Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T20:58:34.145Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

53 - ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder

from Part III - Specific treatments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2010

By
Paramala J. Santosh ,
Amy Henry  and
Christopher K. Varley
Edited by
Peter Tyrer  and
Kenneth R. Silk
Paramala J. Santosh
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK
Amy Henry
Affiliation:
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA
Christopher K. Varley
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Kenneth R. Silk
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

Editor's note

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) are not exactly synonymous. ADHD comes from DSM, and there can be some symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity, while HKD comes from ICD, and inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity must all be present for the diagnosis of HKD to be made. Thus ADHD is a broader diagnostic term, and there is clearer evidence for the effectiveness of medications, especially the stimulants, in HKD than in ADHD. Nonetheless, medications, especially first-line treatment with the psychostimulants, has a great deal of data to support its effectiveness. There are less data supporting the use of other non-stimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and bupropion, and the data are less convincing and have smaller effect sizes than the psychostimulants. While psychosocial treatments, particularly behaviour therapy, have evidence for effectiveness, the evidence is not as strong as for the pharmacologic interventions, and the treatments seem more behaviour specific, less generalizable and quite often lose their effectiveness when the treatments end. While combined psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatments are effective, it appears that most of the effectiveness comes from the pharmacologic intervention, although patients in combined treatment appear to need lower doses of pharmacologic agents.

Introduction

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) is a common childhood condition affecting children and youth around the world across various cultures (Biederman et al., 1991; Rohde et al., 2001)).

Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 782 - 795
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AACAP Official Action (1997). Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (10) Suppl., 85S–121S.
AACAP Official Action (2002). Practice Parameter for the Use of Stimulant Medications in the Treatment of Children, Adolescents and Adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(2) Suppl., 26S–49S.
Abikoff, H. & Gittelman, R. (1984). Does behaviour therapy normalize the classrrom behaviour of hyperactive children?Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 449–54.Google Scholar
Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., DuPaul, G. J. & Guevremont, D. C. (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 581–95.Google Scholar
Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Egger, H. L. & Costello, E. J. (2000). Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 975–94.Google Scholar
Barkley, R. A. (1977). A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137–65.Google Scholar
Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. & Cunningham, C. E. (1979). The effects of methylphenidate on the mother–child interactions of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 201–8.Google Scholar
Barkley, R. A., Guevremont, D. C., Anastopoulos, A. D. & Fletcher, K. E. (1992). A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 450–62.Google Scholar
Barrickman, L. L., Perry, P. J., Allen, A. J.et al. (1995). Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 649–57.Google Scholar
Biederman, J., Newcorn, J. & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 564–77.Google Scholar
Brown, R. T. & Sexson, S. B. (1989). Effects of methylphenidate on cardiovascular responses in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 10, 179–83.Google Scholar
Carlson, C. L., Pelham, W. E., Milich, R. & Dixon, J. (1992). Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behaviour therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 213–32.Google Scholar
Casat, C. D., Pleasants, D. Z., Schroeder, D. H. & Parler, D. W. (1989). Bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 198–201.Google Scholar
Clay, T. H., Gualtieri, C. T., Evans, R. W. & Guillion, C. M. (1988). Clinical and neuropsychological effects of the novel antidepressant bupropion. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 143–8.Google Scholar
Conners, K., Casat, C. D., Gualtieri, C.et al. (1996). Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1314.Google Scholar
Connor, D. F., Fletcher, K. E. & Swanson, J. M. (1999). A meta-analysis of Clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 151–9.Google Scholar
Cox, D. J., Merkel, R. L., Penberthy, J. K., Kovatchev, B. & Hankin, C. S. (2004). Impact of methylphenidate delivery profiles on driving performance of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of and Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(3), 269–75.Google Scholar
Crumrine, P. K., Feldman, H. M., Teodori, J., Handen, B. L. & Alvin, R. M. (1987). The use of methylphenidate in children with seizures and attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 22, 441–2.Google Scholar
Elia, J., Borcherding, B. G., Rapoport, J. L. & Keysor, C. S. (1991). Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Research, 36, 141–55.Google Scholar
Fenichel, R. R. (1995). Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: the role of post-marketing surveillance. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 5, 155–6.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. (2002). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Treatments for Children and Adolescents, ed. Fonagy, P., Target, M., Cottrell, D., Phillips, J. & Kurtz, Z..
Gillberg, C., Melander, H., con Knorring, A. L.et al. (1997). Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 857–64.Google Scholar
Gittelman-Klein, R. (1980). Diagnosis and drug treatment of childhood disorders: attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. In Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Adults and Children, ed. Klein, D. F., Gittelman-Klein, R., Quitkin, F. & Rifkin, A.. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Green, W. H. (2001). Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3rd edn. Philiadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Greenhill, L. L., Rieder, R. O., Wender, P. H., Bushsbaum, M. & Zahn, T. P. (1973). Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 636–40.Google Scholar
Grob, C. S. & Coyle, J. T. (1986). Suspected adverse methylphenidate-imipramine interactions in children. Journal of Developmental and behavioural Pediatrics, 7(4), 265–7.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P., Henker, B. & Whalen, C. K. (1984). Cognitive-behavioural and pharmacologic interventions for hyperactive boys: comparative and combined effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 739–49.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P., Heller, T. & McHale, J. P. (1992). Covert antisocial behaviour in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: External validation and effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 274–81.Google Scholar
Horn, W. F., Ialongo, N. S., Pascoe, J. M.et al. (1991). Additive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and self-control therapy with ADHD children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 233–40.Google Scholar
Jadad, A. R., Booker, L., Gauld, M.et al. (1999). The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(10), 1025–35.Google Scholar
Jensen, P. S., Hoagwood, Eaton K., Roper, M.et al. (2004). The services for children and adolescents–parent interview: development and performance characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(11), 1334–44.Google Scholar
Klein, R. G., Abikoff, H., Klass, E., Ganeles, D., Seese, L. M. & Pollack, S. (1997). Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1073–9.Google Scholar
Kratochvil, C. J., Wilens, T. E., Greenhill, L. L.et al. (2006). Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 919–27.Google Scholar
Kratochvil, C. J., Greenhill, L. L., March, J. S., Burke, W. J. & Vaughan, B. S. (2004). The role of stimulants in the treatment of preschool children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs, 18(14), 957–66.Google Scholar
Malhotra, S. & Santosh, P. J. (1998). An open clinical trial of buspirone in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 64–71.Google Scholar
March, J. S., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E.et al. (2000). Anxiety as a predictor and outcome variable in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 527–41.Google Scholar
Mayes, S., Crites, D., Bixler, E., Humphrey, F. & Mattison, R. (1994). Methylphenidate and ADHD: Influence of age, IQ, neurodevelopmental stutus. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 1099–107.Google Scholar
McMahon, R. J. & Wells, K. C. (1998). Conduct problems. In Treatment of Childhood Disorders, 2nd edn, ed. Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A.. New York: Guilford Press.
McMaster University Evidence-Based Practice Center (1998). The Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Evidence Report (Contract 290970017). Washington, DC: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Michelson, D., Faries, D., Wernicke, J.et al. (2001). Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics, 108(5), e83.Google Scholar
Michelson, D., Allen, A. J., Busner, J.et al. (2002). Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperacivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1896–901.Google Scholar
Milich, R., Carlson, C. L., Pelham, W. E. & Licht, B. G. (1991). Effects of methylphenidate on the persistence of ADHD boys following failure experiences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 519–36.Google Scholar
