Heritage Languages in South America

John M. Lipski

doi:10.1017/9781108766340.015

13 - Heritage Languages in South America

from Part I - Heritage Languages around the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 November 2021

John M. Lipski

Edited by

Silvina Montrul and

Maria Polinsky

Show author details

Silvina Montrul: Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Maria Polinsky: Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park

Book contents

Get access

Summary

This chapter explores a representative cross-section of heritage languages, in Spanish-speaking Latin American nations and in Brazil. The presentation is organized by the circumstances that gave rise to heritage language enclaves: voluntary immigration, including recruitment efforts by Latin American governments, immigration of religious minorities. Immigration resulting from contract labor, and continent-internal migration, often resulting from economic hardship. None of the heritage languages enjoys official recognition, but some encompass entire communities while others have dwindled to small groups of speakers. Among the heritage languages examined are German and Mennonite Low German, Italian, Ukrainian, Polish, Haitian Creole, Japanese, and American, British, and Creole English as well as transplanted varieties of Spanish and Portuguese. Attitudes toward heritage languages as well as linguistic self-esteem of speakers are equally diverse, ranging from ethnic pride to scorn, and the discussion includes an overview of circumstances that both favor and endanger heritage language maintenance.

Keywords

Latin America Creole English Haitian Creole German Mennonite Low German Italian Polish Ukrainian Japanese English

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics , pp. 305 - 350

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108766340.015 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abouchaar, A. 2013. Educación bilingüe en San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, y la revitalización del continuo del creole [Bilingual Education in San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, and the Revitalization of the Creole Continuum]. In Ochoa Sierra, L. (ed.), Investigación e innovación educativa: panorama general [Educational Research and Innovation: Overview]. Bogotá: National University of Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación en Educación [Faculty of Sciences, Institute for Research in Education], 41–60.Google Scholar

Aceto, M. 1995. Variation in a Secret Creole Language of Panama. Language in Society 24(4), 537–560.Google Scholar

Aceto, M. 1996. Variation in a Variety of Panamanian Creole English. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar

Aceto, M. 1998. A New Creole Future Tense Marker Emerges in the Panamanian West Indies. American Speech 73(1), 29–43.Google Scholar

Adachi, N. 2001. Japanese Brazilians: The Japanese Language Communities in Brazil. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 31(1), 161–178.Google Scholar

Agozzino, M. T. 2006. Transplanted Traditions: An Assessment of Welsh Lore and Language in Argentina. E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 1, 39–67.Google Scholar

Aimasso, A. 2016. Cocoliche. Necesidad, esfuerzo, identidad y, quizá, un idioma [Cocoliche. Need, Effort, Identity and, Perhaps, a Language]. Bachelor’s thesis, Venice: Ca’Foscari University.Google Scholar

Akmir, A. (ed.) 2009. Los árabes en América Latina: historia de una emigración [Arabs in Latin America: History of an Emigration]. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores.Google Scholar

Albuquerque, J. L. C. (2009). A dinâmica das fronteiras: deslocamento e circulação dos” brasiguaios” entre os limites nacionais [The Dynamics of Borders: Displacement and Circulation of “brasiguaios” between National Limits]. Horizontes Antropológicos [Anthropological Horizons] 15(31), 137–166.Google Scholar

Alessi, M. L. B. 2013. A Migração de Haitianos para o Brasil [Migration of Haitians to Brazil]. Conjuntura Global [Global Environment] 2(2), 82–86.Google Scholar

Altenhofen, C. V. 1996. Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul: ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung einer deutschbrasilianischen Dialektvarietät im Kontakt mit dem Portugiesischen [Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul: A Contribution to the Description of a German-Brazilian Dialect Variety in Contact with Portuguese]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Almeida, T. A. de and Santi, V. J.. 2018. Somos migrantes: o uso das redes sociais na produção midiática alternativa sobre a migração venezuelana em Roraima [We Are Migrants: The Use of Social Networks in Alternative Media Production on Venezuelan Migration in Roraima]. Aturá-Revista Pan-Amazônica de Comunicação [Aturá-Pan-Amazonian Journal of Communication] 2(1), 136–156.Google Scholar

Altenhofen, C. V. and Frey, J.. 2006. Das bresilionische Deitsch unn die deitsche Bresilioner: en Hunsrickisch Red fo die Sprocherechte. Revista Contingentia [Contingentia Magazine] 1(1), 39–50.Google Scholar

Alves, I. M. and Maroneze, B. O.. 2004. Italianismos na língua portuguesa contemporânea [Italianisms in Contemporary Portuguese]. Revista de Italianistica [Italianistica Magazine] 9, 29–36.Google Scholar

Arbeláez, J. A. 2006. Estudio sociolingüístico de San Andrés, isla: un aporte a la cultura sanandresana [Sociolinguistic Study of San Andrés Island: A Contribution to the Culture of San Andrés]. Cuadernos del Caribe [Caribbean Notebooks] 4(8), 42–55.Google Scholar

Armilato, T. G. 2010. A comunicação no rádio e a preservação de uma identidade lingüística regional: o Italian [Radio Communication and the Preservation of a Regional Linguistic Identity: Italian]. Master’s thesis, Caixas do Sul: Universidade de [University of] Caixas do Sul.Google Scholar

Audebert, C. 2017. The Recent Geodynamics of Haitian Migration in the Americas: Refugees or Economic Migrants? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População [Brazilian Journal of Population Studies] 34(1), 55–71.Google Scholar

Avella, F. 2002. La diáspora creole anglófona del Caribe Occidental [The Anglophone Creole Diaspora of the Western Caribbean]. Jangwa Pana 2(1), 3–16.Google Scholar

Bandeira, M. T. and Zimmer, M. C.. 2012. The Dynamics of Interlinguistic Transfer of VOT Patterns in Multilingual Children. Linguagem & Ensino [Language and Teaching] (Pelotas) 15(2), 341–364.Google Scholar

Barnes, H. 2009. A Sociolinguistic Study of Sustained Veneto-Spanish Bilingualism in Chipilo, Mexico. Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar

Barnes, H. 2017. Language Ideologies in an Immigrant Language Setting: The Case of a European Language in Mexico. Caribbean Studies 45, 21–41.Google Scholar

Barrios, G. 1999. Etnicidad y lenguaje: la aculturación sociolingüística de los inmigrantes italianos en Montevideo [Ethnicity and Language: The Sociolinguistic Acculturation of Italian Immigrants in Montevideo]. Doctoral dissertation, Bahia Blanca: Universidad Nacional del Sur [National University of the South].Google Scholar

Barrios, G. 2003. Mantenimiento y cambio de lengua en los inmigrantes italianos residentes en Montevideo [Maintenance and Language Change in Italian Immigrants Living in Montevideo]. In Barrios, G. (ed.), Aspectos de la cultura italiana en el Uruguay [Aspects of Italian Culture in Uruguay]. Montevideo: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura [Ministry of Education and Culture], 43–87.Google Scholar

Barrios, G. and Mazzolini, S.. 1994. El proceso de acomodación lingüística en los migrantes italianos residentes en Montevideo [The Process of Linguistic Accommodation in Italian Migrants Residing in Montevideo]. In Elizaincín, A. and Madfes, I. (eds.), Analis del discurso [Discourse Analysis]. Montevideo: Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación [Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences], 57–69.Google Scholar

Barrios, G., Mazzolini, S., and Orlando, V.. 1994. Lengua, cultura e identidad: los italianos en el Uruguay actual [Language, Culture and Identity: Italians in Today’s Uruguay]. In Álvarez de Lasowski, S. (ed.), Presencia italiana en la cultura uruguaya [Italian Presence in Uruguayan Culture]. Montevideo: Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación [Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences], 97–115.Google Scholar

