Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-fv566 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T13:12:01.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Management of colon and rectal cancer in older adults

from Part 2 - Management of solid tumors in older adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2011

Arti Hurria
Affiliation:
City of Hope Cancer Center, California
Harvey Jay Cohen
Affiliation:
Duke University Medical Center, Durham
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Papamichael, D, Audisio, R, Horiot, JC. Treatment of the elderly colorectal cancer patient: SIOG expert recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(1):5–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargent, DJ, Goldberg, RM, Jacobson, SD. A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(15):1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jemal, A, Siegel, R, Ward, E. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(2):71–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donald, JJ, Burhenne, HJ. Colorectal cancer: can we lower the death rate in the 1990s?Can Fam Physician. 1993;39:107–114.Google ScholarPubMed
,National Cancer Institute homepage. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/.
Raftery, L, Sanoff, HK, Goldberg, R. Colon cancer in older adults. Semin Oncol. 2008;35(6): 561–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohne, CH, Folprecht, G, Goldberg, RM. Chemotherapy in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2008;13(4):390–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gramont, A, Figer, A, Seymour, M. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(16): 2938–2947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltz, LB, Cox, JV, Blanke, C. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):905–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arkenau, HT, Chua, YJ, Cunningham, D. Current treatment strategies in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2007;6(7):508–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trimble, EL, Carter, CL, Cain, D. Representation of older patients in cancer treatment trials. Cancer. 1994;74(7 suppl): 2208–2214.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsley, CA, Selby, R, Siu, LL. Systematic review of barriers to the recruitment of older patients with cancer onto clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(13):3112–3124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shayne, M, Culakova, E, Poniewierski, MS. Dose intensity and hematologic toxicity in older cancer patients receiving systemic chemotherapy. Cancer. 2007;110(7):1611–1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, H, Gondos, A, Arndt, V. Recent major progress in long-term cancer patient survival disclosed by modeled period analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(22):3274–3280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouvier, AM, Launoy, G, Lepage, C. Trends in the management and survival of digestive tract cancers among patients aged over 80 years. Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanoff, HK, Bleiberg, H, Goldberg, RM. Managing older patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(14):1891–1897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balducci, L, Tam-McDevitt, J, Hauser, R. Long overdue: phase II studies in older cancer patients: where does the FDA stand?J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(8):1387–1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Losey, R, Messinger-Rapport, BJ. At what age should we discontinue colon cancer screening in the elderly?Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74(4):269–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RA, Eschenbach, AC, Wender, R. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer: update of early detection guidelines for prostate, colorectal, and endometrial cancers. Also: update 2001 – testing for early lung cancer detection. CA Cancer J Clin. 2001;51(1):38–75; quiz 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(2): 129–131.CrossRef
,Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):627–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RA, Cokkinides, V, Brawley, OW. Cancer screening in the United States, 2009: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59(1):27–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X, White, MC, Peipins, . Increase in screening for colorectal cancer in older Americans: results from a national survey. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(8):1511–1516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parks, SM, Hsieh, C. Preventive health care for older patients. Prim Care. 2002;29(3):599–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walter, LC, Lewis, CL, Barton, MB. Screening for colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer in the elderly: a review of the evidence. Am J Med. 2005;118(10):1078–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasetto, LM, Monfardini, S. Colorectal cancer screening in elderly patients: when should be more useful?Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;33(6): 528–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, OS, Kozarek, RA, Schembre, DB. Screening colonoscopy in very elderly patients: prevalence of neoplasia and estimated impact on life expectancy. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;295(20): 2357–2365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatto, NM, Frucht, H, Sundararajan, V. Risk of perforation after colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(3):230–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stryker, SJ, Wolff, BG, Culp, CE. Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology. 1987;93(5):1009–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walter, LC, Covinsky, KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285(21): 2750–2756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, JE, Sweeney, WB, Trudel, JL. Colonoscopy in the elderly: low risk, low yield in asymptomatic patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49(5):646–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meulenbeld, HJ, Creemers, GJ. First-line treatment strategies for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(3): 223–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbman, G, Nilsson, E, Storgren-Fordell, V. Outcome of surgery for colorectal cancer in a defined population in Sweden from 1984 to 1986. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38(6):645–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damhuis, RA, Wereldsma, JC, Wiggers, T. The influence of age on resection rates and postoperative mortality in 6457 patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1996;11(1): 45–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients: a systematic review. Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;356(9234): 968–974.CrossRef
