Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T20:41:01.356Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part VII - Social behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2015

Michio Nakamura
Affiliation:
Kyoto University, Japan
Kazuhiko Hosaka
Affiliation:
Kamakura Women’s University, Japan
Noriko Itoh
Affiliation:
Kyoto University, Japan
Koichiro Zamma
Affiliation:
Great Ape Research Institute
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Mahale Chimpanzees
50 Years of Research
, pp. 433 - 518
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Arcadi, A. C., Robert, D., and Boesch, C. (1998). Buttress drumming by wild chimpanzees: temporal patterning, phrase integration into loud calls, and preliminary evidence for individual distinctiveness. Primates, 39, 505–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bygott, J. D. (1979). Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park. In The Great Apes, ed. Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R.. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 405–27.Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Waal, F. B. M. (1981). Side-directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 77, 164–98.Google Scholar
Kawanaka, K. (1989). Age differences in social interactions of young males in a chimpanzee unit-group at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 30, 285305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 161311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, A. (1982). An ethological study on chimpanzees at the artificial feeding place in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania: with special reference to the booming situation. Primates, 23, 4565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, A. (1984). An ethological study of pygmy chimpanzees in Wamba, Zaïre: a comparison with chimpanzees. Primates, 25, 255–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N. (2002). Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees. In Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos, ed. Boesch, C., Hohmann, G., and Marchant, L. F.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–24.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1970). Social behavior and relationships among chimpanzees of Mahali Mountains. Primates, 11, 4787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1981). [The World of Wild Chimpanzees.] Tokyo: Chūkō-shinsho. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (2003a). Harassment of mature female chimpanzees by young males in the Mahale Mountains. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 503–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2003b). Individuality and flexibility of cultural behavior patterns in chimpanzees. In Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, ed. de Waal, F. B. M. and Tyack, P. L.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 392417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Hosaka, K. (1996). Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. In Great Ape Societies, ed. McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–34.Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Matsusaka, T., and McGrew, W. C. (2009). Emergence, propagation or disappearance of novel behavioral patterns in the habituated chimpanzees of Mahale: a review. Primates, 50, 2336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T., Zamma, K., Matsusaka, T., Inaba, A., and McGrew, W. C. (2010). Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia. Tokyo: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A. E. (1980). Behavioural changes at adolescence in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 115, 203–46.Google Scholar
Reynolds, V. and Reynolds, F. (1965). Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest. In Primate Behavior, ed. DeVore, I.. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 368424.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Y. (1969). Social behavior of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Primates, 10, 197225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahata, Y. (1990). Social relationships among adult males. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 149–70.Google Scholar
Uehara, S., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., Hosaka, K., and Hamai, M. (1994). The fate of defeated alpha male chimpanzees in relation to their social networks. Primates, 35, 4955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Chimpanzees Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

References

Altmann, S. A. and Altmann, J. (2003). The transformation of behaviour field studies. Animal Behaviour, 65, 413–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, K. and Whiten, A. (2001). Post-conflict behavior of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Budongo Forest, Uganda. Behaviour, 138, 649–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, K., Fraser, O. N., and Aureli, F. (2010). Postconflict reconciliation. In Primates in Perspective, 2nd edn., ed. Campbell, C. J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K. C., Bearder, S. K., and Stumpf, R. M.. Oxford: Oxford University, pp. 608–25.Google Scholar
Aureli, F. (1992). Post-conflict behaviour among wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 31, 329–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aureli, F. and de Waal, F. B. M. (2000). Natural Conflict Resolution. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Aureli, F., Preston, S. D., and de Waal, F. B. M. (1999). Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): a pilot study. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113, 5965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boehm, C. (1994). Pacifying interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., de Waal, F. B. M. and Heltne, P. G.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 221–6.Google Scholar
Bygott, J. D. (1979). Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park. In The Great Apes, ed. Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R.. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 405–27.Google Scholar
Cant, M. A. (2011). The role of threats in animal cooperation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 170–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Flack, J. C. and de Waal, F. (2007). Context modulates signal meaning in primate communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 1581–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, M. W., Gilby, I. C., Murray, C. M., et al. (2009). Alpha male chimpanzee grooming patterns: implications for dominance “style.” American Journal of Primatology, 71, 136–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, O. N. and Aureli, F. (2008). Reconciliation, consolation and postconflict behavioral specificity in chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 70, 1114–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, O. N., Schino, G., and Aureli, F. (2008a). Components of relationship quality in chimpanzees. Ethology, 114, 834–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, O. N., Stahl, D., and Aureli, F. (2008b). Stress reduction through consolation in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 8557–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, O. N., Koski, S. E., Wittig, R. M., and Aureli, F. (2009). Why are bystanders friendly to recipients of aggression. Communicative and Integrated Biology, 2, 285–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, O. N., Stahl, D., and Aureli, F. (2010). The function and determinants of reconciliation in Pan troglodytes. International Journal of Primatology, 31, 3957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilby, I. C., Brent, L. J., Wroblewski, E. E., et al. (2013). Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 67, 373–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H. and de Waal, F. B. M. (1992). Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1990). Social context of pant-grunting in young chimpanzees. In: The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 189206.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H., Huffman, M. A., and Nishida, T. (1989). Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: a preliminary study. Primates, 30, 187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemelrijk, C. K., Klomberg, T. J., Nooitgedagt, J. H., and van Hooff, J. A. (1991). Side-directed behaviour and recruitment of support in captive chimpanzees. Behaviour, 118, 89102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahlenberg, S. M., Emery Thompson, M., Muller, M. N., and Wrangham, R. W. (2008a). Immigration costs for female chimpanzees and male protection as an immigrant counterstrategy to intrasexual aggression. Animal Behaviour, 76, 1497–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahlenberg, S. M., Emery Thompson, M., and Wrangham, R. W. (2008b). Female competition over core areas in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Kibale National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 931–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawanaka, K. (1989). Age differences in social interactions of young males in a chimpanzee unit-group at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 30, 285305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koski, S. E. and Sterck, E. H. M. (2007). Triadic post-conflict affiliation in captive chimpanzees; does consolation console? Animal Behaviour 73, 133–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koski, S. E. and Sterck, E. H. M. (2009). Post-conflict third-party affiliation in chimpanzees: what’s in it for the third party? American Journal of Primatology, 71, 409–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koski, S. E., Koops, K., and Sterck, E. H. (2007a). Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 69, 158–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koski, S. E., de Vries, H., van den Tweel, S. W., and Sterck, E. H. (2007b). What to do after a fight? The determinants and inter-dependency of post-conflict interactions in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 144, 529–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutsukake, N. (2003). Assessing relationship quality and social anxiety among wild chimpanzees using self-directed behavior. Behaviour, 140, 1153–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutsukake, N. (2006). The context and quality of social relationships affect vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees. Ethology, 112, 581–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutsukake, N. (2007). Conspecific influences on vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 28, 907–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutsukake, N. (2009). Complexity, dynamics and diversity of sociality in group-living mammals. Ecological Research, 24, 521–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutsukake, N. and Castles, D. L. (2004). Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates, 45, 157–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutsukake, N. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2008). Do meerkats engage in conflict management following aggression? Reconciliation, submission and avoidance. Animal Behaviour, 75, 1441–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laporte, M. N. and Zuberbühler, K. (2010). Vocal greeting behavior in wild chimpanzee females. Animal Behaviour, 80, 467–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumura, S. and Hayden, T. J. (2006). When should signals of submission be given?–A game theory model. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 240, 425–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. F. (1997). Protean primates: the evolution of adaptive unpredictability in competition and courtship. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations, ed. Whiten, A. and Byrne, R. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 312–40.Google Scholar
Miller, J. A., Pusey, A. E., Gilby, I. C., et al. (2014). Competing for space: female chimpanzees are more aggressive inside than outside their core areas. Animal Behaviour, 87, 147–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, M. N. (2002). Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees. In Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos, ed. Boesch, C., Hohmann, G., and Marchant, L. F.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–24.Google Scholar
Muller, M. N. and Mitani, J. C. (2005). Conflict and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 35, 275331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N. and Wrangham, R. W. (2004). Dominance, cortisol and stress in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 332–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N., Kahlenberg, S. M., Thompson, M. E., and Wrangham, R. W. (2007). Male coercion and the costs of promiscuous mating for female chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1009–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Muller, M. N., Thompson, M. E., Kahlenberg, S. M., and Wrangham, R. W. (2011). Sexual coercion by male chimpanzees shows that female choice may be more apparent than real. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65, 921–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1970). Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 11, 4787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983). Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Primates, 24, 318–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1989). Social interactions between resident and immigrant female chimpanzees. In Understanding Chimpanzees, ed. Heltne, P. G. and Marquardt, L. A.. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 6889.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (2003). Harassment of mature female chimpanzees by young males in the Mahale Mountains. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 503–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. and Hosaka, K. (1996). Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. In Great Ape Societies, ed. McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–34.Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Hosaka, K., Nakamura, M., and Hamai, M. (1995). A within-group gang attack on a young adult male chimpanzee: ostracism of an ill-mannered member? Primates, 36, 207–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Kano, T., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., and Nakamura, M. (1999). Ethogram and ethnography of Mahale chimpanzees. Anthropological Science, 107, 141–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Zamma, K., Matsusaka, T., Inaba, A., and McGrew, W. C. (2010). Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia. Tokyo: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noë, R. and de Waal, F. B. M. (1980). Types of dominance in a chimpanzee colony. Folia Primatologica, 34, 90110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, K., Agetsuma, N., and Kojima, S. (2001). Greeting behavior during party encounters in captive chimpanzees. Primates, 42, 161–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Rohr, C. R., Koski, S. E., Burkart, J. M., et al. (2012). Impartial third-party interventions in captive chimpanzees: a reflection of community concern. PLoS ONE, 7, e32494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, T. and de Waal, F. B. M. (2010). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) consolation: Third-party identity as a window on possible function. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 124, 278–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, T. and de Waal, F. B. M. (2011). Third-party postconflict affiliation of aggressors in chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 397404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, T., Castellanos, M. A., and de Waal, F. B. M. (2010). Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 12110–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, T., Castellanos, M. A., and de Waal, F. B. M. (2011). Post-conflict affiliation by chimpanzees with aggressors: other-oriented versus selfish political strategy. PLoS ONE, 6, e22173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakamaki, T. (2011). Submissive pant-grunt greeting of female chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. African Study Monographs, 32, 2541.Google Scholar