Barros, F. H. T. de and Philippsen, N. I.. 2013. O hunsrückisch: entre o hochdeutsch e o português brasileiro: o caso do rádio na comunidade teuto-gaúcha norte mato-grossense [Hunsrückisch: Between Hochdeutsch and Brazilian Portuguese: The Case of Radio in the Teuto-Gaúcha Community in Northern Mato Grosso]. Revista de Letras Norte@ mentos 6(12), 111–132.Google Scholar

Bartens, A. 2013. San Andres Creole English. In Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M., and Huber, M. (eds.), The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 101–114.Google Scholar

Basso, C. 2002. El último secreto de Colonia Dignidad [The Last Secret of Colonia Dignidad]. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Mare Nostrum.Google Scholar

Beilke, N. S. V. 2013a. Pomerano: uma variedade germânica em Minas Gerais [Pomeranian: A Germanic Variety in Minas Gerais]. Anais do SILEL [Annals of SILEL] 3(1), 1–14.Google Scholar

Beilke, N. S. V. 2013b. Do nativo ao pomerano: as línguas, os dialetos e falares vivos de um Brasil pouco conhecido [From Native to Pomeranian: Languages, Dialects and Living Words of a Little-Known Brazil]. Domínios de Lingu@gem 7(1), 263–283.Google Scholar

Benincá, L. R. 2009. Dificuldade no domínio de fonemas do português por crianças bilíngues de português e pomerano [Difficulty Mastering Portuguese Phonemes by Bilingual Portuguese and Pomeranian Children]. Revista (Con) textos Linguísticos [Journal (With) Linguistic Texts] 3.3(1), 53–70.Google Scholar

Berger, I. R. 2011. Por políticas linguístico-educacionais sensíveis ao contexto da Tríplice Fronteira Argentina-Brasil-Paraguai [For Linguistic-Educational Policies Sensitive to the Context of the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay Triple Border]. Ideação [Ideation] 13(2), 33–44.Google Scholar

Bermúdez, C. R. 2017. “Voy después de ti.” Aproximación etnográfica a las redes migratorias de haitianos en Venezuela [“I’m Going after You.” Ethnographic Approach to the Migratory Networks of Haitians in Venezuela]. Espacio abierto: cuaderno venezolano de sociología [Open Space: Venezuelan Sociology Notebook] 26(3), 139–163.Google Scholar

Bianchezzi, C., Machiavelli, D. M., Bertuzzi, L. L., and Kophal, M. S. C.. 2012. A construção e a prática do programa bilíngue em região de fronteira internacional Brasil-Argentina [The Construction and Practice of the Bilingual Program in a Brazil-Argentina International Border Region]. Revista Cadernos do Ceom [Cadernos do Ceom Journal] 25(37), 17–37.Google Scholar

Bishop, H. A. 1976. Bidialectal Traits of West Indians in the Panama Canal Zone. Ed. D. dissertation, Columbia University Teachers College.Google Scholar

Blanc, J. 2015. Enclaves of Inequality: Brasiguaios and the Transformation of the Brazil-Paraguay Borderlands. Journal of Peasant Studies 42(1), 145–158.Google Scholar

Blank, M. T. and Miranda, A. R. M.. 2012. Aspectos fonético-fonológicos da aquisição da escrita do português por crianças bilingües (pomerano/português) [Phonetic-Phonological Aspects of the Acquisition of Portuguese Writing by BILINGUAL CHILDREN (Pomeranian / Portuguese)]. Anais do X Encontro do CELSUL-Círculo de Estudos Linguísticos do Sul UNIOESTE [Proceedings of the 10th CELSUL Meeting: Circle of Linguistic Studies of the South UNIOESTE]. Cascavel: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 466–477.Google Scholar

Bogarín, J. and Ross, D.. 1980. Limón: educación y bilingüismo [Limón: Education and Bilingualism]. Letras [Letters] 2(6), 205–257.Google Scholar

Bondarenko, N. V. 2012. Lenguas minoritarias de Venezuela: consideraciones desde la perspectiva ecolingüística [Minority Languages of Venezuela: Considerations from the Ecolinguistic Perspective. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] Vol. 36, 1, 175–189.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bondarenko Pisemskaya, N. 2010. Situación ecolingüística venezolana contemporánea [Contemporary Venezuelan Ecolinguistic Situation]. Papeles de Trabajo [Working Papers], no. 20, diciembre [December] 2010, 22–35. Rosario, Argentina: Universidad de Rosario, Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Etnolingüística y Antropología Socio-Cultural [University of Rosario, Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Ethnolinguistics and Socio-Cultural Anthropology].Google Scholar

Boruszenko, O. 1981. A imigração ucraniana no Paraná [Ukrainian Immigration in Paraná]. Munich: Wirtschaftskraften und Wirtschaftswege.Google Scholar

Boso, I. M. 1991. Entre passado e futuro: bilingüismo em uma comunidade trentino-brasileiro [Between Past and Future: Bilingualism in a Trentino-Brazilian Community]. Master’s thesis, Florianópolis: Universidad Federal de [Federal University of] Santa Catarina.Google Scholar

Bottos, L. C. 2008. Old Colony Mennonites in Argentina and Bolivia: Nation Making, Religious Conflict and Imagination of the Future. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Bremenkamp, E. S. 2014. Análise sociolingüística da manutenção da língua pomerana em Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo [Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Maintenance of the Pomeranian Language in Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo]. Master’s thesis, Santa Maria de Jetibá: Universidade Federal do [Federal University of] Espírito Santo.Google Scholar

Burbano Alarcón, M. 2015. Las asociaciones de migrantes haitianos en el Ecuador: entre debilidad y resistencia [Haitian Migrant Associations in Ecuador: Between Weakness and Resistance]. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana [Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Mobility] 23(44), 207–220.Google Scholar

Calabresi, G. 2014. Religión, etnicidad raizal y educación trilingüe: un estudio de caso en la Isla de San Andrés (Colombia) [Religion, Raizal Ethnicity and Trilingual Education: A Case Study in the Island of San Andrés (Colombia)]. Gazeta de Antropología [Anthropology Gazette] 30(1), article 05. Retrieved from http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30311/GA%2030-1-05%20Gloria%20Calabresi.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y Google Scholar

Camargo González, M. 2004. Palenqueros en Barranquilla. Construyendo identidad y memorias urbanas [Palenqueros in Barranquilla. Building Identity and Urban Memories]. Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe [Memories. Digital Magazine of History and Archeology from the Caribbean] 1(1).Google Scholar

Campos, C. M. 2006. A política da língua na era Vargas: proibação do falar alemão e resistências no Sul do Brasil [Language Policy in the Vargas Era: Prohibition of Speaking German and Resistance in Southern Brazil]. Campinas: Editora da UNICAMP.Google Scholar

Campos-Bustos, J. L. 2018. Diálogo intercultural en las aulas: El caso chileno haitiano [Intercultural Dialogue in the Classroom: The Chilean Haitian Case]. REXE. Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación [REXE. Journal of Studies and Experiences in Education] 17(35), 155–166.Google Scholar

Campos-Bustos, J. L. 2019. Estudiantado haitiano en Chile: aproximaciones a los procesos de integración lingüística en el aula [Haitian Students in Chile: Approaches to the Processes of Linguistic Integration in the Classroom]. Revista Educación [Education Journal] 43(1), 433–450.Google Scholar

Canavate, D. L. 2010. Negras, palenqueras y afrocartageneras. Construyendo un lugar contra la exclusión y la discriminación [Blacks, Palenqueras and Afrocartageneras. Building a Place against Exclusion and Discrimination]. Reflexión política [Political Reflections] 12(23), 152–166.Google Scholar

Capaccio, N. (ed.) 2001. La colonización alemana en Misiones [German Colonization in Misiones]. Posadas: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Posadas.Google Scholar

