Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T01:14:47.903Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

35 - Obsessive-compulsive disorder

from Part III - Specific treatments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2010

By
Helen Blair Simpson  and
Phil Harrison-Read
Edited by
Peter Tyrer  and
Kenneth R. Silk
Helen Blair Simpson
Affiliation:
New York State Psychiatric Institution New York, NY USA
Phil Harrison-Read
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Royal Free Hospital London UK
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Kenneth R. Silk
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

Editor's note

You will note from Part I that obsessive-compulsive disorder, formerly called obsessional neurosis before the word neurosis was eliminated from usage, has the highest clinical utility score of the disorders within the neurotic spectrum. It is therefore not surprising that we have much clearer guidelines and evidence for treatment than for others within the spectrum. The arguments in favour of both drug and psychological treatments are strong and are often complementary across the range of clinical indications in OCD. There are some disparities between the UK and USA but most are matters of emphasis rather than fundamental disagreements. We need more evidence from studies on combinations of drug and psychological interventions as this is a very common position in clinical practice.

Introduction

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively common, usually chronic and sometimes very disabling condition, which by convention excludes clinically similar syndromes caused by psychoactive drugs or by a general medical condition. It is characterized by obsessions, compulsions or a combination of both. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent ideas, images or impulses that cause pronounced anxiety and which are usually recognized by the person affected as being self-produced, and yet irrational. Compulsions are intentional repetitive behaviours or mental acts (rituals) performed in response to obsessions or in response to self-imposed rules which are aimed at reducing distress or at preventing unacceptable or anxiety-provoking outcomes. Compulsive rituals are usually recognized as unreasonable, pointless or time-wasting and are also usually resisted by the individual affected.

Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 574 - 587
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Street, G. P., Kozak, M. J. & Foa, E. B. (2000). Effects of comorbid depression on response to treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 31, 517–28.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Zoellner, L. A. & DiBernardo, C. L. (2002). Treatment compliance and outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Modification, 26, 447–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Schwartz, S. A. & Furr, J. M. (2003). Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1049–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerman, D. L. & Greenland, S. (2002). Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 309–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, U., Aguglia, E., Maina, G. & Bogetto, F. (2002). Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 1004–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2007). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (suppl.), 1–56.
Baer, L., Ricciardi, J., Keuthen, N.et al. (1994). Discontinuing obsessive-compulsive disorder medication with behavior therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1842.Google Scholar
Barker, A. T., Jalinous, R. & Freeston, H. (1985). Non-invasive stimulation of the human motor cortex, Lancet, I, 1106–7.Google Scholar
Bergeron, R., Ravindran, A. V., Chaput, Y.et al. (2002). Sertraline and fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: results of a double-blind, 6 month treatment study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 148–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisserbe, J. C., Lane, R. M. & Flament, M. F. (1997). A double blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry, 12, 82–93.Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Monahan, P., Gable, J., Blum, N., Clancy, G. & Baker, P. (1998). Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 420–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, C., Olfson, M., Stein, D., Simpson, H. B., Gameroff, M. J. & Narrow, W. E. (2006). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by U.S. Psychiatrists. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 946–51.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Kelmendi, B., Coric, V., Bracken, M. B. & Leckman, J. F. (2006). A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 622–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bystritsky, A., Ackerman, D. L., Rosen, R. M.et al. (2004). Augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder using adjunctive olanzapine: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 565–8.Google Scholar
Carey, P. D., Vythilingum, B., Seedat, S., Muller, J. E., Ameringen, M. & Stein, D. J. (2005). Quetiapine augmentation of SRIs in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study [ISRCTN83050762]. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 5.Google Scholar
Chouinard, G., Goodman, W., Greist, J.et al. (1990). Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychophamacology Bulletin, 26, (3).Google Scholar
Clomipramine Colloborative Study Group (Veaugh-Geiss, J., Katz, R., Landau, P.et al.) (1991). Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 730–8.Google Scholar
Cordioli, A. V., Heldt, E., Bochi, D. B.et al. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72, 211–16.Google Scholar
Cottraux, J., Mollard, E., Bouvard, M.et al. (1990). A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 17–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottraux, J., Note, I., Yao, S. N.et al. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy versus intensive behavior therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 288–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crino, R., Slade, T. & Andrews, G. (2005). The changing prevalence and severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder criteria from DSM-III to DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 876–82.Google Scholar
Dale, R. C., Heyman, I., Giovannoni, G. & Church, A. W. J. (2005). Incidence of anti-brain antibodies in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 314–19.Google Scholar
Denys, D., Wee, N., Megen, H. J. & Westenberg, H. G. (2003). A double blind comparison of venlafaxine and paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 568–75.Google Scholar
Denys, D., Geus, F., Megen, H. J. & Westenberg, H. G. (2004a). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine addition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1040–8.Google Scholar
Denys, D., Megen, H. J., Wee, N. & Westenberg, H. G. (2004b). A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 37–43.Google Scholar
Eddy, K. T., Dutra, L., Bradley, R. & Westen, D. (2004). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 1011–30.Google Scholar
Eisen, J. L., Goodman, W. K., Keller, M. B.et al. (1999). Patterns of remission and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 346–51.Google Scholar
Erzegovesi, S., Guglielmo, E., Siliprandi, F. & Bellodi, L. (2005). Low-dose risperidone augmentation of fluvoxamine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 69–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fals-Stewart, W., Marks, A. P. & Schafer, J. (1993). A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 181, 189–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fineberg, N. (1999). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 357–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fineberg, N. A. & Gale, T. M. (2005). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8, 107–29.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. & Goldstein, A. (1978). Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in obsessive compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Therapy, 9, 821–9.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Abramowitz, J., Franklin, M. E. & Kozak, M. J. (1999). Feared consequences, fixity of beliefs, and treatment outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 30, 717–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, E. B., Liebowitz, M. R., Kozak, M. J.et al. (2005). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 151–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, M. E., Simpson, H. B. & Blair, H. (2005). Combining pharmacotherapy and exposure plus ritual prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder: research findings and clinical applications. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 317–30.Google Scholar
Freeman, C. P., Trimble, M. R., Deakin, J. F., Stokes, T. M. & Ashford, J. J. (1994). Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 301–5.Google Scholar
Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F.et al. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: a controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 405–13.Google Scholar
Gershuny, B. S., Baer, L., Jenike, M. A., Minichiello, W. E. & Wilhelm, S. (2002). Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 852–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A.et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive scale. I development, use and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, B. D., George, M. S., Martin, J. D.et al. (1997). Effect of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 867–9.Google Scholar
Greist, J. H. & Jefferson, J. W. (1998). Pharmacotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (Suppl. 35), 64–70.Google Scholar
Greist, J. H, Chouinard, G., DuBuff, E.et al. (1995). Double-blind comparison of three doses of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52 (4), 289–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greist, J. H., Marks, I. M., Baer, L.et al. (2002). Behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by a computer or by a clinician compared with relaxation as a control. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 138–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohagen, F., Winkelmann, G., Rasche-Raeuchle, H.et al. (1998). Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo: results of a multicentre study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (Suppl. 35), 71–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollander, E., Baldini Rossi, N., Sood, E. & Pallanti, S. (2003a). Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 397–401.Google Scholar
Hollander, E., Friedberg, J., Wasserman, S., Allen, A., Birnbaum, M. & Koran, L. M. (2003b). Venlafaxine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 546–50.Google Scholar
Huppert, J. D. & Franklin, M. E. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: an update. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7, 268–73.Google Scholar
Jenike, M. A. (1998). Neurosurgical treatment of obsessive treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (Suppl 35), 79–90.Google Scholar
Katz, R. J., Veaugh-Geiss, J. & Landau, P. (1990). Clomipramine in obsessive compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 401–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobak, K. A., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Katzelnick, D. J. & Henk, H. J. (1998). Behavioural versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 136, 205–16.Google Scholar
Koran, L. M., McElroy, S. L., Davidson, J. R. & Rasmussen, S. A. (1996). Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 121–9.Google Scholar
Koran, L. M., Leventhal, J. L., Fireman, B. & Jacobson, A. (2000). Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a health maintenance organization. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 57, 1972–8.Google Scholar