Silk, J. B. (2002). Practice random acts of aggression and senseless acts of intimidation: the logic of status contests in social groups. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11, 221–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer, V., Denham, A., and Little, K. (2002). Postconflict behaviour of wild Indian langur monkeys: avoidance of opponents but rarely affinity. Animal Behaviour, 63, 637–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumpf, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2010). Male aggression and sexual coercion in wild West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Animal Behaviour, 79, 333–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1978). Exploitative and familiarity-dependent support strategies in a colony of semi-free-living chimpanzees. Behaviour, 66, 268312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1986). The integration of dominance and social bonding in primates. Quarterly Review of Biology, 61, 459–79.Google ScholarPubMed
de Waal, F. B. M. (1996). Conflict as negotiation. In Great Ape Societies, ed. McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–72.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. and van Hooff, J. A. (1981). Side-directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 77,164–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. and van Roosemalen, A. (1979). Reconciliation and consolation among chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 5, 5566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, D. P. (1998). Coalitionary mate guarding by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 44, 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, D. P. (2006). Conflict resolution in chimpanzees and the valuable-relationships hypothesis. International Journal of Primatology, 27, 1337–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittig, R. M. (2010). Function and cognitive underpinnings of post-conflict affiliation in wild chimpanzees. In Chimpanzee Mind, ed. Lonsdorf, E., Ross, S., and Matsuzawa, T.. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp. 208–19.Google Scholar
Wittig, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2003a). ‘Decision-making’ in conflicts of wild chimpanzees: an extension of the relational model. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 491504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittig, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2003b). The choice of post-conflict interactions in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behaviour, 140, 1527–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittig, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2003c). Food competition and linear dominance hierarchy among female chimpanzees of the Taï National Park. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 847–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittig, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2005). How to repair relationships: reconciliation in wild chimpanzees. Ethology, 111, 736–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahavi, A. (1977). The cost of honesty: further remarks on the handicap principle. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 67, 603–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Altmann, S. (1962). A field study of the sociobiology of rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 102, 338435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, H. R. (1979). Agonistic and grooming behavior in the reunion context of Gombe Stream chimpanzees. In The Great Apes, ed. Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R.. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 395403.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. and Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bygott, J. D. (1974). Agonistic Behavior and Dominance in Wild Chimpanzees. PhD thesis. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bygott, J. D. (1979). Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park. In The Great Apes, ed. Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 405–27.Google Scholar
Emery Thompson, M., Kahlenberg, S. M., Gilby, I. C., and Wrangham, R. W. (2007). Core area quality is associated with variance in reproductive success among female chimpanzees at Kibale National Park. Animal Behaviour, 73, 501–12.Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1983). Social interactions of juvenile Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates, 24, 139–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1985). Social play of juvenile and adolescent chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 26, 343–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1988). Association partners of young chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 29, 147–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1990). Social context of pant-grunting in young chimpanzees. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. pp. 189206.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H., Huffman, M. A., and Nishida, T. (1989). Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: a preliminary study. Primates, 30, 187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (1989). Sex differences in the behavioral development of chimpanzees at Mahale. In Understanding Chimpanzees, ed. Heltne, P. G. and Marquardt, L., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 104–15.Google Scholar
van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1973). A structure analysis of the social behaviour of a semi-captive group of chimpanzees. In Social Communication and Movement, ed. von Cranach, M. and Vine, I., London: Academic Press, pp. 75162.Google Scholar
Inoue, E., Inoue-Murayama, M., Vigilant, L., Takenaka, O., and Nishida, T. (2008). Relatedness in wild chimpanzees; influence of paternity, male philopatry, and demographic factors. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137, 256–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Itani, J. (1986). [Discourse on the origin of equality.] In [Anthropology of Natural Societies], ed. Itani, J. and Tanaka, J., Kyoto: Academia Shuppan-kai, pp. 349–89. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Itani, J. (1988). The origin of human equality. In Social Fabrics of the Mind, ed. Chance, M. R. A.. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd, pp. 137–56.Google Scholar
Kano, T. (1980). Social behavior of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba: a preliminary report. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 243–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuroda, S. (1980). Social behavior of the pygmy chimpanzees. Primates, 21, 181–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuroda, S. (2010). [Descent of equality in the “Discourse on the origin of equality.”] Ningen Bunka, 27, 36. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Kutsukake, N. (2003). [Influences of Relationship Quality on Social Stress and Conflict Resolution in Wild Chimpanzees.] Doctoral Dissertation. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Laporte, M. N. C. and Zuberbühler, K. (2010). Vocal greeting behavior in wild chimpanzee females. Animal Behaviour, 80, 467–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 161311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marler, P. and Tenaza, R. (1977). Signaling behavior of apes with special reference to vocalization. In How Animals Communicate, ed. Sebeok, T. A.. London: Indiana University Press, pp. 9651033.Google Scholar
Mori, A. (1982). An ethological study on chimpanzees at the artificial feeding place in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, with special reference to the booming situation. Primates, 23, 4565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N. (2002). Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees. In Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos. ed. Boesch, C., Hohmann, G., and Marchant, L. F., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–24.Google Scholar