Caprara, L. de S. and Mordente, O. A.. 2004. Panorama dell´ italiano in San Paolo nel contesto plurilinguistico brasiliano [Panorama of Italian in Sao Paulo in the Brazilian Multilingual Context]. Revista de Iitalianistica 9, 101–112.Google Scholar

Carvalho, Ana Maria. 2003. Rumo a uma definição do Português Uruguaio [Toward a Definition of Uruguayan Portuguese]. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana [International Journal of Ibero-American Linguistics] 1(2), 125–149.Google Scholar

Carvalho, A. M. 2004. I Speak Like the Guys on TV: Palatalization and the Urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese. Language Variation and Change 16, 127–151.Google Scholar

Cassigoli, R. 2013. Sobre la presencia nazi en Chile [On the Nazi Presence in Chile]. Acta Sociológica 61, 157–177.Google Scholar

Castro, G. M. de 1997. Pedrinhas Paulista: Comunidade italiana que ainda permanece ligada à língua maternal [Pedrinhas Paulista: Italian Community That Still Remains Linked to the Mother Tongue]. Revista de Italianistica 5(5), 275–280.Google Scholar

Ceja Cárdenas, I. 2014. Negociación de identidades de los migrantes haitianos en Quito. Master’s thesis, Quito: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales sede Ecuador [Negotiation of Identities of Haitian Migrants in Quito. Quito: Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, Ecuador headquarters].Google Scholar

Ceja Cárdenas, I. 2015. Migraciones haitianas en la región andina [Haitian Migrations in the Andean Region]. Andina Migrante [Andean Migrant] 19, 2–13.Google Scholar

Cenni, F. 2003. Italianos no Brasil: “andiamo in ‘Merica” [Italians in Brazil: “Let’s Go to ‘Merica”]. São Paulo: Editorial da Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar

Cesarín, S. 2010. Las comunidades chinas en América Latina [Chinese Communities in Latin America]. Nueva sociedad [New Society] 228, 100–115.Google Scholar

Chaves, D. S. M. 2014. La situación sociolingüística de la lengua creole de San Andrés Isla: el caso de San Luis [The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Creole Language of San Andrés Island: The Case of San Luis]. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 16(1), 55–66.Google Scholar

Chaves, M. P. 1993. Fonemas segmentales en el criollo inglés de Limón [Segmental Phonemes in the English Creole of Limón]. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 19(2), 89–97.Google Scholar

Chaves, M. P. 1995. Tono en el criollo inglés de Costa Rica [Tone in English Creole from Costa Rica]. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 21(1), 135–139.Google Scholar

Chaves, M. P. 2005. Cláusulas relativas en el inglés criollo de Costa Rica [Relative Clauses in the Creole English of Costa Rica]. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica], 251–266.Google Scholar

Cipria, A. 2007. A 250 años de la primera migración: Lealtad y auto-estima lingüísticas en comunidades de alemanes del Volga en Entre Ríos [250 Years after the First Migration: Linguistic Loyalty and Self-Esteem in Communities of Volga Germans in Entre Ríos]. Southern Journal of Linguistics 31, 1–19.Google Scholar

Cogo, D. 2014. Haitianos no Brasil. Comunicação e interação em redes migratórias transnacionais [Haitians in Brazil. Communication and Interaction in Transnational Migratory Networks]. Chasqui. Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación [Latin American Journal of Communication] 125, 23–32.Google Scholar

Cohen, P. (ed.) 1976. Primeras jornadas lingüísticas: el inglés criolllo de Panamá [First Linguistic Sessions: Creole English from Panama]. Panama: Editorial Universitaria.Google Scholar

Colantoni, L. and Gurlekian, J.. 2004. Convergence and Intonation: Historical Evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(2), 107–119.Google Scholar

Cortés Conde, F. 1994. English as an Instrumental Language: Language Displacement in the Anglo-Argentine Community. Bilingual-Review / La revista-bilingüe 19(1), 25–38.Google Scholar

Cortes Conde, F. 2007. Los angloargentinos en Buenos Aires. Lengua, identidad y nación antes y después de Malvinas [Anglo-Argentines in Buenos Aires. Language, Identity and Nation before and after Malvinas]. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.Google Scholar

Cosgaya, T. P. 2008. Fronteras imaginarias en América Latina: La experiencia migratoria de haitianos en Chile [Imaginary Frontiers in Latin America: The Migration Experience of Haitians in Chile]. Revista Rumbos TS. Un espacio crítico para la reflexión en Ciencias Sociales [Rumbos TS Magazine. A Critical Space for Reflection in Social Sciences] 3, 69–82.Google Scholar

Costa, L. T. da and Gielinski, M. I.. 2014. Detalhes fonéticos do polonês falado em Mallet [Phonetic Details of Polish Spoken at Mallet]. Revista (Con) textos Linguísticos [Journal (with) Linguistic Texts] 8(10), 159–174.Google Scholar

Cotinguiba, M. L. P. and Cotinguiba, G. C.. 2014. Imigração haitiana para o Brasil: os desafios no caminho da educação escolar [Haitian Immigration to Brazil: The Challenges Facing School Education]. Pedagógica: Revista do programa de Pós-graduaçao em Educaçao-PPGE [Pedagogical: Magazine of the Postgraduate Program in Education-PPGE] 16(33), 61–88.Google Scholar

Coupland, N. and Garrett, P.. 2010. Linguistic Landscapes, Discursive Frames and Metacultural Performance: The Case of Welsh Patagonia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2010(205), 7–36.Google Scholar

Cox, C. 2015. The Resilient Word: Linguistic Preservation and Innovation among Old Colony Mennonites in Latin America. Journal of Mennonite Studies 31, 50–74.Google Scholar

Cymbalista, R. 2007. A comunidade boliviana em São Paulo: definindo padrões de territorialidade [The Bolivian Community in São Paulo: Defining Territoriality Patterns]. Cadernos Metrópole [Metropolis Notebooks] 17, 119–133.Google Scholar

Dal Picol, G. 2013. A morfossintaxe na oralidade do vêneto sul-rio-grandense: perfil dialetal de comunidades rurais da região da 4ª légua [Morphosyntax in the Orality of the Veneto sul Rio Grande Region: Dialectal Profile of Rural Communities in the Region of the 4th League]. Master’s thesis, Caixas do Sul: Universidade de [University of] Caxias do Sul.Google Scholar

Damke, C. 1997. Sprachgebrauch und Sprachkontakt in der deutschen Sprahinsel in Südbrasilien [Language Use and Language Contact in the German Sprahinsel in Southern Brazil]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Damke, C. 2008. O Brasildeutsch como fator da conservação da língua alemã no Brasil [Brasildeutsch as a Factor in the Conservation of the German Language in Brazil]. Revista Trama [Trama Journal] 4(7), 115–123.Google Scholar

D’Arpa, D. S. 2015. Dominican Spanish in Contact with St. Thomas English Creole: A Sociolinguistic Study of Speech Variation on St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Doctoral dissertation, Temple University.Google Scholar

Daviña, L. S. 2003. Fronteras discursivas en una región plurilingüe: español y portugués en Misiones [Discursive Frontiers in a Multilingual Region: Spanish and Portuguese in Misiones]. Master’s thesis, Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires.Google Scholar

DeBose, C. E. 1983, June. Samana English: A Dialect That Time Forgot. In Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (Vol. 9, 47–53).Google Scholar

De Heusch, F. 2016. “Amo a mi pais, sigo hablando en creole, pero tomo el fernet con coca y como el asado”: Un etnografia de los migrantes haitianos y de la venta de “bijouteria” en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina ["I love My Country, I Still Speak in Creole, but I Take the Fernet with Coca and Eat Barbecue": An Ethnography of Haitian Migrants and the Sale of "Bijouteria" in the City of Córdoba]. Bachelor’s thesis, Córdoba: Universidad Nacional de [National University of] Córdoba.Google Scholar

