Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T15:49:14.683Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

56 - Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents

from Part III - Specific treatments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2010

By
Anthony James  and
Jon McClellan
Edited by
Peter Tyrer  and
Kenneth R. Silk
Anthony James
Affiliation:
High Adolescent and Family Unit Warneford Hospital Oxford UK
Jon McClellan
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Kenneth R. Silk
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

Editor's note

This section discusses treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents. The psychoses here are caused by schizophrenia or bipolar disorders, and the treatment of other psychoses that occur in youth, such as in developmental disorders, is discussed elsewhere. The most effective treatments for psychoses appear to be with the antipsychotic medications, and the atypical antipsychotics are used here. The chapter on child and adolescent psychopharmacology covers in much more detail the issues that need to be considered when prescribing psychotropic medication to children. Overall, children and adolescents may be more sensitive to the extrapyramidal and the weight gain side effects when compared to their adult counterparts, and this is so even when the choice of antipsychotic medication is an atypical. Atypicals appear effective in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and in bipolar disorder appear to work better when combined with mood stabilisers. Evidence for family therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy is scant, and even the scant evidence does not provide a solid basis for effectiveness of these interventions in families or patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. ECT may be used in the most severe of the patients in this population, but ECT is much more effective in mood disorders, especially depression, than in schizophrenia or other psychotic states or disorders.

Introduction

There is a lack of researched-based evidence, particularly randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to guide the clinician in making decisions on the treatment of psychosis in children and adolescents.

Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 819 - 829
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abczynska, M., Kazmirek, Z., Syguda, J. & Terminska, T. (1995). Own experience (1989–1994) in the treatment of adolescent schizophrenic paranoid syndromes with Leponex produced by Sandoz Company. Psychiatric Policy, 29, 79–85.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia., Second Edition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(Suppl. 2), 1–56.
Armenteros, J. L., Whitaker, A. H., Welikson, M., Stedge, D. J. & Gorman, J. (1997). Risperidone in Adolescents with Schizophrenia: an Open Pilot Study. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 694–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armenteros, J. & Davies, M. (2006). Antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia. Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 141–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bardenstein, L., Kurashov, A. & Mozhginski, Y. (2000). Olanzapine in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenia in adolescents. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 3(Suppl. 1).Google Scholar
Biederman, J., McDonnell, M., Wozniack, J.et al. (2005). Aripiprazole in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder: a systematic chart review. CNS Spectrum, 10, 141–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, Y., Vardi, O., Mendlovic, S., Levkovitz, Y., Gothelf, D. & Ratzoni, G. (2003). Hyperglycaemia from olanzapine treatment in adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, T. D., Huttunen, M. O., Dahlstorm, M., Larmo, I., Rasanen, P. & Juriloo, A. (2002). Antipsychotic drug treatment in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(7), 1230–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornblatt, B., Ditkowsky, K., Becker, J., Pappadopulos, E., Coscia, D. & Obuchowski, M. (2000). The Hillside RAPP clinic: why the sudden interesting the schizophrenia prodrome?Biological Psychiatry, 47, 29S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J., Chen, N. & Glick, I. D. (2003). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second generation antipsychotics: Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 553–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DelBello, M., Schwiers, M. L., Rosenberg, H. L. & Strakowski, S. M. (2002). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1216–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DelBello, M., Kowatch, R., Adler, C.et al. (2006). A double-blind randomized pilot study comparing quetiapine and divalproex for adolescent mania. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 305–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dittmann, R. W., Hagenah, U., Junghanss, J. et al. (2003). Efficacy and safety of olanzapine in adolescents with schizophrenia. Presented at the 50th Congress of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oct 14–19 2003, Florida, US, p. 165.
Drtilkova, I. (1999). Risperidone in children and adolescents with schizophrenic disorders. Ceska: A Slovenska Psychiatrie, 95 (Suppl.), 22–9.Google Scholar
Findling, R. L. & McNamara, N. K. (2004). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of children and adolescents: clinical applications. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (Suppl. 6), 30–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Findling, R. L., Kusumakar, V., Danemen, D., Moshang, T., Smedt, G. & Binder, C. (2003a). Prolactin levels during long-term risperidone treatment in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(11), 1362–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findling, R. L., McNamara, N. K., Youngstorm, E. A., Branicky, L. A., Demeter, C. A. & Schulz, C. (2003b). A prospective, open-label trail of olanzapine in adolescents with schizophrenia. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(2), 170–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, J. A., Gordon, C. T., McKenna, K., Lenane, M. C., Jih, D. & Rapoport, J. L. (1994). An open trail of clozapine in 11 adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 658–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, J. A., Meyer, M. C., Biederman, J.et al. (1999). Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(8), 960–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, J. A., Biederman, J., Tohen, M.et al. (2001). A prospective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11(3), 239–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, J. A., Cohen, L. G., Jacobsen, L.et al. (2003). Clozapine pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(1), 87–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geddes, J., Freemantle, N., Harrison, P. & Bebbington, P. (2000). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. British Medical Journal, 321, 1371–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geller, B., Cooper, T., Sun, K.et al. (1998). Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adoloscent bipolar disorder with secondary substance dependency. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 171–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaziuddin, N., Kutcher, S. P. & Knapp, P. and American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Work Group on Quality Issues (2004). Summary of the practice parameter for the use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 119–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gothelf, D., Apter, A., Reidman, J.et al. (2003). Olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol in treatment of adolescent patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Neutral Transmission, 110(5), 545–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grcevich, S., Melamed, L. & Richards, R. (2001). Comparative side effects of atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Presented at the 8th biennial meeting of the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research: April 28-May. Whistler, Canada.