Muller, M. N. and Mitani, J. C. (2005). Conflict and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 35, 275331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N. and Wrangham, R. W. (2004a). Dominance, aggression and testosterone in wild chimpanzees: a test of the “challenge hypothesis.” Animal Behaviour, 67, 113–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, M. N. and Wrangham, R. W. (2004b). Dominance, cortisol and stress in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 332–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2003). “Gathering” of social grooming among wild chimpanzees: implications for evolution of sociality. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 5971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nettle, D. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (1997). Social markers and the evolution of reciprocal exchange. Current Anthropology, 38, 93–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton-Fisher, N. E. (2004). Hierarchy and social status in Budongo chimpanzees. Primates, 45, 81–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newton-Fisher, N. E. (2006). Female coalitions against male aggression in wild chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest. International Journal of Primatology, 27, 1589–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1968). The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 9, 167224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1970). Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 11, 4787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983). Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Primates, 24, 318–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1989). Social interactions between resident and immigrant female chimpanzees. In Understanding Chimpanzees, ed. Heltne, P. G. and Marquardt, L. A.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 6889.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (1987). Chimpanzees and bonobos: cooperative relationships among males. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 165–77.Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Hosaka, K., Nakamura, M., and Hamai, M. (1995). A within-group gang attack on a young adult male chimpanzee: ostracism of an ill-mannered member? Primates, 36, 207–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noë, R., de Waal, F. B. M., and van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M. (1980). Types of dominance in a chimpanzee colony. Folia Primatologica, 34, 90110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A. E. (1990). Behavioural changes at adolescence in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 115, 203–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A., Williams, J., and Goodall, J. (1997). The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees. Science, 277, 828–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pusey, A. E., Oehlert, G. W., Williams, J. M., and Goodall, J. (2005). Influence of ecological and social factors on body mass of wild chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 26, 331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, V. and Reynolds, F. (1965). Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest, Uganda. In Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes, ed. DeVore, I.. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 368424.Google Scholar
Riss, D. and Goodall, J. (1977). The recent rise to the alpha-rank in a population of free-living chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 27, 134–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakamaki, T. (2005). [Studies on Submissive Vocalization, Pant-Grunt, in Wild Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park]. Doctoral Dissertation. Kyoto: Kyoto University. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Sakamaki, T. (2009). Group unity of chimpanzees elucidated by comparison of sex differences in short-range interactions in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 50, 321–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakamaki, T. (2011). Submissive pant-grunt greeting of female chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. African Study Monographs, 32, 2541.Google Scholar
Sakamaki, T., Itoh, N., and Nishida, T. (2001). An attempted within-group infanticide in wild chimpanzees. Primates, 42, 359–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherrow, H. M. (2012). Adolescent male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda have decided dominance relationships. Folia Primatologica, 83, 6775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahata, Y. (1990). Adult males’ social relations with adult females. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. pp. 133–48.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1986). The integration of dominance and social bonding in primates. Quarterly Review of Biology, 61, 459–79.Google ScholarPubMed
de Waal, F. B. M. (1992). Appeasement, celebration, and food sharing in the two Pan species. In Topics in Primatology, Vol. 1. Human Origins: ed. Nishida, T., McGrew, W. C., Marler, P., Pickford, M. and de Waal, F. B. M.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 3750.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1995). Bonobo sex and society. Scientific American, 272, 5864.Google ScholarPubMed
Wittig, R. M. and Boesch, C. (2003). Food competition and linear dominance hierarchy among female chimpanzees of the Taï National Park. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 847–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrangham, R. W. (1999). Evolution of coalitionary killing. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 42, 130.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Assersohn, C., Whiten, A., Kiwede, Z. T., Tinka, J., and Karamagi, J. (2004). Use of leaves to inspect ectoparasites in wild chimpanzees: a third cultural variant? Primates, 45, 255–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakuneeta, C. (1996). Chimpanzees grooming an unknown monkey. Pan Africa News, 3(2), 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, A. (1962). Control of the hand in lower primates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 102, 316–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boesch, C. (1995). Innovation in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). International Journal of Primatology, 16, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesch, C. (1996). Three approaches for assessing chimpanzee culture. In Reaching into Thought, ed. Russon, A. E., Bard, K. A., and Parker, S. T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 404–29.Google Scholar
Buettner-Janusch, J. and Andrew, R. J. (1962). The use of the incisors by primates in grooming. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 20,127–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, P. A. (1947). The Louse: An Account of the Lice which Infest Man, Their Medical Importance and Control, 2nd edn. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 681735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and Evolution of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, F. C. and Smith, F. E. (1952). The intrinsic rate of natural increase for the human louse, Pediculus humanus. The American Naturalist, 86, 299310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M. W., Gilby, I. C., Murray, C.M., et al. (2009). Alpha male chimpanzee grooming patterns: implications for dominance “style.” American Journal of Primatology, 71, 136–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furuya, Y. (1957). [Grooming behavior in the wild Japanese monkeys.] Primates, 1, 4768. In Japanese.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1988). Association partners of young chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 29, 147–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1997). [A case of consortship in M group chimpanzees of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania.] Bulletin of Faculty of Humanities and Sciences of Kobe Gakuin University, 14, 1530. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Hirata, S., Yamakoshi, G., Fujita, S., Ohashi, G., and Matsuzawa, T. (2001). Capturing and toying with hyraxes (Dendrohyrax dorsalis) by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Bossou, Guinea. Primates, 53, 93–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Kawanaka, K. (1982). A case of inter-unit-group encounter in chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Primates, 23, 558–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawanaka, K. (1990). Alpha males’ interactions and social skills. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 133–48.Google Scholar