De Torre Borges, M. 2004. Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986). Variaciones Borges [Borges Variations] 18, 229–252.Google Scholar

Del Águila, Á. 2018. Estudio exploratorio sobre las trayectorias socio-educativas y socio-laborales de migrantes haitianos, senegaleses y ucranianos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires [Exploratory Study on the Socio-educational and Socio-labor Trajectories of Haitian, Senegalese and Ukrainian Migrants in the City of Buenos Aires]. Buenos Aires: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) / Fundación Comisión Católica Argentina de Migraciones (FCCAM) [International Organization for Migration (IOM) / Argentine Catholic Migration Commission Foundation (FCCAM)].Google Scholar

Demel, E. 2013. Sprachinselminderheiten in Argentinien und der Provinz Llanquihue, Chile [Language Island Minorities in Argentina and the Province of Llanquihue, Chile]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Vienna.Google Scholar

Deutsche-Welle (n.d.) El alemañol del sur de Chile [The German from Southern Chile]. https://p.dw.com/p/1JzXI Google Scholar

Dittmann, M. L. 1992. El Criollo Sandresano, Lengua Y Cultura [Sandresan Creole, Language and Culture]. Cali: Universidad del Valle [Valley University].Google Scholar

Dittmann, M. L. 2008. El criollo sanandresano: lengua y cultura raizal en el Archipiélago de San Andrés [Creole from San Andres: Raizal Language and Culture in the Archipelago of San Andrés]. In Tello, C. (ed.), Lenguas y tradición oral, memorias IX encuentro para la promoción y difusión del patrimonio inmaterial de los países iberoamericanos [Languages and Oral Tradition, Memories IX Meeting for the Promotion and Dissemination of the Intangible Heritage of the Ibero-American Countries]. Bogotá: Corporación para la Promoción y Difusión de la Cultura, 138–159.Google Scholar

Doi, E. T. 2006. O ensino de japonês no Brasil como língua de imigração [Japanese Teaching in Brazil as an Immigration Language]. Estudos Lingüísticos [Linguistic Studies]. XXXV. Campinas, 66–75.Google Scholar

Drozdowska-Broering, I. 2016. De Sproak, det is miene kleine Heijmat. Mennonitengemeinden in Südbrasilien [The Language, that’s My Little Heijmat. Mennonite Communities in Southern Brazil]. Studia Germanica Gedanensia 35, 78–88.Google Scholar

Druszcz, A. M. 1984. O bilingüismo em Araucária: A interferência polonesa na fonologia portuguesa [Bilingualism in Araucária: Polish Interference in Portuguese Phonology]. Master’s thesis, Curitiba: Universidade Católica do Paraná [Catholic University of Paraná].Google Scholar

Dück, E. S. 2005. Witmarsum, uma comunidade trilíngüe: Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch e portuguęs [Witmarsum, a Trilingual Community: Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch and Portuguese]. Master’s thesis, Curitiba: Universidade Fedral de Paraná [Federal University of Paraná].Google Scholar

Dück, E. S. 2011. Vitalidade linguística do ‘Plautdietsch’ em contato com variedades ‘Standard’ faladas em comunidades menonitas no Brasil [Linguistic Vitality of “Plautdietsch” in Contact with “Standard” Varieties Spoken in Mennonite Communities in Brazil]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do [Federal University of] Rio Grande do Sul, Doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar

Dück, E. S. 2012. Vitalidad lingüística do Plautdietsch no Brasil [Linguistic Vitality of Plautdietsch in Brazil]. Anais do X Encontro do CELSUL – Círculo de Estudos Linguísticos do Sul UNIOESTE[Annals of the X CELSUL Meeting – Southern Linguistic Studies Circle UNIOESTE]. Cascavel: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná [State University of Western Paraná], 1–12.Google Scholar

Duffard, I. 2016. Del Caribe haitiano a la Argentina: Trayectorias de cuerpos en movilidad humana pos terremoto 2010 [From the Haitian Caribbean to Argentina: Trajectories of Bodies in Human Mobility after the 2010 Earthquake]. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. DGCIN (2013). Cooperación Sur-Sur: República Argentina. Catálogo de Proyectos [South-South Cooperation: Argentine Republic. Project Catalog].Google Scholar

Dupoux, E., Kakehi, K., Hirose, Y., Pallier, C., and Mehler, J.. 1999. Epenthetic Vowels in Japanese: A Perceptual Illusion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25(6), 1568–1578.Google Scholar

Dvorak, A. 2013. A Hidden Immigration: The Geography of Polish-Brazilian Cultural Identity. Doctoral dissertation, University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar

Elizaincín, A. 1973. Algunos aspectos de la sociolingüística del dialecto Fronterizo [Some Aspects of the Sociolinguistics of the Border Dialect]. Montevideo: Universidad de la República [University of the Republic].Google Scholar

Elizaincín, A. 1976. The Emergence of Bilingual Dialects on the Brazilian-Uruguayan Border. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 9, 123–134.Google Scholar

Elizaincín, A. 1979. Algunas precisiones sobre los dialectos portugueses en el Uruguay [Some Details about the Portuguese Dialects in Uruguay]. Montevideo: Universidad de la República [University of the Republic].Google Scholar

Elizaincín, A., Behares, L., and Barrios, G.. 1987. Nos falemo brasilero [Let’s Talk Brazilian]. Montevideo: Editorial Amesur.Google Scholar

Ferraz, A. P. 2007. O panorama lingüístico brasileiro: a coexistência de línguas minoritárias com o português [The Brazilian Linguistic Panorama: The Coexistence of Minority Languages with Portuguese]. Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa [Philology and Portuguese Linguistics] 9, 43–73.Google Scholar

Ferreira, J. A. S. 2009. The History and Future of Patuá in Paria: Report on Initial Language Revitalization Efforts for French Creole in Venezuela. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24(1), 139–158.Google Scholar

Ferreira, J. A. S. 2010. La historia y el futuro del patuá en Paria: Informe de los esfuerzos iniciales en la revitalización del criollo francés en Venezuela. Romanitas, lenguas y literaturas romances 4(2), 3–11. [See above reference for translation].Google Scholar

Ferreira, J. A. and Holbrook, D.. 2002. The Case of Some French-lexifier Creoles. La Torre: Revista de la Universidad de Puerto Rico [La Torre: Journal of the University of Puerto Rico] 7(25), 367–398.Google Scholar

Flórez, S. 2006. A Study of Language Attitudes in Two Creole-Speaking Islands: San Andres and Providence (Colombia). Ikala, Revista de lenguaje y cultura [Ikala, Journal of Language and Culture] 11(17), 119–147.Google Scholar

Fritzen, M. P. 2007. “Ich kann mein Name mit letra junta und letra solta schreib”: Deutsch-portugiesisches Code-Switching in einer Grundschule im südbrasilianischen Immigrationsgebiet [“I can write my name with letra junta and letra solta”: German-Portuguese Code Switching in a Primary School in the Immigration Region of Southern Brazil]. Pandaemonium Germanicum. Revista de Estudos Germanísticos 11, 125–156.Google Scholar

Fritzen, M. P. 2012. Desafios para a educação em contexto bilíngue (alemão/português) de língua minoritária [Challenges for Education in a Bilingual (German / Portuguese) Minority Language Context]. Educação Unisinos [Education Unisinos] 16(2), 161–168.Google Scholar

Fuchs, C. Y. M. 1996. Interferências fonológicas nos falantes bilingües do português e do japonês: fatores socio e psicolingüísticos [Phonological Interference in Portuguese and Japanese Bilingual Speakers: Socio and Psycholinguistic Factors]. Master’s thesis, Curitiba: Universidade Federal do [Federal University of] Paraná.Google Scholar