Koran, L. M., Hackett, E., Rubin, A.et al. (2002). Efficacy of sertralline in the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozak, M. J. & Foa, E. B. (1994). Obsessions, overvalued ideas, and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 343–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, H., Swedo, S. & Rapoport, J. L. (1989). Treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desmethylimipramine. A double blind crossover comparison. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 93–5.Google Scholar
Lindsay, M., Crino, R. & Andrews, G. (1997). Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 135–9.Google Scholar
Lopez-Ibor, J. J. Jr, Saiz, J., Cottraux, J.et al. (1996). Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 111–18.Google Scholar
Maina, G., Albert, U., Ziero, S. & Bogetto, F. (2003). Antipsychotic augmentation for treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: what if antipsychotic is discontinued?International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 23–8.Google Scholar
Mantovani, A., Lisanby, S. H., Fulvio, P., Ulivelli, M., Castrogiovanni, P. & Rossi, S. (2005). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 95–100.Google Scholar
March, J. S., Frances, A., Kahn, D. A. & Carpenter, D. (1997). The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58.Google Scholar
Marder, S. R., Essock, S. M., Miller, A. L.et al. (2004). Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1334–49.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M., Hodgson, R. & Rachman, S. (1975). Treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive neurosis by in-vivo exposure. A two-year follow up and issues in treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 349–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. L., Barbanoj, M. J. & Perez, V. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In The Cochrane Library, 3, CD003387.
Mataix-Cols, D. & Marks, I. M. (2006). Self-help with minimal therapist contact for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. European Psychiatry, 21, 75–80.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Marks, I. M., Greist, J., Kobak, K. A. & Baer, L. (2002). Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions as predictors of compliance with and response to behavior therapy: results from a controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 255–62.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Rosario-Campos, M. C. & Leckman, J. F. (2005). A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 228–38.Google Scholar
McDougle, C. J., Goodman, W. K., Leckman, J. F., Lee, N. C., Heninger, G. R. & Price, L. H. (1994). Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 302–8.Google Scholar
McDougle, C. J., Epperson, C. N., Pelton, G. H.et al. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 794–801.Google Scholar
McLean, P. D., Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S.et al. (2001). Cognitive versus behavioural therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 205–14.Google Scholar
Montgomery, S. A., McIntyre, A. & Osterheider, M. and the Lilly European OCD Study Group. (1993). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 3, 143–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, S. A., Kasper, S., Stein, D. J., Bang Hedegaard, K. & Lemming, O. M. (2001). Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 75–86.Google Scholar
Mundo, E., Bianchi, L. & Bellodi, L. (1997). Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single blind study. Journal of Clinical Psycyhopharmacology, 17, 267–71.Google Scholar
Mundo, E., Maina, G. & Uslenghi, C. (2000). Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 69–76.Google Scholar
Mundo, E., Rouillon, F., Figuera, L.et al. (2001). Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine. Human Psychopharmacology, 16, 461–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. & Clavan, M. (1997). Abnormal and normal compulsions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 249–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NICE (2006). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. National clinical practice giudeline number 31. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. London, pp. 1–350. (http://guidance.nice.org.UK/CG31/guidance/pdf/English) (accessed 12-6-2007).
New Zealand National Health Committee. Guidelines for assessing and treating anxiety disorders. National Health Committee Guidelines Group (1998). www.nzgg.org.nz/guidelines/0038/anxiety (accessed 1512005, no longer available).
Pallanti, S., Hollander, E., Bienstock, C.et al. (2002). Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. International Journal of Neuropsychophamacology, 5, 181–91.Google Scholar
Pigott, T. A. & Seay, S. M. (1999). A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 101–6.Google Scholar
Rauch, S. L., O'Sullivan, R. L. & Jenike, M. A. (1996). Open treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with venlafaxine: a series of ten cases. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 81–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romano, S., Goodman, W., Tamura, R.et al. (2001). Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder after an acute response: a comparison of fluvoxamine versus placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmalogy, 21, 46–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salkovskis, P. M. & Harrison, J. (1984). Abnormal and normal obsessions – a replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 549–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxena, S., Bota, R. G. & Brody, A. L. (2001). Brain–behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seminary Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6, 82–101.Google Scholar
Sevincok, L. & Uygur, B. (2002). Venlafaxine open-label treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 817.Google Scholar
Shapira, N. A., Ward, H. E., Mandoki, M.et al. (2004). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 553–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, H. B., Liebowitz, M. R. (2005). Best practice in treatment obsessive-compulsive disorder: what the evidence says. In Pathological Anxiety: Emotional Processing in Etiology and Treatment, ed. Rothbaum, B.. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
Simpson, H. B., Gorfinkle, K. S. & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral therapy as an adjunct to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 584–90.Google Scholar
Simpson, H. B., Liebowitz, M. R., Foa, E. B.et al. (2004). Post-treatment effects of exposure therapy versus clomipramine in OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 225–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, H. B., Huppert, J. D., Petkova, E., Foa, E. & Liebowitz, M. (2006). Response versus remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 269–76.Google Scholar
Skoog, G. & Skoog, I. (1999). A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives in General Psychiatry, 56, 121–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snider, L. A. & Swedo, S. E. (2004). PANDAS: current status and directions for research. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 900–7.Google Scholar
Soomro, G. M. (2004). Obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical Evidence, 12, 1458–73 (also available on www.clinicalevidence.com).Google Scholar
Stanley, M. A. & Turner, S. M. (1995). Current status of pharmacological and behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Therapy, 26, 163–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steketee, G., Chambless, D. L. & Tran, G. Q. (2001). Effects of axis I and II comorbidity on behavior therapy outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder and agoraphobia. Comprensive Psychiatry, 42, 76–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenneij, N. H., Megen, H. J., Denys, D. A. & Westenberg, H. G. (2005). Behavior therapy augments response of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder responding to drug treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1169–75.Google Scholar
Thoren, P., Asberg, M., Cronholm, E., Jornestedt, L. & Traskman, L. (1980). Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. A clinical controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1281–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Kozak, M. J. & Foa, E. B. (2001). Fixity of belief, perceptual aberration, and magical ideation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 501–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Maltby, N., Diefenbach, G. J., Hannan, S. E. & Worhunsky, P. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication nonresponders with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a wait-list-controlled open trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 922–31.Google Scholar
Tollefson, G. D., Rampey, A. H., Potvin, J. H.et al. (1994). A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 559–67.Google Scholar
Balkom, A. J., Haan, E., Oppen, P., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K. A. & Dyck, R. (1998). Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 186, 492–9.Google Scholar
Vogel, P. A., Stiles, T. C. & Gotestam, K. G. (2004). Adding cognitive therapy elements to exposure therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: a controlled study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 275–90.Google Scholar
Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S. & McLean, P. D. (2005). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behaviour and Research Therapy, 43, 1559–76.Google Scholar
Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. & Neziroglu, F. A. (1996). Venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 53–60.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.037
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.037
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.037
Available formats
×