Kettle, D. S. (1990). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Oxford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Kuhn, H. J. (1968). Parasites and the phylogeny of the catarrhine primates. In Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Old World Primates with References to the Origin of Man, ed. Chiarelli, B.. Torino: Rosenberg and Sellier, pp. 187–95.Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 161311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrew, W. C. and Tutin, C. E. G. (1978). Evidence for a social custom in wild chimpanzees? Man, 13, 234–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., Scott, S. E., and Tutin, C. E. G. (2001). Intergroup differences in a social custom of wild chimpanzees: the grooming hand-clasp of the Mahale Mountains. Current Anthropology, 42, 148–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, A. A. (1990). The ruminant dental grooming apparatus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 99, 117–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooring, M. S. (1995). The effect of tick challenge on grooming rate by impala. Animal Behaviour, 50, 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M. D. (1961). The ecology of the louse Polyplax serrate (Burm.) on the mouse Mus musculus L. Australian Journal of Zoology, 9, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2000). Is human conversation more efficient than chimpanzee grooming?: comparison of clique sizes. Human Nature, 11, 281–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2002a). Grooming-hand-clasp in Mahale M group chimpanzees: implication for culture in social behaviors. In Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos, ed. Boesch, C., Hohmann, G., and Marchant, L. F.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2002b). [Grooming as gatherings.] In [The Mahale Chimpanzees: 37 Years of <Panthropology>], ed. Nishida, T., Kawanaka, K., and Uehara, S.. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, pp. 345–67. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2003). “Gatherings” of social grooming among wild chimpanzees: implications for evolution of sociality. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 5971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, M. (2010). Ubiquity of culture and possible social inheritance of sociality among wild chimpanzees. In The Mind of the Chimpanzee: Ecological and Experimental Perspectives, ed. Lonsdorf, E. V., Ross, S. R., and Matsuzawa, T.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 156–67.Google Scholar
Nakamura, M. and Nishida, T. (2006). Subtle behavioral variation in wild chimpanzees, with special reference to Imanishi’s concept of kaluchua. Primates, 47, 3542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. and Uehara, S. (2004). Proximate factors of different types of grooming hand-clasp in Mahale chimpanzees: implications for chimpanzee social customs. Current Anthropology, 45, 108–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M., McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T. (2000). Social scratch: another custom in wild chimpanzees? Primates, 41, 237–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakazawa, N., Hanamura, S., Inoue, E., Nakatsukasa, M., and Nakamura, M. (2013). A leopard ate a chimpanzee: first evidence from East Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 65, 334–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1968). The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 9, 167224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1970). Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of Mahali Mountains. Primates, 11, 4787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1979). The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. In The Great Apes, ed. Hamburg, D. A. and McCown, E. R.. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 73121.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983a). Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Primates, 24, 318–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983b). Alloparental behavior in wild chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica, 41, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1988). Development of social grooming between mother and offspring in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 50, 109–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T. (1994). Review of recent findings on Mahale chimpanzees: implications and future research directions. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., and de Waal, F. B. M. and Heltne, P. G.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 373–96.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1997). Sexual behavior of adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 38, 379–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2002). A self-medicating attempt to remove the sand flea from a toe by a young chimpanzee. Pan Africa News, 9, 56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Hosaka, K. (1996). Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. In Great Ape Societies, ed. McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T.. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–34.Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Mitani, J.C., and Watts, D. P. (2004). Variable grooming behaviours in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 75, 31–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T., Zamma, K., Matsusaka, T., Inaba, A., and McGrew, W. C. (2010). Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild. Tokyo: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, K. D., Walker, A., and Jacobs, L. L. (1981). Function of the mandibular tooth comb in living and extinct mammals. Nature, 289, 583–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saunders, C. D. and Hausfater, G. (1988). The functional significance of baboon grooming behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 525, 430–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, A. H. (1931). The density of hair in primates. Human Biology, 3, 303–21.Google Scholar
Sparks, J. (1967). Allogrooming in primates: a review. In Primate Ethology, ed. Morris, D.. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 148–75.Google Scholar
Takahata, Y. (1990). Adult males’ social relations with adult females. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 133–48.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., et al. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woollard, H. H. (1927). The differentiation of the retina in the primates. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 97, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamma, K. (2002a). Leaf-grooming by a wild chimpanzee in Mahale. Primates, 43, 8790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamma, K. (2002b). Seasonal change of the density of ticks and grooming among chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Anthropological Science, 110, 128.Google Scholar
Zamma, K. (2002c). Grooming site preferences determined by lice infection among Japanese macaques in Arashiyama. Primates, 43, 41–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamma, K. (2006). A louse egg left on a leaf. Pan Africa News, 13, 810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamma, K. (2011). Frequency of removal movements during social versus self-grooming among wild chimpanzees. Primates, 52, 323–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Altmann, S. A. (1962). A field study of the sociobiology of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 102, 338435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boesch, C. and Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesch, C., Kohou, G., Néné, H., and Vigilant, L. (2006). Male competition and paternity in wild chimpanzees of the Taï Forest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130, 103–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constable, J. L., Ashley, M. V., Goodall, J., and Pusey, A. E. (2001). Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees. Molecular Ecology, 10, 1279–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixson, A. F. (2009). Sexual Selection and the Origin of Human Mating Systems. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emery Thompson, M. and Wrangham, R. W. (2008). Male mating interest varies with female fecundity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii of Kanyawara, Kibale National Park. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 885905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamai, M., Nishida, T., Takasaki, H., and Turner, L. A. (1992). New records of within-group infanticide and cannibalism in wild chimpanzees. Primates, 33, 151–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasegawa, T. (1991). [Sexual behavior of wild chimpanzees.] In [The Cultural History of Primates], ed. Nishida, T., Izawa, K., and Kano, T.. Tokyo: Heibon-sha, pp. 371–80. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T. (1992). [The evolution of female promiscuity: chimpanzees and Japanese macaques.] In [Aggression and Cooperation among Animal Societies], ed. Ito, Y.. Tokyo: Tōkaidaigaku-shuppan-kai, pp. 223–50. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T. and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (1983). Opportunistic and restrictive matings among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Ethology, 1, 7585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasegawa, T. and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (1990). Sperm competition and mating behavior. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 115–32.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1985). Copulation of adolescent male chimpanzees, with special reference to the influence of adult males, in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica, 44, 148–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., Hasegawa, T., and Nishida, T. (1984). Demographic study of a large-sized unit-group of chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania: a preliminary report. Primates, 25, 401–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, E. (2011). Male reproductive skew and paternal kin-biased behavior in primates. In From Genes to Animal Behavior, ed. Inoue-Murayama, M., Kawamura, S., and Weiss, A.. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 6781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, E., Inoue-Murayama, M., Vigilant, L., Takenaka, O., and Nishida, T. (2008). Relatedness in wild chimpanzees: influence of paternity, male philopatry, and demographic factors. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137, 256–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kano, T. (1980). Social behavior of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba: a preliminary report. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 243–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawanaka, K. (1981). Infanticide and cannibalism in chimpanzees, with special reference to the newly observed case in the Mahale Mountains. African Study Monographs, 1, 6999.Google Scholar
Matsumoto-Oda, A. (1999). Female choice in the opportunistic mating of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Mahale. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 258–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto-Oda, A., Hamai, M., Hayaki, H., et al. (2007). Estrus cycle asynchrony in wild female chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61, 661–8.Google Scholar
Muller, M. N., Thompson, M. E., and Wrangham, R. W. (2006). Male chimpanzees prefer mating with old females. Current Biology, 16, 2234–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, M. N., Kahlenberg, S. M., Thompson, M. E., and Wrangham, R. W. (2007). Male coercion and the costs of promiscuous mating for female chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1009–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Muller, M. N., Thompson, M. E., Kahlenberg, S. M., and Wrangham, R. W. (2011). Sexual coercion by male chimpanzees shows that female choice may be more apparent than real. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65, 921–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton-Fisher, N. E., Thompson, M. E., Reynolds, V., Boesch, C., and Vigilant, L. (2010). Paternity and social rank in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from Budongo Forest, Uganda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 142, 417–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T. (1980). The leaf-clipping display: a newly-discovered expressive gesture in wild chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 117–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983). Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Primates, 24, 318–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1997). Sexual behavior of adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 38, 379–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2002). [Demography.] In [The Mahale Chimpanzees: 37 Years of <Panthropology>], ed. Nishida, T., Uehara, S., and Kawanaka, K.. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, pp. 171202. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Kawanaka, K. (1972). Inter-unit-group relationships among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali Mountains. Kyoto University African Studies, 7, 131–69.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Kawanaka, K. (1985). Within-group cannibalism by adult male chimpanzees. Primates 26, 274–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Takasakai, H., and Takahata, Y. (1990). Demography and reproductive profiles. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 6397.Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Corp, N., Hamai, M., et al. (2003). Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. American Journal of Primatology, 59, 99121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, A. (2002). Sexual selection and mate choice. International Journal of Primatology, 23, 877904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieta, K. (2008). Female mate preferences among Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii of Kanyawara, Kibale National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 845–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A. and Wolf, M. (1996). Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 201–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, M. (2014). Homosexual interactions among young female wild chimpanzees: an example of social pretend play? Pan Africa News, 21, 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltis, J. (2002). Do primate females gain nonprocreative benefits by mating with multiple males? Theoretical and empirical considerations. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11, 187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumpf, R. and Boesch, C. (2005). Does promiscuous mating preclude female choice? Female sexual strategies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57, 511–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumpf, R. and Boesch, C. (2006). The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 749–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahata, Y. (1985). Adult male chimpanzees kill and eat a male newborn infant: newly observed intragroup infanticide and cannibalism in Mahale National Park, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica, 44, 161–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahata, Y. (1990). Adult males’ social relations with adult females. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. Nishida, T.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 133–48.Google Scholar
Takahata, Y. (2002). [Comparison of “sex” – chimpanzee and bilya.] In [The Mahale Chimpanzees: 37 Years of <Panthropology>], ed. Nishida, T., Uehara, S., and Kawanaka, K.. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, pp. 393416. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Takahata, Y., Ihobe, H., and Idani, G. (1996). Comparing copulations of chimpanzees and bonobos: do females exhibit proceptivity or receptivity? In Great Ape Societies, ed. McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 146–55.Google Scholar
Takasaki, H. (1985). Female life history and mating patterns among the M group chimpanzees of the Mahale National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 26, 121–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, R., Soltis, J., and Teltscher, C. (2003). Sperm competition and the function of male masturbation in non-human primates. In Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Primates: New Perspectives and Directions, ed. Jones, C. B.. Norman, OK: American Society of Primatologist, pp. 437–53.Google Scholar