Haddock, G., Lewis, S., Bentall, R., Dunn, G., Drake, R. & Tarrier, N. (2006). Influence of age on outcome of psychological treatments in first-episode psychosis. Britsih Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 250–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, P. D., Green, M. F., McGurk, S. R. & Meltzer, H. Y. (2003). Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: a large-scale, double-blind, randomized study. Psychopharmacology, 169, 404–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hrdlicka, M., Propper, L., Vinar, O., et al. (1998). Risperidone in the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents. Ceska: A Slovenska Psychiatrie, 94, 131–6.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L. K. & Rapoport, J. L. (1998). Research update: childhood-onset schizophrenia: implications, of clinical and neurobiological research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 202–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenner, J A. & Willage, G. (2001). HIT, hallucination focused integrative treatment as early intervention in psychotic adolescents with auditory hallucinations: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 148–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D., Dicker, R., Padula, G. & Kane, J M. (2001). Adjunctive antipsychotic treatment of acute mania in adolescents with bipolar psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1448–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D., Dicker, R., Padula, G. & Kane, J. M. (2003). Lithium treatment of acut mania in adolescent: a large open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 432, 1038–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D., Dicker, R.et al. (2004). Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 984–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaleda, V. G., Oleichik, I. V., Artioukh, V. V. & Naddour, S. A. (2000). Risperidone vs Haloperidol in the therapy of adolescent schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: an open comparative medium-term efficacy and tolerability study: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 3 (Suppl.1), S99–S100.Google Scholar
Koller, E. A., Cross, J. T. & Schneider, B. (2004). Risperidone-associated diabetes mellitus in children: Pediatrics, 113(2), 421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koro, C. F., Fedder, D. O., L'Italien, G. J.et al. (2002). Assessment of independent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: population based nested case-control study. British Medical Journal, 325, 243–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kucher, S. P. (2002). Practical Child and Adolescent Psychopharamcology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumra, S., Frazier, J. A., Jacobsen, L. K.et al. (1996). Childhood-onset schizophrenia: a double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1090–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumra, S., Jacobsen, L. K., Lenane, M.et al. (1998). Childhood onset schizophrenia: an open label study of olanzapine in adolescents. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 377–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenior, M. E., Dingemans, P. M., Schene, A. H., Hart, A. A. & Linszen, D. H. (2002). The course of parental expressed emotion and psychotic episode after family intervention in recent-onset schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. Schizophrenic Research, 57(2–3), 183–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, J. A., Perkins, D., Belger, A.et al. (2001). The early stages of schizophrenia: speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 884–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levkovitch, Y., Kaysar, N., Kronnenberg, Y.Hagai, H. & Gaoni, B. (1994). Clozapine for schizophrenia (letter). Journal of Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 697–712.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. (1998). Typical and atypical antipsychotics in adolescent schizophrenia: efficacy, tolerability, and differential sensitivity to extrapyramidal symptoms. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 596–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linszen, D.Dingemans, P. & Lenior, M.(2001). Early intervention and a five year follow up in young adults with a short duration of untreated psychosis: ethical implications. Schizophrenia Research, 51(1), 55–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, M. & Lockwood, A. (2004). Early intervention for psychosis (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, 2. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Martsenkovsky, I., Bikshaeva, Y., Martsenskovska, I., Drughinska, O., Rudzinska, M. & Prokopenko, N. (2002). Risperidone improves cognitive function in adolescents with first episode of schizophrenia. Abstract 3rd International Conference on Early Psychosis, Denmark, pp. 25–8.
McClellan, J. M. & Werry, J. S. (2003). Evidence-based treatments in child and adolescent psychiatry: an inventory. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1388–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConville, B. J.Arvanitis, L. A., Thyrum, P. T.et al. (2000). Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and clinical effectiveness of quetiapine fumarate: an open-label trial in adolescents with psychotic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(4), 252–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConville, B. J. & Sorter, M. T. (2004). Treatment challenges and safety considerations for antipsychotic use in children and adolescents with psychoses. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (Suppl. 6), 20–9.Google ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, T. H., Zipursky, R. B., Perkins, D.et al. (2006). Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 790–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J.et al. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms: Archives General Psychiatry, 59, 921–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miklowitz, D., George, E., Axelson, D.et al. (2004). Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorder, Suppl. 1, S113–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozes, T., Greenberg, Y., Spivak, B., Tyano, S., Weizman, A. & Mester, R. (2003). Olanzapine treatment in chronic drug-resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia: an Open-Label study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(3), 311–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozes, T., Ebert, T., Michal, , Spivak, B. & Weizman, A. (2006). An open-trial randomized comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 393–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2002). Guidance for the Use of Newer (Atypical) Antispychotic Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Technology Appraisal Guidance. No 43. London: NICE, 2002.
Nicolson, R., Lenane, M., Singaracharlu, S.et al. (2000). Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 794–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paillere-Martinot, M., Lecrubier, Y., Martinot, J. & Martinot, J. (1995). Improvement of some schizophrenia deficit symptoms with low doses of amisulpiride: American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 130–3.Google Scholar
Pilling, S., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E.et al. (2002a). Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I Meta-analyses of family intervention and cognitive behavioural therapy: Psychology Medicine 32(5), 763–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilling, S., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E.et al. (2002b). Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation: Psychology Medicine 32(5), 783–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piscitelli, S. C., Frazier, J. A., McKenna, K.et al. (1994). Plasma clozapine and haloperidol concentrations in adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(9, Suppl. B), 94–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Pool, D., Bloom, W., Mieke, D., Reniger, I. & Gallant, D. (1978). A controlled evaluation of loxatine in seventy-five adolescent schizophrenic patients. Current Therapy Research, 24, 559–66.Google Scholar
