In this work, the use of a configuration of a reflective metasurface (MS) layer is employed to design a highly directive wideband Fabry–Pérot cavity (FPC) antenna. With the use of only one MS layer and along with the achieved high directivity, the antenna's wide bandwidth, and antenna low size/cavity thickness profile are all optimized so that they are still competitive which is the main contribution of our work. The highly reflective MS layer is placed as a superstrate of a low-cost FR4 microstrip patch antenna, as the primary radiator, at a height of half-wavelength cavity condition. Thanks to the employed MS layer, most of the power is transmitted and a very small reflected power to the primary patch. The antenna is designed to serve the 28 GHz band of 5G wireless applications. At 28 GHz, the FPC antenna has a good directivity performance, with a peak simulated directive gain of 15.46 dB and measured directive gain is 14.3 dB which is a 9 dB enhancement in directivity compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna. The antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 2.9 GHz which is almost three times the microstrip patch antenna bandwidth. The achieved results are for the same size of FPC antenna whose height is almost half wavelength and its overall size 2.33λ × 2.33λ.

A high gain antenna with Mu-near-zero metasurface (MNZ-MS) is introduced in this work. The proposed antenna can be utilized for future 5G applications. The patch antenna is designed on the upper face of the square substrate with a ground plane at the bottom face. To improve the antenna gain, a layer of MNZ-MS unit cells is placed above the antenna substrate with 0.48λ0 air space between the two layers, where λ0 is the wavelength in free space at the resonance frequency of 26.3 GHz. The MNZ-MS layer consists of four double-sided split square resonators. The overall thickness of the proposed antenna is 0.66λ0. To approve the execution of the proposed antenna, a prototype model is manufactured and tested. The outcomes fulfill a reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB over the frequency spectrum of 26–28 GHz. A gain improvement better than 5 dB is obtained compared to the gain of the reference patch at the center frequency of 26.3 GHz.

All textile integrated dual-band monopole antenna with an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is proposed. The proposed design operates at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz for wearable medical applications to monitor the heartbeat. A flexible and low-profile E- shaped CPW dual-band textile antenna is integrated with a 4 × 4 dual-band textile AMC reflector to enhance the gain and specific absorption rate (SAR). The SAR is reduced by nearly 95% at both 1 and 10 g. The design was measured on the body with a 2 mm separation. The simulated and measured results appear in high agreement in the case of with and without AMC array integration. The measurement was performed in the indoor environment and in an anechoic chamber to validate the design based on reflection coefficient and radiation pattern measurements.

In this paper, a novel metasurface-based Fabry−Perot cavity antenna loaded with toroidal metal structures is presented. The antenna is compact, wideband, and has high directivity and a high front-to-back ratio. The idea of the antenna is based on loading a microstrip narrow band patch antenna resonating at 4.5 GHz by a single layer metasurface superstrate and with a toroidal metal structure. The metasurface superstrate comprises a periodic array of square patch cells. Compared to conventional microstrip antenna, the front to back lobe ratio is increased from 7 to 20 dB and the directivity is increased by 7 dB. Also, the antenna impedance bandwidth is 34% which is increased four times. This is the first-ever antenna with enhanced bandwidth and directivity using a single layer of metasurface and that too made up of periodic cell array and has application as an energy harvester.

In this work, a printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed single band antenna based on expanded graphite material is introduced. The proposed antenna is based on a CPW-monopole antenna with a U-shape conductor strip connected with the ground. Expanded graphite, a grade of graphene, is used as a conductor to design the uniplanar antenna over a flexible paper substrate. The antenna is designed for 2.4 GHz applications. The antenna design procedures are discussed. The material preparation and analysis are illustrated. Finally, the antenna fabrication and measurements of the reflection coefficient are discussed. The measured antenna reflection coefficient agrees with the simulated one, ensuring the antenna validity for serving the required applications. The radiation antenna parameters are discussed and simulated results from two-simulation software are included for comparison. The antenna has a simulated gain of 4 dBi and simulated efficiency of around 90% at 2.4 GHz.