Puig-La Calle, Jr J, Quayle, J, Thaler, HT. Favorable short-term and long-term outcome after elective radical rectal cancer resection in patients 75 years of age or older. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43(12):1704–1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basili, G, Lorenzetti, L, Biondi, G. Colorectal cancer in the elderly: is there a role for safe and curative surgery?ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(6):466–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffmann, L, Ozcan, S, Schwarz, F. Colorectal cancer in the elderly: surgical treatment and long-term survival. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(6):601–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zingmond, D, Maggard, M, O';Connell, J. What predicts serious complications in colorectal cancer resection?Am Surg. 2003;69(11):969–974.Google ScholarPubMed
Chiappa, A, Zbar, AP, Bertani, E. Surgical outcomes for colorectal cancer patients including the elderly. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(38): 440–444.Google ScholarPubMed
Manfredi, S, Bouvier, AM, Lepage C, et al . Incidence and patterns of recurrence after resection for cure of colonic cancer in a well defined population. Br J Surg. 2006;93(9): 1115–1122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallahzadeh, H, Mays, ET. Preexisting disease as a predictor of the outcome of colectomy. Am J Surg. 1991;162(5):497–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazzoni, G, Tocchi, A, Miccini, M. Surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer in elderly patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22(1):77–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, KV, Al-Mukhtar, A, Aldouri, A. Outcomes after major hepatectomy in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(5):677–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liguori Carino, N, Leeuwen, BL, Ghaneh, P. Liver resection for colorectal liver metastases in older patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;67(3):273–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple, LK, Hsieh, L, Wong, WD. Use of surgery among elderly patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(17): 3475–3484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Audisio, RA, Pope, D, Ramesh, HS. Shall we operate? Preoperative assessment in elderly cancer patients (PACE) can help. A SIOG surgical task force prospective study. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;65(2):156–163.Google ScholarPubMed
Pope, D, Ramesh, H, Gennari, R. Pre-operative assessment of cancer in the elderly (PACE): a comprehensive assessment of underlying characteristics of elderly cancer patients prior to elective surgery. Surg Oncol. 2006;15(4):189–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zampino, MG, Labianca, R, Beretta, GD. Rectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009;70(2):160–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minsky, BD, Cohen, AM, Kemeny, N. The efficacy of preoperative 5-fluorouracil, high-dose leucovorin, and sequential radiation therapy for unresectable rectal cancer. Cancer. 1993;71(11): 3486–3492.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minsky, BD.Preoperative combined modality treatment for rectal cancer. Oncology. 1994;8(5):53–58, 61; discussion 61, 64–68.Google ScholarPubMed
,Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(14):980–987.Google Scholar
Dharma-Wardene, MW, Gara, C, Au, HJ. Ageism in rectal carcinoma? Treatment and outcome variations. Int J Gastrointest Cancer. 2002;32(2–3):129–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkesson, J, Birgisson, H, Pahlman, L. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(24): 5644–5650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O';Connell, JB, Maggard, MA, Liu, JH. Are survival rates different for young and older patients with rectal cancer?Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47(12):2064–2069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marijnen, CA, Kapiteijn, E, Velde, CJ. Acute side effects and complications after short-term preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(3):817–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radu, C, Berglund, A, Pahlman, L. Short-course preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery in rectal cancer – a retrospective study. Radiother Oncol. 2008;87(3):343– 349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widder, J, Herbst, F, Dobrowsky, W. Preoperative short-term radiation therapy (25 Gy, 2.5 Gy twice daily) for primary resectable rectal cancer (phase II). Br J Cancer. 2005;92(7): 1209–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirion, P, Michiels, S, Pignon, JP. Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an updated meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(18):3766–3775.Google ScholarPubMed
,NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. J Am Med Assoc. 1990;264(11):1444–1450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moertel, CG, Fleming, TR, Macdonald, JS. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(6):352–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andre, T, Boni, C, Mounedji-Boudiaf, L. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2343–2351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayanian, JZ, Zaslavsky, AM, Fuchs, CS. Use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for colorectal cancer in a population-based cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(7):1293–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessup, JM, Stewart, A, Greene, FL. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: implications of race/ethnicity, age, and differentiation. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;294(21): 2703–2711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrag, D, Cramer, LD, Bach, PB. Age and adjuvant chemotherapy use after surgery for stage III colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(11): 850–857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etzioni, DA, El-Khoueiry, AB, Beart, Jr RW.Rates and predictors of chemotherapy use for stage III colon cancer: a systematic review. Cancer. 2008;113(12):3279–3289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, CP, McAvay, GJ, Guo, Z. The impact of chronic illnesses on the use and effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. Cancer. 2007;109(12):2410–2419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobie, SA, Baldwin, LM, Dominitz, JA. Completion of therapy by Medicare patients with stage III colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(9):610–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arias, E.United States life tables, 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2007;56(9):1–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Muss, HB, Biganzoli, L, Sargent, DJ. Adjuvant therapy in the elderly: making the right decision. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(14):1870–1875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haller, DG, Catalano, PJ, MacDonald, JS. Phase III study of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in high-risk stage II and III colon cancer: final report of Intergroup 0089. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8671–8678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Quasar Collaborative Group, Gray, R, Barnwell, J. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet. 2007;370(9604):2020–2029.Google ScholarPubMed