Tutin, C. E. (1979). Mating patterns and reproductive strategies in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 6, 2938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tutin, C. E. G. (1980). Reproductive behaviour of wild chimpanzee in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 28, 4357.Google Scholar
Wallis, J. and Lemmon, W. B. (1986). Social behavior and genital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology, 10, 171–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, J. and Macdonald, D. (2004). Promiscuous females protect their offspring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 127–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wroblewski, E. E., Murray, C. M., Keele, B. F., et al. (2009). Male dominance rank and reproductive success in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Animal Behaviour, 77, 873–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Zamma, K. and Fujita, S. (2004). Genito-genital rubbing among wild chimpanzees. Pan Africa News, 11(2), 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Anestis, S. F. (2004). Female genito-genital rubbing in a group of captive chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 25, 477–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoyagi, M. (1977). [Cultural Anthropology of “Play”.] Tokyo: Kōdan-sha. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. and Baldwin, J. (1977). The role of learning phenomena in the ontogeny of exploration and play. In Primate Bio-Social Development: Biological, Social, and Ecological Determinants, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. and Poirier, F. E.. New York: Garland, pp. 343406.Google Scholar
Bateson, G. G. (1972). A theory of play and fantasy. In Steps to an Ecology of Mind, ed. Bateson, G.. New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 177–93.Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. and Byers, J. A. (1981). A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny and phylogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: An ethological hornet’s nest. In Behavioral Development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project,. ed. Immelman, K., Barlow, G. W., Petrinovich, L., and Main, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.296337.Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. and Byers, J. A, eds. (1998). Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorklund, D. F. and Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. New York: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., and Freeman, L. C. (2002). UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (2005). The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, J. A. and Walker, C. (1995). Refining the motor training hypothesis for the evolution of play. American Naturalist, 146, 2540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caillois, R. (1961). Man, Play and Games. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Cordoni, G. and Palagi, E. (2011). Ontogenetic trajectories of chimpanzee social play: Similarities with humans. PLoS ONE, 6, e27344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croft, D. P., James, R., and Krause, J. (2008). Exploring Animal Social Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R., and West, S. A. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. (2003). Principles of Animal Behavior. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 260–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagen, R. (1981). Animal Play Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fagen, R. (1993). Primate juveniles and primate play. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, ed. Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 182–96.Google Scholar
Fink, E. (1960). Spiel als Weltsymbol. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer W.Google Scholar
Furuichi, T. (1989). Social interactions and the life history of female Pan paniscus in Wamba, Zaire. International Journal of Primatology, 10, 173–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Groos, K. (1898). The Play of Animals. New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1985). Social play of juvenile and adolescent chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 26, 343–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1990). [The Human within Chimpanzee.] Tokyo: Shōka-bō. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Heider, F. (1946). Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology, 21, 107–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriot, J. (1969). Le Jeu. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Hirata, S., Yamakoshi, G., Fujita, S., Ohashi, G., and Matsuzawa, T. (2001). Capturing and toying with hyraxes (Dendrohyrax dorsalis) by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Bossou, Guinea. American Journal of Primatology, 53, 93–7.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1973). A structural analysis of the social behaviour of a semi-captive group of chimpanzees. In Social Communication and Movement, ed. von Caranach, M. and Vine, I.. London: Academic Press, pp. 75162.Google Scholar
Huizinga, J. (1950). Homo Ludens. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Idani, G. (1991). Social relationships between immigrant and resident Bonobo (Pan paniscus) females at Wamba. Folia Primatologica, 57, 8395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kano, T. (1998). A preliminary glossary of bonobo behaviors at Wamba. In Comparative Study of the Behavior of the Genus Pan by Compiling Video Ethogram, ed. Nishida, T.. Kyoto: Nisshindo, pp. 3981.Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 161311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, P. and Caro, T. M. (1985). On the function of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 15, 59103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsusaka, T. (2004). When does play panting occur during social play in wild chimpanzees? Primates, 45, 221–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, R. W. (2007). Pretense in animals: The continuing relevance of children’s pretense. In Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural, and Functional Perspectives, ed. Göncü, A. and Gaskins, S.. New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 5175.Google Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2003). ‘Gatherings’ of social grooming among wild chimpanzees: Implications for evolution of sociality. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 5971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, M. (2009). [Chimpanzees: What They Have Told Me without Language.] Tokyo: Chūkō-shinsho. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Nakamura, M. (2010). [What does it mean a society to be complex?: Questions about relationship between society and individual.] Primate Research, 26, 131–42. In Japanese with English summary.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (1997). Sexual behavior of adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 38, 379–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2004). Lack of “group play” in wild chimpanzees. Pan Africa News, 11(1), 23.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Wallauer, W. (2003). Leaf-pile pulling: An unusual play pattern in wild chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 60, 167–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T., Zamma, K., Matsusaka, T., Inaba, A., and McGrew, W. C. (2010). Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia. Tokyo: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palagi, E., Cordoni, G., and Borgognini Tarli, S. M. (2004). Immediate and delayed benefits of play behaviour: New evidence from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Ethology, 110, 949–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., and Bell, H. C. (2010). The function of play in the development of the social brain. American Journal of Play, 2, 278–98.Google Scholar
Perry, S. and Manson, J. (2003). Tradition in monkeys. Evolutional Anthropology, 12, 7181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1945). Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Plooij, F. X. (1979). How wild chimpanzee babies trigger the onset of mother-infant play and what the mother makes of it. In Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication, ed. Bullowa, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–43.Google Scholar