This paper presents a compact dual-band filtering antenna without extra employing of filter structures. The antenna is designed using a planar dual-composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission line unit cell, where the filtering function is achieved through current cancellation between the D-CRLH resonators. The antenna is designed to function at 3.0 and 5.1 GHz, which can serve different WLAN applications. The antenna is a co-planar waveguide fed with a very compact size of only 30 × 16 mm2. Compared to the conventional patch antenna, the antenna size is only 17% at 3.0 GHz and 31% at 5.1 GHz. Despite the small size, the antenna preserves a good omni-directional radiation pattern at the two resonant frequencies with a measured realized gain of 2 and 2.7 dB, respectively. At the stopband in-between the two resonant bands, the reflection coefficient is almost 0 dB at 4.25 GHz and complete non-radiation is proved with a −11 dB measured realized gain. The different antenna filtering functions are verified by full-wave simulation and measurements.

Former lakes and wetlands can provide valuable insights to the late Pleistocene environments encountered by the first humans to enter the Levant from Africa. Fluvial incision along Wadi Gharandal in hyperarid southern Jordan has exposed remnants of a small riverine wetland that accumulated as a sedimentary sequence up to ~20 m thick. We conducted a chronometric and sedimentological study of this wetland, including 10 optically stimulated luminescence dates. The wetland sequence accumulated during the period ~125 to 70 ka in response to a positive water balance coupled with a (possibly coseismic) landslide that dammed the outlet. The valley fill was dissected when the dam was incised shortly after ~36 ± 3 ka. Comparison of our ages with regional palaeoclimate indicates that the Gharandal oasis developed during the relatively humid Marine Isotope Stage 5. A minimum age of 74 ± 7 ka for two Levallois flakes collected from stratified sediments suggests that the oasis was visited by humans during the critical 130–90 ka time window of human migration out of Africa. Gharandal joins a growing network of freshwater sites that enabled humans to cross areas of the Levant and Arabia along corridors of human dispersal.

Proposed is a wideband, low profile, fully flexible, and all-textile-based slotted triangular antenna loaded with a 2 × 2 textile-inspired artificial magnetic conductor to be worn on the wrist. The integrated antenna design is designed to cover the frequency band from 3.1 to 6.5 GHz. The integrated design has two main resonances, where the first one is at 3.5 GHz, which can serve the WiMAX communication standard, while the second is at 5.8 GHz, which can serve the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)-band. The incorporated textile materials are composed of the conductive and dielectric fabrics that are realized by ShieldIt and Felt, respectively. When simulated against the human model wrist, the integrated antenna design displayed a realized gain of 6.71 dBi and radiation efficiency of 79.1%, at 3.5 GHz. Furthermore, at 5.8 GHz, it displayed a realized gain of 7.82 dBi and total efficiency performances of 66.1%. Moreover, it accomplished very low SAR levels within the antenna frequency band. Averaged over 1 g of tissue, it exhibited maximum SAR levels of 3.28 × 10−6 and 9.37 × 10−7 W/kg at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. For the bent scenarios, the integrated antenna design displayed robustness when bent at an angle of 20 and 40°. Finally, measurement results are illustrated and analyzed. Based on the presented results, the suggested all-textile integrated antenna design might be designated for integration with the wristband to monitor the user health conditions through many possible frequency channels.

An inspired metamaterial-based highly efficient monopole antenna displaying wide-/dual-band resonances along with self-filtering properties is presented. The monopole has high out-of-band suppression characteristics that lead to very close to 0 dB band-stop between the antenna dual resonant bands. The antenna operates at the two WLAN services of 2.65–3.25 and 5–7 GHz with stopband with total reflection at 4.5 GHz. The designed filtering characteristics are based on current coupling for the dual-band functions and current neutralization for the stopband function. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a very high radiation efficiency of 97 and 99% at 3 and 6 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed antenna exhibits an omni-directional radiation pattern with coplanar waveguide feed for simple integration with passive/active devices. Moreover, the antenna properties are achieved with a compact antenna size (30 × 30 mm2). With all presented results, the proposed antenna is very competitive over recent relevant antennas. In addition, a very good agreement between theoretical, full-wave simulations and measurements is achieved.