Gill, S, Loprinzi, CL, Sargent, DJ. Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how much?J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(10):1797–1806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fata, F, Mirza, A, Craig, G. Efficacy and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with colon carcinoma: a 10-year experience of the Geisinger Medical Center. Cancer. 2002;94(7):1931–1938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popescu, RA, Norman, A, Ross, PJ. Adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy for colorectal cancer in patients 70 years or older. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8): 2412–2418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundararajan, V, Mitra, N, Jacobson, JS. Survival associated with 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy among elderly patients with node-positive colon cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(5):349–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwashyna, TJ, Lamont, EB. Effectiveness of adjuvant fluorouracil in clinical practice: a population-based cohort study of elderly patients with stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(19):3992–3998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O';Connell, MJ, Laurie, JA, Kahn, M. Prospectively randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-risk colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(1):295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neugut, AI, Matasar, M, Wang, X. Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer and survival among the elderly. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(15):2368–2375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twelves, C, Wong, A, Nowacki, MP. Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(26): 2696–2704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Rubio, E.New chemotherapeutic advances in pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric cancers. Oncologist. 2004;9(3):282–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poole, C, Gardiner, J, Twelves, C. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002;49(3):225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camidge, R, Reigner, B, Cassidy, J. Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4719–4725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, HR, Ledbetter, L, Diasio, R. A retrospective study of coagulation abnormalities in patients receiving concomitant capecitabine and warfarin. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2006;5(5):354–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yood, MU, Quesenberry, CP, Alford, SH. An observational study examining the impact of capecitabine on warfarin antithrombotic activity and bleeding complications. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(2):307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, RM, Tabah-Fisch, I, Bleiberg, H. Pooled analysis of safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4085–4091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKibbin, T, Frei, CR, Grene, RE. Disparities in the use of chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy for elderly advanced colorectal cancer patients in the community oncology setting. Oncologist. 2008;13(8):876–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmonds, PC.Palliative chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group. Br Med J. 2000;321(7260): 531–535.Google ScholarPubMed
Folprecht, G, Cuningham, D, Ross, P. Efficacy of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(9):1330–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniele, B, Rosati, G, Tambaro, R. First-line chemotherapy with fluorouracil and folinic acid for advanced colorectal cancer in elderly patients: a phase II study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(3): 228–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattioli, R, Lippe, P, Recchia, F. Advanced colorectal cancer in elderly patients: tolerance and efficacy of leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion. Anticancer Res. 2001;21(1A): 489–492.Google ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, D, Pyrhonen, S, James, RD. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998;352(9138):1413–1418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rougier, P, Cutsem, E, Bajetta, E. Randomised trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998;352(9138):1407–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothenberg, ML, Cox, JV, DeVore, RF. A multicenter, phase II trial of weekly irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with previously treated colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 1999;85(4): 786–795.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, I, Norman, AR, Chunningham, D. Elderly patients with fluoropyrimidine and thymidylate synthase inhibitor-resistant advanced colorectal cancer derive similar benefit without excessive toxicity when treated with irinotecan monotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(8):1453– 1458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosati, G, Cordio, S. Single-agent irinotecan as second-line weekly chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Tumori. 2006;92(4):290–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, C, Mitchell, EP, Hoff, PM. Irinotecan in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32(7):491–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, CS, Marshall, J, Mitchelle, E. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the BICC-C Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(30):4779–4786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, RM, Sargent, DJ, Morton, RF. A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(1):23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folprecht, G, Seymour, MT, Saltz, L. Irinotecan/fluorouracil combination in first-line therapy of older and younger patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: combined analysis of 2,691 patients in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(9):1443–1451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sastre, J, Marcuello, E, Masutti, B. Irinotecan in combination with fluorouracil in a 48-hour continuous infusion as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3545–3551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souglakos, J, Pallis, A, Kakolyris, S. Combination of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFIRI regimen) as first line treatment for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase II trial. Oncology. 