Fujiwara, E. Y. 2014. A criação de neologismos de base japonesa por falantes de português [The Creation of Japanese-Based Neologisms by Portuguese Speakers]. Master’s thesis, Três Lagoas: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul [Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul].Google Scholar

Gallero, M. C. 2005. Alemanes-brasileños en Misiones. Identidad en un contexto de frontera [Germans-Brazilians in Misiones. Identity in a Border Context]. Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Inmigración. Santa Fe [Proceedings IV Argentine Congress of Immigration]. Esperanza, Santa Fe: Asociación Amigos del Archivo General de la Provincia [Friends of the General Archive of the Province Association].Google Scholar

Gallero, M. C. 2009. Con la patria a cuestas: La inmigración alemana-brasileña en la Colonia Puerto Rico, Misiones [With the Homeland in Tow: German-Brazilian Immigration in Colonia Puerto Rico, Misiones]. Buenos Aires: Araucaria Editora.Google Scholar

Gallero, M. C. 2010. La territorialización de la germaneidad en los alemanes-brasileños de Misiones, Argentina [The territorialization of Germaneity in the German-Brazilians of Misiones, Argentina]. Iberoamericana (2001-), Nueva época, Año 10, No. 39 (Septiembre de 2010) [Iberoamericana (2001–), New epoch, Year 10, No. 39 (September 2010)], 77–103.Google Scholar

Gallero, M. C. 2018. La cartografía etnográfica: una metodología para el estudio del poblamiento de Misiones, Argentina [Ethnographic Cartography: A Methodology for the Study of the Settlement of Misiones, Argentina]. Vivência: Revista de Antropologia [Experience: Journal of Anthropology] 52, 13–37.Google Scholar

Gallero, M. C. and Krautstofl, E. M.. 2010. Proceso de poblamiento y migraciones en la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina: (1881–1970) [Process of Settlement and Migration in the Province of Misiones, Argentina: (1881–1970)]. Avá. Revista de Antropología [Avá. Journal of Anthropology] 16, 245–264.Google Scholar

Garcia, N. M. Z. 2009. Estudo linguístico-etnográfico em comunidade paranaense de imigrantes ucranianos: do passado ao presente [Linguistic-Ethnographic Study in a Paraná Community of Ukrainian Immigrants: from the Past to the Present]. Signum: Estudos da Linguagem [Signum: Language Studies] 12(1), 163–189.Google Scholar

Gerus, W. 1986. Ukrainians in Argentina: A Canadian Perspective. Journal of Ukrainian Studies 11(2), 3–18.Google Scholar

Gibo, L. E. 2014. O contato lingüístico na comunidade okinawana do Brasil e o portugus falado pelos okinawanos [Linguistic Contact in the Okinawan Community in Brazil and the Portuguese Spoken by the Okinawan People]. Encontros Lusófonos [Lusophone Meetings] 16, 5–20.Google Scholar

Godoy, G. G. 2011. O caso dos haitianos no Brasil e a via da proteção humanitária complementar [The Case of Haitians in Brazil and the Path of Complementary Humanitarian Protection]. In Ramos, A. de C., Rodrigues, G., and de Almeida, G. A. (eds.), 60 anos de [years of the] ACNUR. São Paulo: Editora CLA Cultural, 45–68.Google Scholar

Graham, R. 1997. Bay Islands English: Linguistic Contact and Convergence in the Western Caribbean. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.Google Scholar

Graham, R. 2005. Partial Creolization, Restructuring and Convergence in Bay Islands Englishes. English World-Wide 26(1), 43–76.Google Scholar

Graham, R. 2010. Honduras/Bay Islands English. In Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E., and Williams, J. (eds.), The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 92–135.Google Scholar

Graham, T. 2013. Jamaican Migration to Cuba: 1912–1940. Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Grau, P. C. 1994. 7: Italian Presence in Modern Venezuela: Socioeconomic Dimension and Geo‐cultural Changes, 1926–1990. Center for Migration Studies Special Issues 11(3), 152–172.Google Scholar

Guerrero Lacoste, C. 2017. Inmigrantes en una escuela multicultural en Santiago de Chile: estudio antropológico-lingüístico de representaciones sociales en torno a variedades lingüísticas en contacto/conflicto: un estudio exploratorio [Immigrants in a Multicultural School in Santiago de Chile: An Anthropological-Linguistic Study of Social Representations Around Linguistic Varieties in Contact / Conflict: An Exploratory Study]. Bachelor’s thesis Santiago: Universidad de [University of Chile].Google Scholar

Hannah, D. 1997. Copula Absence in Samaná English: Implications for Research on the Linguistic History of African-American Vernacular English. American Speech 72, 339–372.Google Scholar

Harris, T. 2018. The Welsh Language in Patagonia: Evolution and Adaptation. European Journal of Language Policy 10(2), 277–295.Google Scholar

Harwood, S. A. and Zapata, M.. 2006. Preparing to Plan: Collaborative Planning in Monteverde, Costa Rica. International Planning Studies 11(3–4), 187–207.Google Scholar

Hedges, K. L. 1997. “Plautdietsch” and “Huuchdietsch” in Chihuahua: Language, Literacy, and Identity among the Old Colony Mennonites in Northern Mexico. Doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar

Hernández Medina, J. J. 2004. Los Menonitas germanoparlantes en Paraguay: su lengua, literatura y forma de vida [The German-Speaking Mennonites in Paraguay: Their Language, Literature and Way of Life]. Almería: Universidad de [University of] Almería.Google Scholar

Herzfeld, A. 1980. Limon Creole and Panamanian Creole: Comparison and Contrast. Mid-America Linguistics Conference 218–242.Google Scholar

Herzfeld, A. 1994. Language and Identity: The Black Minority of Costa Rica. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 20(1), 113–142.Google Scholar

Herzfeld, A. 2003. El multilingüismo y la identidad de los afro-limonenses de Costa Rica [Multilingualism and the Identity of Afro-Limonenses in Costa Rica]. Memoria y sociedad [Memory and Society] 7(15), 165–175.Google Scholar

Herzfeld, A. 2004. Mekaytelyu: la lengua criolla de Limón [Mekaytelyu: the Creole language of Limón]. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de [of the University of] Costa RicaGoogle Scholar

Hipperdinger, Y. 1994. Usos lingüísticos de los Alemanes del Volga [Linguistic Uses of the Volga Germans]. Bahía Blanca: Universidad Nacional del Sur, Dpto. de Humanidades [National University of the South, Department of Humanities].Google Scholar

Hipperdinger, Y. 2015. Ethnic Revival: Actitudes, políticas y usos lingüísticos de los alemanes del Volga en la Argentina [Attitudes, Policies and Linguistic Uses of the Volga Germans in Argentina]. Lengua y migración/Language and Migration 7(2), 7–27.Google Scholar

Hipperdinger, Y. 2017. Las lenguas inmigratorias en la Argentina: El caso de los alemanes del Volga [Immigration Languages in Argentina: The Case of the Volga Germans]. Sociedad y Discurso [Society and Speech] 30, 92–114.Google Scholar

Höhmann, B. and Savedra, M. M. G.. 2011. Das Pommerische in Espírito Santo: Ergebnisse und Perspektiven einer soziolinguistischen Studie [The Pomeranian in Espírito Santo: Results and Perspectives of a Sociolinguistic Study]. Pandaemonium (São Paulo), no. 18, 283–300.Google Scholar

Holm, J. A. 1978. The Creole English of Nicaragua’s Miskito Coast: Its Sociolinguistic History and a Comparative Study of Its Lexicon and Syntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.Google Scholar

Howard, P. 2015. Black Labor, White Sugar: Caribbean Braceros and Their Struggle for Power in the Cuban Sugar Industry. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar

Huber, Alicia. 2010. Diversidad lingüística en una comunidad altoparanaense [Linguistic Diversity in an Alto Paraná Community]. Posadas: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones [Editorial of the National University of Misiones].Google Scholar

Inoa, O. 2005. Los cocolos en la sociedad dominicana [Cocolos in Dominican Society]. Santo Domingo: Helvetas.Google Scholar

Italiano-McGreevy, M. 2013. The Linguistic Experience of Italians in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1890–1914: Language Shift As Seen through Social Spaces. Doctoral dissertation, Temple University.Google Scholar

Jacobs, B. 2013. Research in Progress: Cuban and Samaná Haitian as Windows on Creole Genesis. JournaLIPP 2, 109–116.Google Scholar

Johnson, I. 2007. Subjective Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Welsh in the Chubut Province, Argentina. Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.Google Scholar

Johnson, I. 2009. How Green Is Their Valley? Subjective Vitality of Welsh Language and Culture in the Chubut Province, Argentina. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2009(195), 141–171.Google Scholar

Jones, L. 1993. La colonia galesa: historia de una Nueva Gales en el territorio del Chubut en la República Argentina, Sudamérica [The Welsh Colony: History of a New Wales in the Territory of Chubut in the Argentine Republic, South America]. Rawson, Chubut: Editorial El Regional.Google Scholar

Jones, V. N. and Sager, C. M.. 2001. Convergencia multilingüística en un campo lexical. El habla en una provincia de la Patagonia argentina: Chubut [Multilingual Convergence in a Lexical Field. He Speaks in a Province of Argentine Patagonia: Chubut]. Escritos: Revista del Centro de Ciencias del Lenguaje [Writings: Journal of the Language Science Center] 24, 85–97.Google Scholar

Justavino de López, N. 2008. Los dialectos de inglés en Panamá: un enfoque histórico, social y lingüístico [The Dialects of English in Panama: A Historical, Social and Linguistic Approach]. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas Universidad de Panamá [Journal of Social and Humanistic Sciences University of Panama] 10(2), 7–29.Google Scholar

Kanazawa, H. and Loveday, L.. 1988. The Japanese Immigrant Community in Brazil: Language Contact and Shift. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9, 423–435.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, G. 2007. The Verb Cluster in Mennonite Low German: A New Approach to an Old Topic. Linguistische Berichte 2007(210), 147–207.Google Scholar

Kiff, G. 2016. Welsh Language Project in Chubut: Annual Report 2015. Cardiff: British Council.Google Scholar

Klassen, J. 2016. The Politics of Pronunciation among German-Speaking Mennonites in Northern Mexico. In Dueck, J. and Reily, S. A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 208–227.Google Scholar

Kurzwelly, J. 2017. Being German and Being Paraguayan in Nueva Germania: Arguing for “Contextual Epistemic Permissibility” and “Methodological Complementarity.” Doctoral dissertation, University of St Andrews.Google Scholar

La Manna, C. 1967. El habla de los italianos en Venezuela [He Speaks of Italians in Venezuela]. Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación [University of Zulia, Faculty of Humanities and Education].Google Scholar

Ladilova, A. 2013. Kollektive Identitätskonstruktion in der Migration: Eine Fallstudie zur Sprachkontaktsituation der Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien [Collective Identity Construction in Migration: A Case Study on the Language Contact Situation of Volga Germans in Argentina]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Ladilova, A. 2015. Language and Identity of Migrants: The Role of the Heritage Language in the Process of Collective Identity Construction in a Migration Situation. Language and Dialogue 5(1), 176–193.Google Scholar

Lamy, D. S. 2012. A Variationist Account of Voice Onset Time among Bilingual West Indians in Panama. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.Google Scholar

Lara, C. C. and Battisti, E.. 2014. O Voice Onset Time das plosivas do português brasileiro em contato com o Hunsrückisch e seu desvozeamento variável [The Voice Onset Time of Brazilian Portuguese Stops in Contact with Hunsrückisch and Its Variable Deviation]. Fórum Linguístico [Linguistic Forum] 11(1), 39–50.Google Scholar

Lavandera, B. 1984. Variación y significado [Variation and Meaning]. Buenos Aires: Hachette.Google Scholar

Leão, P. B. 2007. Transmissão intergeracional do alemão em contato com o português em Vale Real – RS [Intergenerational Transmission of German in Contact with Portuguese in Vale Real – RS]. Master’s thesis, Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do [Federal University of] Rio Grande do Sul.Google Scholar

Lehr, J. C. and Cipko, S.. 2000. Contested Identities: Competing Articulations of the National Heritage of Pioneer Settlers in Misiones, Argentina. Prairie Perspectives: Geographical Essays 3, 165–180.Google Scholar

Lemke, C. K. 2010. A língua espanhola entre o português e o ucraniano: um estudo sobre a aprendizagem de terceiras línguas [The Spanish Language between Portuguese and Ukrainian: A Study on Third Language Learning]. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación [Journal of Ibero-American Education] 52, 1–11.Google Scholar

Leopoldino, E. A. 2009. A fala dos tiroleses de piracicaba: um perfil linguístico dos bairros Santana e Santa Olímpia [The Speech of the Piracicaba Tyroleans: A Linguistic Profile of the Santana and Santa Olímpia Neighborhoods]. Master’s thesis, São Paulo: Universidade de [University of] São Paulo.Google Scholar

Leopoldino, E. A. 2014. A fala dos tiroleses de piracicaba: um perfil linguístico dos bairros Santana e Santa Olímpia [The speech of the Piracicaba Tyroleans: A Linguistic Profile of the Santana and Santa Olímpia Neighborhoods]. Doctoral dissertation, São Paulo: Universidade de [University of] São Paulo.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2004a. El español de América y los contactos bilingües recientes: apuntes microdialectológicos [The Spanish of America and Recent Bilingual Contacts: Microdialectological Notes]. Revista Internacional de Lingüística iberoamericana [International Journal of Ibero-American Linguistics] 4, 89–103.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2004b. El español de América: los contactos bilingües [The Spanish of America: Bilingual Contacts]. In Cano, R. (ed.), Historia de la lengua Española [History of Spanish Language]. Barcelona: Ariel, 1117–1138.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2005. El español en el mundo: frutos del último siglo de contactos lingüísticos [Spanish in the World: Fruits of the Last Century of Linguistic Contacts]. In Ortiz López, L. and Lacorte, M. (eds.), Contactos y contextos lingüísticos: el español en los Estados Unidos y en contacto con otras lenguas [Contacts and Linguistic Contexts: Spanish in the United States and in Contact with other Languages]. Frankfurt and Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana, 29–53.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2007. El español de América en contacto con otras lenguas [The Spanish of America in Contact with other Languages]. In Lacorte, M. (ed.), Lingüística aplicada del español [Applied Spanish Linguistics]. Madrid: Arco Libros, 309–345.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2011a. Um caso de contato de fronteira: o sudoeste [A Case of Border Contact: The Southwest]. In Mello, H, Altenhofen, C., and Raso, T. (eds.), Os contatos linguísticos no Brasil [Linguistic Contacts in Brazil]. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 349–368.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2011b. Encontros lingüísticos fronteiriços [Border Linguistic Meetings]. Ideação 13(2), 83–100. Retrieved from http://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/ideacao/article/viewArticle/6109 Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2015. Portuguese/portuñol in Misiones, Argentina: Another Fronterizo? In Sessarego, S. and González, M. (eds.), New Perspectives on Hispanic Contact Linguistics. Frankfurt and Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana, 253–281.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2017. Portuguese or Portuñol? Language Contact in Misiones, Argentina. Journal of Linguistic Geography 4, 47–64.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2018. La interfaz portugués-castellano en Misiones, Argentina: zona de prueba para la alternancia de lenguas [The Portuguese-Spanish Interface in Misiones, Argentina: A Test Zone for the Alternation of Languages]. Estudios Filológicos [Philological Studies] 60, 169–190.Google Scholar