MTA Cooperative Group (1999a). Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1088–96.
MTA Cooperative Group (1999b). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073–85.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2000). Guidance on the use of methylphenidate for ADHD. http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/Methylph-guidance13.pdf.
Pelham, W. E., Vodde-Hamiliton, M., Murphy, D. A., Greenstein, J. & Vallano, G. (1991). The effects of methylphenidate on ADHD adolescents in recreational, peer group and classroom settings. Journal of Clinical Child Psychologist, 20, 293–300.Google Scholar
Pisterman, S., McGrath, P., Firestone, P., Goodman, J. T., Webster, I. & Mallory, R. (1989). Outcome of parent-mediated treatment of preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 628–35.Google Scholar
Popper, C. W. (1995). Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: pharmacologic questions and news reports about sudden death. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 5, 157–66.Google Scholar
Richters, J. E., Arnold, L. E., Jensen, P. S.et al. (1995). NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD: Background and rationale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 987–1000.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. M., Sclar, D. A., Skaer, T. L. & Galin, R. S. (1999). National trends in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the prescribing of methylphenidate among school-age children: 1990–1995. Clinical Pediatrics, 38, 209–17.Google Scholar
Rohde, L. A., Barbosa, G., Polanczyk, G.et al. (2001). Factor and latent class analysis of DSM-IV ADHD symptoms in a school sample of Brazilian adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(6), 711–18.Google Scholar
Safer, D. J., Zito, J. M. & Fine, E. M. (1996). Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990s. Pediatrics, 98, 184.Google Scholar
Santosh, P. J. & Mijovic, A. (2004). Social impairment in Hyperkinetic Disorder – relationship to psychopathology and environmental stressors. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(3), 141–50.Google Scholar
Santosh, P. J. & Taylor, E. (2000). Stimulant drugs. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9 (Suppl. 1), 127–43.Google Scholar
Scahill, L., Chappell, P. B., Kim, Y. S.et al. (2000). Guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and ADHD: a placebo-controlled study. (Abstract, 40th Annual NCCDEU meeting.) Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10, 250.Google Scholar
Schachar, R. J., Taylor, E., Wieselberg, M., Thorley, G. & Rutter, M. (1987). Changes in family function and relationships in children who respond to methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 728–32.Google Scholar
Schachar, R., Tannock, R., Cunningham, C. & Corkum, P. (1997). Behavioural, situational, and temporal effects of treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 754–63.Google Scholar
Schachter, H. M., Pham, B., King, J., Langford, S. & Moher, D. (2001). How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165(11), 1475–88.Google Scholar
Silva, R. R., Dinohra, M. D., Munoz, M. D. & Alpert, M. (1996). Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 352–8.Google Scholar
Smith, B. H., Waschbusch, D. A., Willoughby, M. T. & Evans, S. (2000). The efficacy, safety, and practicality of treatments for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3(4), 243–67.Google Scholar
Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Harding, M., O'Donnell, D. & Griffin, S. (1996). Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 409–32.Google Scholar
Spencer, T., Heiligenstein, J. H., Biederman, J.et al. (2002). Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(12), 1140–7.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K. & Wiwal, T. (1993). Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A ‘review of reviews’. Exceptional Children, 60, 154–62.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. M., Flockhart, D., Udrea, D., Cantwell, D., Connor, D. & Williams, L. (1995). Clonidine in the treatment of ADHD: questions about safety and efficacy (letter to the editor). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 5, 301–4.Google Scholar
Szatmari, P., Offord, D. R. & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Ontario Child Health Study: prevalence of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 219–30.Google Scholar
Taylor, E., Schachar, R., Thorley, G., Wieselberg, H. M., Everitt, B. & Rutter, M. (1987). Which boys respond to stimulant medication? A controlled trial of methylphenidate in boys with disruptive behaviour. Psychological Medicine, 17, 121–43.Google Scholar
Taylor, E., Sergeant, J., Doepfner, M.et al. (1998). Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(4), 184–200.Google Scholar
Taylor, E., Dopfner, M., Sergeant, J.et al. (2004): European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder – first upgrade. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13 (Suppl. 1), I7–30.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. D. & Weiss, J. R. (2004). A guide to the treatment of adults with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (Suppl. 3), 27–37.Google Scholar
Weiss, G. & Hechtman, L. T. (1993). Hyperactive Children Grown Up. 2nd edn. ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults. New York: Guildford Press.
Wells, K. C., Pelham, W. E., Kotkin, R. A.et al. (2000b). Psychosocial treatment strategies in the MTA study: Rationale, methods, and critical issues in design and implementation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 483–505.Google Scholar
Wells, K. C. (2004). Treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. In Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment, ed. Barrett, P. M. & Ollendick, T. H.. Chicherter, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wells, K. C., Epstein, J. N., Hinshaw, S. P.et al. (2000a). Parenting and family stress treatment outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an empirical analysis in the MTA Study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 543–53.Google Scholar
Whalen, C. K, Henker, B. & Granger, D. A. (1990). Social judgment processes in hyperactive boys: effects of methylphenidate and comparisons with normal peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 297–316.Google Scholar
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Wong, J., Spencer, T. J. & Prince, J. B. (2002). Adjunctive donepezil in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: case series. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 217–22.Google Scholar
Wilens, T. E., Newcorn, J. H., Kratochvil, C. J.et al. (2006). Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatrics, 149 (1), 112–19.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
    • By Paramala J. Santosh, Department of Psychological Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK, Amy Henry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA, Christopher K. Varley, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.055
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
    • By Paramala J. Santosh, Department of Psychological Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK, Amy Henry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA, Christopher K. Varley, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.055
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
    • By Paramala J. Santosh, Department of Psychological Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK, Amy Henry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA, Christopher K. Varley, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA USA
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.055
Available formats
×