A compact monopole antenna backed with a 1 × 2 textile-based artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) array is proposed. Textile was mainly selected for the AMC materials according to an investigation that took place between different AMC substrate materials, where it was settled that the textile one displayed the highest antenna gain and efficiency. The monopole antenna and the AMC, distanced apart by 5 mm, combined form the integrated design. It operates at 2.4 GHz, which was particularly selected as the resonant frequency for wirelessly sending the subject's symptoms data via Wi-Fi, with realized gain and total efficiency of 6.76 dBi and 88.4%, respectively, in free space. Separated by 3 mm from the specific anthropomorphic mannequin human hand model, it displays a realized gain and total efficiency of 4.06 dBi and 44.39%, respectively, in a flat condition. Furthermore, it exhibits a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.8 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue. When bent over the human hand model, it performs well and exhibits a maximum SAR of 0.521 and 0.406 W/kg, averaged over 1 and 10 g of tissues, respectively. As a result of such outcomes, the proposed integrated design can be nominated for wearable hand/wrist and Wi-Fi applications.

A high selective dual band and miniaturized electromagnetic band gap (EBG) unit cell is presented in this paper. The analysis and characterization of the new cell are explained. The modified compact EBG unit cell is based on cutting two inverted U-shaped slots inside the typical mushroom-like EBG. The modified EBG has a 70% size reduction. The dual-band functionality of the structure is confirmed by applying it in a dual-notch ultra-wideband antenna (3.1–10.6 GHz), and the notch frequencies are 5.2 and 5.8 GHz. The dual-band functionality has advantages of a highly selective bandpass between them. The antenna can suppress interference frequencies in less than 100 MHz bandwidth without affecting the antenna performance in the whole bandwidth. Presented results are addressed in terms of circuit modeling, 3D full-wave simulations, and measurements.

In this paper, a flexible single fed planar circular polarized slot antenna is proposed for Internet of Things wideband applications. The antenna flexibility is achieved by employing a mechanically bendable liquid crystalline polymer substrate. The overall antenna volume is 50 mm × 42 mm × 0.1 mm. The antenna design uses 45° rotated elliptical ground structure for generating circular polarized radiation over wideband spectrum. Two parametrical analyses targeting the slot ground are introduced in order to achieve the most efficient design. The final antenna design demonstrates a good matching in terms of reflection coefficient (<−10 dB), semi-omnidirectional radiation patterns, average gain of 4 dB, and <3 dB axial ratio over entire frequency band of operation. All antenna parameters are studied in both straight and bent antenna setup scenarios. Good agreement between simulation and measurement results of the antenna parameters are achieved. For both straight and bent antenna scenarios, the antenna receiving functionality in time domain is confirmed by retrieving highly correlated impulse responses.

A compact low-pass filter (LPF) with wide rejection band based on T-type circuit of an enhanced dual composite right-/left-handed (D-CRLH) resonator is presented in this paper. The resonator has only one cell with series and parallel tank circuit. The parallel LC tank circuit has been realized by an interdigital capacitor and one shorted finger, whereas its series LC tank circuit is realized by an air gap capacitance and a short circuit stub. The filter has wide rejection band bandwidth with three transmission zeros (TZs). The filter bandwidth and TZs frequencies are controlled by the D-CRLH element values. The results of the proposed filter demonstrate minimum insertion loss in passband, high roll-off rate, and good figure of merit. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The detailed filter design is discussed in terms of circuit modeling, dispersion analysis, and full-wave simulation. Finally, the filter size is compact (0.10 λg × 0.15 λg) at cut-off frequency.

A quad band antenna with good gain and omni-directional pattern is proposed in this paper. The antenna design is based on loading a conventional monopole antenna by three different resonators. The resonators are inspired from the shunt branch of composite right-/left-handed cell. The resonators have a simple structure and compact size. The control of the frequency bands can be achieved arbitrarily and hence the suggested design methodology can be generalized to any required bands. The fabricated antenna prototype is operating at 2.6, 3.35, 5.15, and 6.1 GHz with bandwidth wider than 100 MHz for each band. The antenna's operating principle and design procedures with the aid of electromagnetic full wave simulation are presented. Finally, the experimental results exhibit good agreement with the simulated ones which confirm the proposed designed methodology. The proposed monopole antenna has a patch size of 13.5 mm × 6.5 mm and the whole antenna size (including the feed line) is 35 mm × 32 mm. Compared to conventional single-band microstrip patch radiator size, the proposed quad band radiator has the size of 9, 15, 37.5, and 72.5% at relevant frequency bands.