2005;69(5):384–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitry, E, Douillard, JY, Cutsem, E. Predictive factors of survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an individual data analysis of 602 patients included in irinotecan phase III trials. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(7):1013– 1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douillard, JY, Cunningham, D, Roth, AD. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209): 1041–1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohne, CH, Cutsem, E, Wils, J. Phase III study of weekly high-dose infusional fluorouracil plus folinic acid with or without irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40986. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4856– 4865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jong, FA, Kehrer, DF, Mathijssen, RH. Prophylaxis of irinotecan-induced diarrhea with neomycin and potential role for UGT1A128 genotype screening: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Oncologist. 2006;11(8): 944–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, SB, Goldstein, D, Lin, CS. Acute abnormalities of sensory nerve function associated with oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1243–1249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasetto, LM, D';Andrea, MR, Rossi, E. Oxaliplatin-related neurotoxicity: how and why?Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;59(2):159–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothenberg, ML, Oza, AM, Bigelow, RH. Superiority of oxaliplatin and fluorouracil-leucovorin compared with either therapy alone in patients with progressive colorectal cancer after irinotecan and fluorouracil-leucovorin: interim results of a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(11): 2059–2069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figer, A, Perez-Staub, N, Carola, E. FOLFOX in patients aged between 76 and 80 years with metastatic colorectal cancer: an exploratory cohort of the OPTIMOX1 study. Cancer. 2007;110(12):2666–2671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattioli, R, Massacesi, C, Recchia, F. High activity and reduced neurotoxicity of bi-fractionated oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin for elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(7): 1147–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JH, Oh, DY, Kim, YJ. Reduced dose intensity FOLFOX-4 as first line palliative chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Kor Med Sci. 2005;20(5): 806–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feliu, J, Escudero, P, Llosa, F. Capecitabine as first-line treatment for patients older than 70 years with metastatic colorectal cancer: an oncopaz cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(13):3104–3111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, J, Twelves, C, Cutsem, E. First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(4):566–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golfinopoulos, V, Pentheroudakis, G, Pavlidis, N. Treatment of colorectal cancer in the elderly: a review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32(1):1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, J, Clarke, S, Diaz-Rubio, E. Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2006–2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feliu, J, Salud, A, Escudero, P. XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) as first-line treatment for elderly patients over 70 years of age with advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(7):969–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seymour, MT, Maughan, TS, Wasan, HS. Capecitabine (Cap) and oxaliplatin (Ox) in elderly and/or frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the FOCUS2 trial [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(suppl):9030.Google Scholar
Bouchahda, M, Macarulla, T, Spano, JP. Cetuximab efficacy and safety in a retrospective cohort of elderly patients with heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008; 67(3):255–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, D, Humblet, Y, Siena, S. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(4): 337–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltz, LB, Meropol, NJ, Loehrer, PJ. Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(7): 1201–1208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonker, DJ, O';Callaghan, CJ, Karapetis, CS. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2040–2048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchahda, M, Macarulla, T, Spano, JP. Cetuximab efficacy and safety in a retrospective cohort of elderly patients with heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;67(3):255–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amado, RG, Wolf, M, Peeters, M. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(10):1626–1634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabbinavar, FF, Hambleton, J, Mass, RD. Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16): 3706–3712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scappaticci, FA, Skillings, JR, Holden, SN. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(16): 1232–1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabbinavar, FF, Hurwitz, HI, Yi, J. Addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil-based first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of cohorts of older patients from two randomized clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(2):199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochster, HS, Hart, LL, Ramanathan, RK. Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3523–3529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elkin, EB, Kim, SH, Casper, ES. Desire for information and involvement in treatment decisions: elderly cancer patients'; preferences and their physicians'; perceptions. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(33):5275–5280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balducci, L.Aging, frailty, and chemotherapy. Cancer Control. 2007;14(1):7–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM, Balducci, L, Aapro, M. Geriatric oncology: a field coming of age. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(14):1821–1823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2007;5(3):181–182.Google ScholarPubMed
Mohile, SG, Lachs, M, Dale, W. Management of prostate cancer in the older man. Semin Oncol. 2008;35(6):597–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, LP, Ferrucci, L, Darer, J. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A. 2004;59(3):255–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saliba, D, Elliott, M, Rubenstein, LZ. The Vulnerable Elders Survey: a tool for identifying vulnerable older people in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(12):1691–1699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×