liberal papers and periodicals in favour of the policy ofreform. The principal journalists belonging to this group worked for the magazine Otechestvennye zapiski; and Golos, which was founded in 1863 by Andrei Kraevskii and from its very outset subsidised by the Minister of Enlightenment. Golos started with 4 thousands subscribers and gradually increased its print run to 23 thousand copies. There was also Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti, with Valentin Korsh as its chief editor as of 1863. Both Golos and Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti came out in St. Petersburg, and were the main papers engaged in polemic with Katkov's publications. This applied particularly to Golos, not least due to the regular subsidy it received from Minister Aleksandr Golovnin.

    When the Uprising erupted, at first these papers avoided making firm declarations and judgements on the situation. There was still hope that there would only be a limited extent of combat and that it would soon be put down, and Grand Duke Konstantin would resume his agenda of moderate concessions. The liberal periodicals made numerous appeals for an end to the conflict, and expressed a readiness to forgive, reconcile, and forget. There was recognition for the Polish right to patriotism, but only as regards the Congress Kingdom. This Polish insurgency was compared with the Russian national rising against the Polish invasion in the early 17st century, but it was the unrelenting Polish claim to the Lithuanian and Ruthenian territories that was seen as the essential core of the conflict. Some articles tried to revive the familiar vision of Poland sharing in the bounty to be drawn from staying in the Empire. Some offered a forgive-and-forget approach, asking the Poles to stand arm in arm with Russia, “to walk shoulder to shoulder, towards the great destiny of the Slavonic world.”

  • Chapter 8 - Strategies of Media Organizations. Value for Consumers

  • from Part 3
  • Boguslaw Nierenberg, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Media Management
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 147-166

  • Summary

    Strategy vs. Marketing Communication

    Peter Doyle [2003: 6] indicates that the history of economic changes until now might be examined through the lens of three subsequent epochs. The first of them, being the agricultural period, began 10 thousand years ago and ended in the first half of the 18th century. After that, the industrial period lasted until the 1960s when the information age began. Two antecedent epochs had exhausted their developmental capabilities. The agricultural period in its decadent stage lowered the standard of life. A new developmental impulse accompanied industrialization which started using up its developmental capabilities in the second half of the 20th century. At this point entering the informational epoch served as a countermeasure to the lowering of the standard of living. Determinants that ought to be considered in this new informational epoch while building the strategy of operation are as follows:

  • Globalization of markets

  • Change in the structure of industry

  • Informational revolution

  • Growing expectations of customers

    • One distinguishes many definitions referring to strategy. For the purpose of these considerations the following one seems to be of great use: “Strategy can be defined as the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out there goals [Chandler 1978: 13].” In other words, a strategy is a plan to make use of enterprise resources in order to obtain a competitive advantage [Doyle 2003: 12]. The cited definitions also seems to be useful in analyzing the strategy of media organizations.

    The media in the contemporary world are subject to numerous processes that determine the strategy of their operations. These include above all processes of convergence, digitization. In the case of the electronic media the process of moving from an analog to a digital signal is not merely a simple change in technology. It is an immense transformation, the final results of which are hard to judge as of now. It is primarily an ability to use properties of information as the new resource (as previously mentioned repeatedly).

  • Les noms des produits d'hygiène et de beauté dans le Waaren-Lexicon de Pf. A. Nemnich (1797) .

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 329-340

  • Summary

    Le pourquoi du travail et des materiaux utilises

    Cette modeste contribution en hommage au Prof. Stachowski a une double motivation. Le matériel analysé provient d'1n lexique des biens qu'1n jour le Professeur eu la bonté de me présenter. Le choix du groupe de lexèmes est dû à la sensibilité de la personne honorée à la beauté féminine. Plus d'1ne fois, en parlant d'1ne chercheuse, je l'1i entendu dire « elle a une tête, mais c'1st aussi une belle femme. » Quelle meilleure combinaison alors que cette petite présentation où il s'1gira de trouver et de décrire les noms de produits cosmétiques et des articles de toilette échangés entre l'1llemagne et l'1spagne du XVIIIe siècle et tels qu'1ls sont documentés dans le Waaren-Lexicon.

    Information sur la source lexicographique

    Le Waaren-Lexicon e st u n g lossaire d es p roduits p réparé p ar Philipp Andreas Nemnich, d'1bord publié à Hambourg en 1797. Son titre complet est : Waaren-Lexicon in zwolf Sprachen der Hamburgischen Commerz-Deputation zugeeignet.

    Nemnich (1764–1822) était avocat, voyageur, journaliste, censeur de la littérature pour les enfants et les femmes. Bien que considéré comme un « observateur compulsif, collectionneur de faits, dépourvu de profondeur et originalité » (Ratzel 1886 : 426–427), son glossaire des marchandises est une source précieuse pour les historiens et les linguistes.

    Le matériau espagnol est divisé entre deux parties : le Spanisches Waaren-Lexicon et le Deutsches Waaren-Lexicon. La première se compose de onze glossaires bilingues (x-allemand) : 1 anglais ; 2. néerlandais ; 3. suédois ; 4. danois ; 5. fançais ; 6. italien ; 7. espagnol ; 8. portugais ; 9. russe ; 10. polonais ; 11. latin. Le matériau apparaît dans deux colonnes dans l'1rdre alphabétique. L'1spagnol (Spanisches Waaren-Lexicon) occupe les pages 279 à 332. Au total, il y a 3123 entrées.

    La deuxième partie avec le contenu espagnol intitulé Deutsches Waaren-Lexicon mit den gleichbedeutenden hollandischen, danischen, schwedischen, englischen, franzosichen, italienischen, spanischen, portugiesischen, russischen, polnischen, und lateinischen Benennungen occupe les pages 425 à 574. Elle divise également son matériau en deux colonnes, en ajoutant un total de 1018 entrées, dont beaucoup sont dédoublées. Toutes n'1nt pas leurs équivalents espagnols.

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