Nowadays, the sterile insect technique is broadly used as a pest control measure. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the alteration occurred in testes and DNA pattern as an effect of inherited sterility. Full grown pupae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella were irradiated with 80 and 160 Gy of γ irradiation. The size of the testes was decreased by increasing of γ irradiation dose. Also, the size of the testes was decreased in F1 males comparing with the size of the testes of both the parents and the untreated control. The effects of γ rays on the DNA patterns of adult male parents and F1 males showed alterations among the controls, the treated parents and F1 individuals. Exposure to radiation caused very frequently the appearance of some extra bands and the deficiency of others in the arbitrary random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction amplification patterns of the irradiated insects.

The design and analysis of meta-material inspired loaded monopole antenna for multiband operation are reported. The proposed antenna consists of multi resonators inspired from half mode composite right/left handed cells, which has a simple structure, compact size, and provides multiband functionalities. As a proof of concept, a triple band antenna covering all possible WiMAX operating bands, has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. The hosting monopole patch itself generates resonance for 3.3–3.8 GHz band, whereas the loaded metamaterial cells add extra resonance frequencies. The loading of two resonator cells introduces two extra resonances for 2.5–2.7 GHz and 5.3–5.9 GHz bands, respectively. The antenna's operating principle and design procedures with the aid of electromagnetic full wave simulation and experimental measurements are presented. The antenna has good omnidirectional patterns at all three bands. The monopole patch size is 13.5 × 6.5 mm2 and the whole antenna size (including the feed line) is 35 × 32 mm2. Compared with conventional single band microstrip patch radiator, the radiator size of this antenna is only 8.5% at 2.5 GHz, 17% at 3.5 GHz, and 37% at 5.5 GHz.

This paper introduces a compact modified semi-circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna. A compact antenna size (4.3 × 3.4 cm2) compared to the typical coplanar waveguide (CPW) circular monopole antenna (5.5 × 4 cm2) is achieved. The proposed antenna is completely proven for UWB communication performance. The antenna is matched over 8.4 GHz bandwidth (2.2–10.6 GHz), with reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB over the band. Matching bandwidth is verified through simulation and measurements of VSWR. Efficient power radiation over the band is proven through radiation efficiency. Radiation efficiency is not lower than 81% at the upper end of the band. Omnidirectional characteristics are proven through, firstly, measured transfer function magnitude at three different configurations, Face-to-Face, Face-to-Side, and Side-by-Side (all frequencies at different orientations), and, secondly, measured radiation pattern at three selected frequencies that span the bandwidth (all orientations at different frequencies). Moreover, the ability of the antenna to support, as narrow pulses as, 0.25 ns omnidirectionally is proven through detailed study for time response. Antenna transfer function is measured for magnitude and phase. Then, a first-order Raeighly pulse, that fulfils the FCC mask for emission restrictions, is applied at the terminals of a UWB system of the proposed UWB antenna. Finally, the output, barely distorted, normalized, pulse is compared to the input pulse.

A design of low mutual coupling between two microstrip patch antennas for multi input multi output antenna is presented. The two antenna elements operate at 5.8 GHz for wireless applications. The reduction of mutual coupling between the antenna elements is achieved by using a defected ground structure (DGS). The DGS is inserted between the microstrip patch antenna elements to limit the surface waves between them. The separation between the edges of the two elements has been achieved to be only 0.058λ0. The analysis of the correlation coefficient, diversity gain and total active reflection coefficient is presented to validate the performance of the multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. The isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna is 28 dB at 5.8 GHz and the envelope correlation equals 0.003. Owing to these good performances each antenna can operate almost independently. A good agreement is achieved between the simulated and the measured results.