The crystal structure of tramadol hydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Tramadol hydrochloride crystallizes in space group Cc (#9) with a = 9.680 72(2), b = 19.191 27(4), c = 9.285 94(1) Å, β = 100.5923(1)°, V = 1695.795(5) Å3, and Z = 4. The solid-state conformation of the cation differs from the minimum-energy conformation of the tramadol cation in water, and from the conformation observed in the benzoic acid adduct of tramadol hydrochloride. N–H···Cl and O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds form a zigzag chain with graph set C1,2(8) along the c-axis. C–H···O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the crystal energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.

A powder obtained by ball milling a commercial FeMo alloy has been identified and investigated as possible reference material for powder diffraction line profile analysis. Ball milling yields micrometer-scale agglomerate particles made of rounded nanocrystalline domains with extensive lattice defects, so as to produce both size and strain contributions to the line profiles. The capability of a modern whole-powder pattern modeling to accurately quantify those aspects and the stability of the powder over a decade are shown and discussed.

The crystal structure of new Tb3CuAl3Ge2 quaternary compound was studied by the Rietveld method from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The Tb3CuAl3Ge2 compound crystallized in the hexagonal Y3NiAl3Ge2-type structure with space group P-62m (no. 189) and lattice parameters a = 7.0041(2) Å, c = 4.1775(1) Å, V = 177.48 Å3. There is only one formula in each unit cell, Z = 1, and the density of Tb3CuAl3Ge2 is ρx = 7.1696 g cm−3. The reliability factors characterizing the Rietveld refinement results are Rp = 6.43%, Rwp = 8.65%, RB = 4.81%, and RF = 4.09%, respectively. The powder XRD data of Tb3CuAl3Ge2 were presented and the reliability of indexation is F30 = 120.9(0.0073, 34).

In this work, we present a systematic study on the solid solution, lattice parameters and superconductivity on the FeyTe1−xXx (X = Se, S) system. It has been found that the limit of the Te-site doping with Se and S is around 0.5 and 0.15, respectively. The solid solution with the Fe content changing is also measured in this work, and the single-phase region for preparing pure sample is presented. Based on the magnetic susceptibility measurements, we presented a three-dimensional graph for showing the variation of superconducting critical temperature as a function of both the chalcogen and Fe content in FeyTe1−xXx.

X-ray powder diffraction data for 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-piperidinone, C11H12N2O3, are reported [a = 9.514(3) Å, b = 12.308(6) Å, c = 9.175(1) Å, α = 90°, β = 91.811(2)°, γ = 90°, V = 1073.94 Å3, Z = 4, ρcal = 1.362 g cm−3 and space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

X-ray powder diffraction data for 1-(4-aminophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-3-(4-morpholinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H19N3O2, are reported [a = 14.877(4) Å, b = 5.893(6) Å, c = 18.984(3) Å, α = 90°, β = 122.298(3)°, γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 1406.86 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

Synchrotron powder diffraction data from beamline 08B1-1 at the Canadian Light Source have been used to examine the structure of curcumin, a prime component of the Asian spice turmeric. Rigid body refinement, with the application of restraints on distances and angles, was performed with the Rietveld software package GSAS yielding monoclinic lattice parameters of a = 12.6967(1) Å, b = 7.198 52(3) Å, c = 19.9533(2) Å, and β = 95.1241(6)° (C21H20O6, Z = 4, and space group P2/n). The refinement was compared with a recent single-crystal structure and ab initio results obtained with density functional theory calculations.

A technique to improve the stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring (D–S ring) is reported. In a previous work, the authors reported a technique to calculate stress from the Fourier series of the normal strain of a D–S ring. That technique, similar to the cosα method that came before it, is inaccurate when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large. To cope with this problem, the authors propose using the oscillation of the X-ray incident angle. The present study demonstrates this technique to improve the stress measurement.