Rapoport, J. L. (2004). Childhood schizophrenia: a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacolgy, 7(Suppl. 1), S22.Google Scholar
Reimschmidt, H., Schulz, E. & Martin, P. D. M. (1994). An open trail of clozapine in thirty-six adolescents with schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4(1), 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimschmidt, H., Hennighausen, K., Clement, H. W., Heiser, P. & Schulz, E. (2000). The use of atypical neuroleptics drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, I/9–I/19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, R. G., Novins, D., Farley, G. K. & Adler, L. E. (2003). A 1-year open-label trial of olanzapine in school-age children with schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 301–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rund, B. R. (1994). The relationship between psychosocial and cognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and expressed emotion and communication deviance in their parents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(2), 133–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, M. H., Trott, G. F., Blanz, B. & Nissen, G. (1989). Clozapine medication in adolescents. In Psychiatry: A World Perspective, vol 1. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Psychiatry, ed. Stefanis, C. N., Rabavilas, A. D., & Soldatos, C. R., Athens, Greece; October 12–19. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Excerta Medica, 1100–04.Google Scholar
Schulz, B., Fleischhaker, C. & Remschmidt, H. E. (1996). Correlated changes in symptoms and neurotransmitter indices during maintenance treatment with Clozapine or conventional neuroleptics in adolescents and young adults with schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 6, 119–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, J. A., Lewis, J. E., Pascal, S.et al. (2001). A study of the quetiapine: efficacy and tolerability in psychotic adolescent. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 415–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, P., Sporn, A., Gogtay, N.et al. (2006). Childhood-onset schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 721–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sholevar, E. H., Baron, D. A. & Hardie, T. L. (2000). Treatment of childhood-onset schizophrenia with olanzapine. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10, 69–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siefen, G. & Remschmidt, H. (1986). Results of treatment with clozapine in schizophrenic adolescents. Zeitschrift Kinder Jugenpsychiatrie, 14, 245–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Sikich, L., Hooper, S. R., Malekpour, A. H., Sheitman, B. B. & Lieberman, J. A. (2001). A double blind comparison of typical versus atypical agents on selected neurocognitive functions in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 49(Suppl. 1–2), 245.Google Scholar
Sikich, L., Hamer, R. M., Bashford, R. A, Sheitman, B. B. & Lieberman, J. A. (2004). A pilot study of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol in psychotic youth: a double-blind, randomized, 8-week trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(1), 133–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sikich, L., Findling, R., McClellan, J., Frazier, J. & Vitiello, B. (2006). Initial findings from early-onset schizophrenia spectrum research group. Symposium 53rd Annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Diego, California, USA, October 24–29.
Spencer, E., Kafantaris, V., Padron-Gayol, M., Rosenberg, C. & Campbell, M. (1992). Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: early findings from a a study in progress. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28, 183–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Tarrier, N., Lewis, S., Haddock, G.et al. (2004). Cognitive-behavioural therapy in first-episode and early-onset schizophrenia. 18-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 231–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theisen, F M., Cichon, S., Linden, A., Martin, M., Remschmidt, H. & Hebebrand, J. (2001). Clozapine and weight gain. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turetz, M., Mozes, T., Tohen, P.et al. (1997). An open trial of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia. British Journal Psychiatry, 170, 507–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ueland, T. & Rund, B. R. (2004). A controlled randomized treatment study: the effects of a cognitive remediation program on adolescents with early onset psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(1), 70–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, K D. (2004). Treatment of childhood and adolescent disorders. In Textbook of Psychopharamacolgy, 3rd edn, ed. Schatberg, A. F. & Nemeroff, C. B., Chapter 57, pp. 949–1007. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.Google Scholar
Wehmeier, P., Schuler-Springorum, M., Heiser, P. & Remschmidt, H. (2004). Chart review for potential features of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents treated with clozapine. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14, 267–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalsman, G., Carmon, E., Martin, A., Bensason, D., Weizman, A. & Tyano, S. (2003a). Effectiveness, safety and tolerability of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia. An open-label study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(3), 319–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalsman, G., Frisch, A., Lev-Ran, S.et al. (2003b). DRD4 Exon III polymorphism and responder response to risperidone in Israeli adolescents with schizophrenia: a pilot pharmacogenetic study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 1853–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents
    • By Anthony James, High Adolescent and Family Unit Warneford Hospital Oxford UK, Jon McClellan, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.058
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents
    • By Anthony James, High Adolescent and Family Unit Warneford Hospital Oxford UK, Jon McClellan, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.058
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents
    • By Anthony James, High Adolescent and Family Unit Warneford Hospital Oxford UK, Jon McClellan, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.058
Available formats
×