López, E. 2001: Lealtad lingüística en inmigrantes árabes e italianos [Linguistic Loyalty in Arab and Italian Immigrants]. Master’s thesis, Caracas: Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador [Libertador Experimental Pedagogical University].Google Scholar

Lownes, S. P. 2018. Johnny Joãozinho Reb: The Creation and Evolution of Confederate Identity in Brazil. Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Luersen, R. W. 2009. A situação de contato plurilíngue no sul do Brasil [The Plurilingual Contact Situation in Southern Brazil]. Visões. Revista Científica da Faculdade Salesiana Maria Auxiliadora [Visions. Scientific Journal of the Salesian Faculty Mary Saviour of Christians] 7, 70–87.Google Scholar

MacKay, C. 1984. The Veneto Dialect of Chipilo, México. Texas Linguistic Forum 23, 123–133.Google Scholar

MacKay, C. 1992. Language Maintenance in Chipilo: A Veneto Dialect in Mexico. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 96, 129–145.Google Scholar

MacKay, C. 1993. Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo [The Venetian Dialect of Segusino and Chipilo]. Cornuda, Treviso: Grafiche Antiga.Google Scholar

MacKay, C. 1995. A Veneto Lexicon: The Dialect of Segusino and Chipilo. Cornuda, Treviso: Grafiche Antiga.Google Scholar

Maia, I. C. da. 2004. Intercambios lingüísticos de frontera: incidencia el el hablar de los alumnos del profesorado en portugués de la UNAM [Border Language Exchanges: Incidence of Portuguese Speaking in Students and Teaching Staff of the UNAM]. Master’s thesis, Posadas: Universidad Nacional de [National University of] Misiones.Google Scholar

Malczewski, Z. 2010. Polonii Brazylijskiej Obraz Wlasny [The Polish Diaspora’s Self-Image]. Warsaw, Biblioteka Iberyjska.Google Scholar

Maltzahn, P. C. 2013. Construção e Formação da identidade étnica do imigrante alemão no Rio Grande do Sul (BRASIL): A Língua Alemã como marcador importante de etnicidade [Construction and Formation of the Ethnic Identity of the German Immigrant in Rio Grande do Sul (BRAZIL): The German Language as an Important Marker of Ethnicity]. Retrieved from www.abrapa.org.br/cd/pdfs/Maltzahn-S1-Paulo-korr.pdf Google Scholar

Martínez Ruíz, B. 1977. La colonización galesa en el Valle del Chubut [Welsh Colonization in the Chubut Valley]. Buenos Aires: Editorial Galerna.Google Scholar

Mase, Y. 1987. A língua japonesa dos imigrantes japoneses e seus descendentes no Brasil [The Japanese Language of Japanese Immigrants and their Descendants in Brazil]. Estudos Japoneses [Japanese Studies] 7, 137–146.Google Scholar

Masing, U. 1964. Foreign Agricultural Colonies in Costa Rica: An Analysis of Foreign Colonization in a Tropical Environment. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.Google Scholar

Matthews, A. 1995. Crónica de la colonia galesa de la Patagonia [Chronicle of the Welsh Colony of Patagonia]. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Alfonsina.Google Scholar

Maza Espinoza, C. M. and Santibáñez Gaete, G. P.. 2015. Ser niño haitiano (que no habla español) en una escuela chilena. Doctoral dissertation, Santiago: Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano [Being a Haitian Child (Who Does Not Speak Spanish) in a Chilean School. Santiago: University Academy of Christian Humanism].Google Scholar

Medeiros, R. D. N. 1982. American Brazilian English. American Speech 57, 150–152.Google Scholar

Menchaca, T. R. 2018. Migrantes haitianos en México: un nuevo escenario migratorio [Haitian Migrants in Mexico: A New Migration Scenario]. Huellas de la Migración [Traces of Migration] 3(6), 133–156.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1955a. Fenomeni lessicali dell’italiano rioplatense [Lexical Phenomena of Rioplatense Italian]. Lingua Nostra [Our Language] 16, 53–55.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1955b. Influenze dello spagnolo sull’italiano parlato nel Rio de la Plata [Influences of Spanish on Italian Spoken in the Rio de la Plata]. Lingua Nostra [Our Language] 16, 16–22.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1955c. Contaminazioni morfologiche nel cocoliche rioplatense [Morphological Contamination in the Copliche Rioplatense]. Lingua Nostra [Our Language], 16, 112–117.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1956. Interferenze sintattiche nel cocoliche rioplatense [Syntactic Interference in Cocoliche Rioplatense]. Lingua Nostra [Our Language] 17(54–59), 88–91.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1964. El [The] ‘Cocoliche’ Rioplatense. Boletín de filología [Bulletin of Philology] 16, 61–119.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1987. Lingue in contatto: interferenze fra veneto e spagnolo in Messico [Languages in Contact: Interference between Venetian and Spanish in Mexico]. In Meo Zilio, G. (ed.), Presenza, cultura, lingua e tradizioni dei veneti nel mondo, parte I: America Latina [Presence, Culture, Language and Traditions of the Venetians in the World, Part I: Latin America]. Regione Veneto [Veneto Region]: Centro Interuniverisario di Studi Veneti [Interuniverisary Center of Venetian Studies], 237–263.Google Scholar

Meo-Zilio, G. 1989. Estudios hispanoamericanos: temas lingüísticos [Hispanic American Studies: Language Issues]. Rome: Bulzoni.Google Scholar

Meyer, M. 2009. Deitsch ou deutsch? macroanálise pluridimensional da variação do hunsrückisch rio-grandense em contato com o português [Deitsch or deutsch? Multidimensional Macroanalysis of the Variation of Hunsrückisch Rio-Grandense in Contact with Portuguese]. Undergraduate thesis Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal de [Federal University of] Rio Grando do Sul.Google Scholar

Mezavila, A. 2008. Bilingüismo e as redes de comunicação na comunidade ucraniana de Cascavel [Bilingualism and Communication Networks in the Ukrainian Community of Cascavel]. Línguas e Letras [Languages and Letters] 9(17), 289–304.Google Scholar

Micolis, M. 1973. Une communauté allemande en Argentine: Eldorado (Problèmes d`intégration socio-culturelle) [A German Community in Argentina: Eldorado (Problems of Socio-cultural Integration)]. Quebec: Centre International de Recherches sur le Bilinguisme [International Center for Research on Bilingualism].Google Scholar

Ministry of Education. 1980. The Sunrise of the People. A Sandinista Education Workbook for Reading and Writing. Managua: Ministry of Education, National Literacy Crusade Heroes and Martyrs for Nicaragua’s Liberation.Google Scholar

Miodunka, W. 2003. Bilingwizm polsko-portugalski w Brazylii. [Polish-Portuguese Bilingualism in Brazil.] Krakow: Universitas.Google Scholar

Montgomery, M. and Melo, C. A.. 1990. The Phonology of the Lost Cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil. English World-Wide 11(2), 195–216.Google Scholar

Montgomery, M. and Melo, C. A.. 1995. The Language: The Preservation of Southern Speech among the Colonists. In Dawsey, C. B. and Dawsey, J. M. (eds.), The Confederados: Old South immigrants in Brazil. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 176–190.Google Scholar

Moraes, I. A. 2013. A imigração haitiana para o Brasil: causas e desafios [Haitian Immigration to Brazil: Causes and Challenges]. Conjuntura Austral [Southern Conjuncture] 4(20), 95–114.Google Scholar

Mota Acosta, J. C. 1977. Los cocolos en Santo Domingo [The Cocolos in Santo Domingo]. Santo Domingo: Editorial “La Gaviota.”Google Scholar