Two series of zirconium samples were investigated by neutron and X-ray diffraction. First series of the samples was deformed at room temperature (RT), whereas the second series was deformed at 300 °C. Both series were deformed on uniaxial tensile machine INSTRON 5882 from strain 0 to 30% (strain step was 5%). The neutronographic texture measurements were performed on the KSN-2 neutron diffractometer located at the research reactor LVR-15 in the Nuclear Research Institute, plc. Rez, Czech Republic. The X-ray measurements were performed at the theta/theta X'Pert PRO diffractometer with the Cr X-ray tube. Observed data were processed by the software packages GSAS and X'Pert Texture. Preferential orientation of the $\left({10\bar 10} \right)$ and $\left({11\bar 20} \right)$ plane poles is found to be parallel to the rolling direction for both tested deformation series. Poles of the $\lpar 10\bar 12\rpar $ and $\lpar 10\bar 13\rpar $ planes tend to be parallel to the normal direction (Tables II and III). Orientation of the basal poles is tilted by 45° from the normal direction toward the transverse direction. Sharpness of the resulting texture increases with extends of the applied deformation as well as with rise of the tensile test temperature from the RT level to 300 °C.

A first attempt to differentiate goethite- and hematite-based natural materials, used for several purposes during the Late Palaeolithic in the Lessini Mountains (Italy), is here proposed. All raw materials were collected from known geological sites within a distance of about 20 km from archaeological excavations (Tagliente and Fumane caves) where ochre fragments were found. X-ray powder diffraction allowed the mineralogical composition of samples collected from carbonate and volcanic geological host and parent rocks to be inferred; in addition, a preliminary distinction based on the different mineral assemblages, on the presence of distinctive mineral phases and on the degree of crystallinity of some compounds such as hematite, became possible. The acquired data thus represent a sort of preliminary inventory for provenance studies on archaeological samples originating in the same region, for which ancillary micro-analytical and geochemical techniques are planned.

Most synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD) beamlines have been primarily designed for studying conventional materials, whereas a modern approach to nanomaterials requires a complete control of the diffracted signal, and therefore of the optics and general setup of the beamline. This requirement is especially relevant when Line Profile Analysis is pushed to the limits of large domain sizes, small deformations, or low defects concentration, which is a driving force to use synchrotron radiation XRD. We combine the SHADOW ray-tracing optical simulation with the calculation of powder diffraction profile from standard materials, into a high-level workflow environment based on the ORANGE software. Algorithms are developed to reproduce optical elements in a realistic form, so to evaluate the effects of aberrations, with the final purpose of reconstructing the Instrumental Profile Function of the beamline, with the possibility of investigating the role of each separate element. The results of this work can be of interest to most beamlines as a powerful tool for the design of setups of existing as well as new beamlines.

X-ray powder diffraction data for 3-(4-Morpholinyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H17N3O4, are reported [a = 7.112(1) Å, b = 33.360(2) Å, c = 6.265(1) Å, α = 90°, β = 94.037(1)°, γ = 90°, V = 1483.08 Å3, Z = 4, ρcal = 1.358 g cm−3 and space group P21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21 space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for gemcitabine, C9H11F2N3O4, are reported [a = 17.641(8) Å, b = 6.985(1) Å, c = 18.653(2) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 2298.61 Å3, Z = 8 and space group Pmna]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the Pmna space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

X-ray reference powder patterns and crystal structures have been determined for a series of titanium- and cobalt-containing layered alkaline-earth compounds with nominal formula (BaxSr1−x)Ti6Co6O19 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). Structural isomorphism of the title compounds with the hexagonal ferrite BaFe12O19 and magnetoplumbite (PbFe12O19), was confirmed. The (BaxSr1−x)Ti6Co6O19 series crystallize in the space group of P63/mmc (No. 194) and Z = 2. The lattice parameters range from a = 5.90729(6) Å, c = 23.2378(3) Å, and V = 702.27(2) Å3 for x = 0.2 to a = 5.914 93(9), c = 23.3391(5) Å, and V = 707.15(2) Å3 with x = 0.8. The structure consists of alternating spinel S-block and R-blocks. The tetrahedral sites within the spinel S-blocks are occupied with only Co2+, while Ti4+ is mainly located in the octahedral sites of the spinel S-blocks and in the face-sharing octahedral site of the R-blocks. A bipyramidal mixed Co/Ti site was confirmed in the R-block of the structure. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of this series of compounds have been submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File.