Plooij, F. X. (1984). The Behavioral Development of Free-Living Chimpanzee Babies and Infants. Monographs on Infancy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Schino, G., Scucchi, S., Maestripieri, D., and Turillazzi, P. G. (1988). Allogrooming as a tension-reduction mechanism: a behavioral approach. American Journal of Primatology, 16, 4350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, M. (2006). Social object play among young Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in Arashiyama, Japan. Primates, 47, 342–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, M. (2010a). [Why do we call the interaction “play”?: From the image analysis of body contacts among juveniles of wild Japanese macaques.] In [Boundary and Conjunction of Social Interaction: Studies in Nonhuman Primates, Humans and Conversation], ed. Kimura, D., Nakamura, M., and Takanashi, K.. Kyoto: Shōwa-dō, pp. 142–63. In Japanese.Google Scholar
Shimada, M. (2010b). Social object play among juvenile Japanese macaques. In The Japanese Macaques, ed. Nakagawa, N., Nakamichi, M., and Sugiura, H.. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 375–85.Google Scholar
Shimada, M. (2011). [Logical justification of the ethological study of play: Ethology meets prototype theory.] Primate Research, 27, 127–39. In Japanese with English summary.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimada, M. (2012). Social object play among juvenile Japanese macaques in provisioned Arashiyama troop, compared with that of non-provisioned Kinkazan troop. In The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama, ed. Leca, J-B., Huffman, M. A., and Vasey, P. L.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 258302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimada, M. (2013a). Dynamics of the temporal structures of playing clusters and cliques among wild chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park. Primates, 54, 245–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, M. (2013b). Wild chimpanzees can perform social grooming and social playing behavior simultaneously. Primates, 54, 315–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, M. (2014). Homosexual interactions among young female wild chimpanzees: An example of social pretend play? Pan Africa News, 21, 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimada, M. and Sueur, C. (2014). The importance of social play networks for wild chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. American Journal of Primatology, 76, 1025–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Špinka, M., Newberry, R. C., and Bekoff, M. (2001). Mammalian play: can training for the unexpected be fun? Quarterly Review of Biology, 76, 141–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1978). Play and Aggression: A Study of Rhesus Monkeys. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Terry, R. L. (1970). Primate grooming as a tension reduction mechanism. The Journal of Psychology, 76, 129–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomasello, M. and Call, J. (1997). Primate Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trezza, V., Baarendse, P. J. J., and Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2010). The pleasures of play: pharmacological insights into social reward mechanisms. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31, 463–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2010). How the brain makes play fun. American Journal of Play, 2, 315–37.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1967). Play and its role in the mental development of the child. Soviet Psychology, 5, 618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2008). Analyzing Animal Societies. Quantitative Methods for Vertebrate Social Analysis. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. W. and Peterson, D. (1996). Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Zamma, K. and Fujita, S. (2004). Genito-genital rubbing among the chimpanzees of Mahale and Bossou. Pan Africa News, 11(2), 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1989). Glossary of chimpanzee behaviors. Tucson: Jane Goodall Institute.Google Scholar
van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 165311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchant, L. F. and McGrew, W. C. (1999). Innovative behavior at Mahale: new data on nasal probe and nipple press. Pan Africa News, 6, 1618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, P. and Bateson, P. (1986). Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Matsumoto-Oda, A. (1997). Self-suckling behavior by a wild chimpanzee. Folia Primatologica, 68, 342–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsusaka, T., Nishie, H., Shimada, M., et al. (2006). Tool-use for drinking water by immature chimpanzees of Mahale: prevalence of an unessential behavior. Primates, 47, 113–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, M. (2009). Aesthete in the forest? A female chimpanzee at Mahale collected and carried guineafowl feathers. Pan Africa News, 16, 1719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M. and Uehara, S. (2004). Proximate factors of different types of grooming hand-clasp in Mahale chimpanzees: implications for chimpanzee social customs. Current Anthropology, 45, 108–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, M., McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T. (2000). Social scratch: another custom in wild chimpanzees? Primates, 41, 237–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T. (1990). A quarter century of research in the Mahale Mountains: an overview. In The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains: Sexual and Life History Strategies, ed. T. Nishida. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 335.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1994). Review of recent findings on Mahale chimpanzees: implications and future research directions. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., de Waal, F. B. M., and Heltne, P. G.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 373–96.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1997). Sexual behavior of adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 38, 379–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2003). Individuality and flexibility of cultural behavior patterns in chimpanzees. In Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, ed. de Waal, F. B. M. and Tyack, P. L.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 392413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2010). Puffy inherits a habit from her father? Pan Africa News, 17, 1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. (2012). Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Nakamura, M. (1993). Chimpanzee tool use to clear a blocked nasal passage. Folia Primatologica, 61, 218–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Kano, T., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., and Nakamura, M. (1999). Ethogram and ethnography of Mahale chimpanzees. Anthropological Science, 107, 141–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Matsusaka, T., and McGrew, W. C. (2009). Emergence, propagation or disappearance of novel behavioral patterns in the habituated chimpanzees of Mahale: a review. Primates, 50, 2336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, T., Zamma, K., Matsusaka, T., Inaba, A., and McGrew, W. C. (2010). Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia. Tokyo: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plooij, F. X. (1984). The Behavioral Development of Free-Living Chimpanzee Babies and Infants. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Shimada, M. (2014). Homosexual interactions among young female wild chimpanzees: an example of social pretend play? Pan Africa News, 21, 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamma, K. and Fujita, S. (2004). Genito-genital rubbing among the chimpanzees of Mahale and Bossou. Pan Africa News, 11(2), 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamma, K., Nakashima, M. and Ramadhani, A. (2011). Mahale chimpanzees start to eat oil palm. Pan Africa News, 18, 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×