The structure of Cs2AlF5 obtained by thermal dehydration of Cs2AlF5•H2O is determined ab initio from powder diffraction data, space group Pmn21, a = 6.36216 (17) Å, b = 12.7523 (4) Å, c = 11.4102 (3) Å, and Z = 6. Contrarily to most A2MF5 compounds presenting MF5cis or trans-chains of corner-sharing MF6 octahedra, Cs2AlF5 is characterized by the rare occurrence of the face-sharing anion Al2F93− combined with an isolated AlF63− octahedron, the sum leading to Al3F156−. The structure of Cs3Al2F9 [space group P63/mmc, a = 6.2535 (2) Å, c = 14.7193 (6) Å, Z = 2] is confirmed to be isostructural with Cs3Fe2F9, built up from the same M2F93− dimers (M = Fe, Al). Both crystal structures are optimized by energy minimization density funtional theory (DFT) in the solid state using a hybrid PBE0 functional, and their relations with the hexagonal perovskites and elpasolites are discussed.

The room-temperature crystal structure of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate has been refined using synchrotron powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in space group P1 (#1) with a = 8.2489(4), b = 9.4868(5), c = 15.8298(6) Å, α = 84.1387(4), β = 83.1560(3), γ = 85.0482(3) deg, V = 1220.071(9) Å3, and Z = 2. Hydrogen atoms (missing from the previously-reported structure) were included.

X-ray structural characterization and X-ray reference powder patterns have been determined for two series of iron- and cobalt-containing layered compounds (BaxSr1−x)2Co2Fe12O22 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) and (BaxSr1−x)Co2Fe16O27 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). The (BaxSr1−x)2Co2Fe12O22 series of compounds crystallized in the space group R$\bar 3$m (No. 166), with Z = 3. The structure is essentially that of the Y-type hexagonal ferrite, BaM2+Fe63+O11. The lattice parameters range from a = 5.859 15(8) to 5.843 72(8) Å, and c = 43.4975(9) to 43.3516(9) Å for x = 0.2 to 0.8, respectively. The (BaxSr1−x)Co2Fe16O27 series (W-type hexagonal ferrite) crystallized in the space group P63/mmc (No. 194) and Z = 2. The lattice parameters range from a = 5.902 05(12) to 5.8979(2) Å and c = 32.9002(10) to 32.8110(13) Å for x = 0.2 to 0.8. Results of measurements of the Seebeck coefficient and resistivity of these two sets of samples indicated that they are insulators. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of these two series of compounds have been submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File.

The crystal structure of the potassium salt of raltegravir has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Raltegravir potassium crystallizes in space group P21/c (#14) with a = 15.610 59(9), b = 8.148 19(3), c = 16.125 97(6) Å, β = 94.1848(5)°, V = 2045.72(1) Å3, and Z = 4. The most prominent feature of the crystal structure is the chains of edge-sharing 7-coordinate KO5N2 parallel to the b-axis. The crystal structure can be described as having K-containing layers in the bc-plane, with double layers of CH4F halfway between them. The raltegravir anion is not in the minimum-energy conformation, suggesting that coordination to the K and hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the solid-state structure. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-064-1499.

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for methylene bis(thiocyanate) (C3H2N2S2) are reported [a = 6.6888(4) Å, b = 8.0616(6) Å, c = 11.089(1) Å, β = 105.33(1), Z = 4, unit-cell volume V = 576.68(7) Å3, with M20 = 56.0 and F30 = 43.8 (0.0079, 87)]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the monoclinic I2/c space group.

Total scattering data of nanocrystalline gahnite (ZnAl2O4, 2–3 nm) have been collected with three of the most commonly used instruments: (i) ID31 high-resolution diffractometer at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Qmax = 22 Å−1); (ii) ID11 high-energy beamline at the ESRF (Qmax = 26.6 Å−1); and (iii) Empyrean laboratory diffractometer by PANalytical with molybdenum anode X-ray tube (Qmax = 17.1 Å−1). Pair distribution functions (PDFs) for each instrument data-set have been obtained, changing some of the parameters, by PDFgetX3 software, with the aim of testing the software in the treatment of different total scattering data. The material under analysis has been chosen for its nanometric (and possibly disordered) nature, to give rise to a challenge for all the diffractometers involved. None of the latter should have a clear advantage. The PDF and F(Q) functions have been visually compared, and then the three PDF sets have been used for refinements by means of PDFgui suite. All the refinements have been made exactly in the same way for the sake of a fair comparison. Small differences could be observed in the experimental PDFs and the derived results, but none of them seemed to be significant.