Nieto, C. 2014. Migración haitiana a Brasil: Redes migratorias y espacio social transnacional [Haitian Migration to Brazil: Migration Networks and Transnational Social Space]. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.Google Scholar

Ortiz López, L. 1998. Huellas etno-sociolingüísticas bozales y afrocubanas [Ethno-sociolinguistic Footprints of bozales and Afro-Cubans]. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar

Ortiz López, L. 1999a. El español haitiano en Cuba y su relación con el habla bozal [Haitian Spanish in Cuba and Its Relationship with Muzzle Speech]. In Zimmermann, K. (ed.), Lenguas criollos de base lexical española y portuguesa [Creole Languages of Spanish and Portuguese Lexical Base]. Frankfurt: Vervuert, 177–203.Google Scholar

Ortiz López, L. 1999b. La variante hispánica haitianizada en Cuba: otro rostro del contacto lingüístico en el Caribe [The Haitianized Hispanic Variation in Cuba: Another Face of Linguistic Contact in the Caribbean]. In Morales, A. (ed.), Estudios de lingüística hispánica: homenaje a María Vaquera [Hispanic Linguistics Studies: Tribute to María Vaquera]. Río Piedras: Editorial de la UPR, 428–456.Google Scholar

Ortiz López, L. 2001. El sistema verbal del español haitiano en Cuba: implicaciones para las lenguas en contacto en el Caribe [The Verbal System of Haitian Spanish in Cuba: Implications for Languages in Contact in the Caribbean]. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 20(2), 175–192.Google Scholar

Ortiz López, L. 2010. El español y el criollo haitiano: contacto lingüístico y adquisición de segunda lengua [Spanish and Haitian Creole: Linguistic Contact and Second Language Acquisition]. Frankfurt and Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.Google Scholar

Ostendorf, K. 2018. Zwischen Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch und Spanisch: Dreisprachigkeit von in Paraguay und Bolivien lebenden Mennoniten und ihre Auswirkung auf die spanische Lernersprache [Between Plautdietsch, Standard German and Spanish: Trilingualism of Mennonites Living in Paraguay and Bolivia and Their Impact on the Spanish Learner Language]. Doctoral dissertation, Bochum: Ruhr-Universität.Google Scholar

Ota, J. 2009. A língua falada nas comunidades rurais nipo-brasileiras do estado de São Paulo – considerações sobre koronia-go [The Language Spoken in Japanese-Brazilian Rural Communities in the State of São Paulo – Considerations about koronia-go]. Synergies Brésil [Brazilian Synergies] 7, 49–56.Google Scholar

Ota, J. and Gardenal, L. M. S.. 2006. As línguas japonesa y portuguesa em duas comunidades nipo-brasileiras: a relação entre os domínios e as gerações [Japanese and Portuguese Languages in Two Japanese-Brazilian Communities: The Relationship between Domains and Generations]. Estudos Lingüísticos [Linguistic Studies] 35, 1062–1071.Google Scholar

Parlato-Oliveira, E., Christophe, A., Hirose, Y., and Dupoux, E.. 2010. Plasticity of Illusory Vowel Perception in Brazilian-Japanese Bilingual. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127(6), 3738–3748.Google Scholar

Parsons, J. J. 1956. San Andrés and Providencia: English-Speaking Islands in the Western Caribbean. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Patat, A. (ed.) 2012. Vida nueva: la lingua e la cultura italiana in America Latina [New Life: The Language of Italian Culture in Latin America]. Macerata: Quodlibet.Google Scholar

Peres, E. P. 2011. Aspectos da imigração italiana no Espírito Santo: a língua e cultura do Vêneto em Araguaia [Aspects of Italian Immigration in Espírito Santo: The Language and Culture of Veneto in Araguaia]. Dimensões [Dimensions] 26, 44–59.Google Scholar

Pérez Gómez, R. 2018. Un caso de emigración cultural? Los sudistas confederados y el Brasil de su llegada (1860–1870) [A Case of Cultural Emigration? The Confederate Southerners and the Brazil of Their Arrival (1860–1870)]. Procesos Históricos [Historical Processes] 34, 88–106.Google Scholar

Pertile, M. T. 2009. O talian entre o italiano-padrão e o português brasileiro: manutenção e substituição no Alto Uruguai gaucho [Talian between Standard Italian and Brazilian Portuguese: Maintenance and Replacement in Alto Uruguai Gaúcho]. Doctoral dissertation, Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do [Federal University of] Rio Grande do Sul.Google Scholar

Pimentel, M. L. and Cotinguiba, G. C.. 2014. Wout, raketè, fwontyè, anpil mizè: reflexões sobre os limites da alteridade em relação à imigração haitiana para o Brasil [Wout, raketè, fwontyè, anpil mizè: Reflections on the Limits of otherness in Relation to Haitian Immigration to Brazil]. Universitas: Relações Internacionais [Universitas: International Relations] 12(1), 73–86.Google Scholar

Poplack, S. and Sankoff, D.. 1980. El inglés de Samaná y la hipótesis del origen criollo [The English of Samaná and the Hypothesis of the Creole Origin]. Boletín de la Academia Puertorriqueña [Bulletin of the Puerto Rican Academy] 8, 103–121.Google Scholar

Poplack, S. and Sankoff, D.. 1987. The Philadelphia Story in the Spanish Caribbean. American Speech 62(4), 291–314.Google Scholar

Portilla, M. 1997. Tiempo-aspecto-modo en el criollo inglés de Costa Rica [Time-Aspect-Mode in the English Creole of Costa Rica]. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 23(2), 161–172.Google Scholar

Prytz Nilsson, L. S. 2011. Planificación y gestión del programa de educación intercultural bilingüe de frontera en el Mercosur educativo: su aplicación en la provincia de Misiones [Planning and Management of the Border Bilingual Intercultural Education Program in the Educational Mercosur: Its Application in the Province of Misiones]. Ideação [Ideation] 13(2), 21–32.Google Scholar

Puig Ortiz, J. A. 1978. Emigración de libertos norteamericanos a Puerto Plata en la primera mitad del siglo XIX [Emigration of North American Freedmen to Puerto Plata in the First Half of the 19th Century]. Santo Domingo: Editorial Alfa y Omega.Google Scholar

Putnam, M. T. and Lipski, J.. 2016. Null Arguments in Transitional Trilingual Grammars: Field Observations from Misionero German. Multilingua 35(1), 85–104.Google Scholar

Putnam, M. T. and Schwarz, L.. 2014. How Interrogative Pronouns Can Become Relative Pronouns: The Case of Was in Misionero German. STUF-Language Typology and Universals 67(4), 613–625.Google Scholar

Reygadas, C. 2007. Luz silenciosa/Silent Light/Stellet Licht, co-produced by J. Romandia. DVD edition New York: Palisades Tartan, 2009.Google Scholar

Rhys, W. C. 2000. La Patagonia que canta: memorias de la colonización galesa [The Patagonia That Sings: Memories of the Welsh Colonization]. Buenos Aires: Emecé.Google Scholar

Rodrigues, C. V. 2009. Bilinguismo no Espírito Santo: reflexos no português de adultos e crianças [Bilingualism in Espírito Santo: Reflexes in Portuguese of Adults and Children]. Signum: Estudos da Linguagem [Signum: Language Studies] 12(1), 293–316.Google Scholar

Rodríguez Demorizi, E. 1945. Samaná, pasado y porvenir [Samaná, Past and Future]. Ciudad Trujillo [Santo Domingo]: Montalvo.Google Scholar

Rojas Marquez, I. 2013. Launa-Deutsch. Sprachkontakt und die Verwendung der deutschen Sprache in Chile [Launa German. Language Contact and the Use of the German Language in Chile]. Munich: GRIN Verlag.Google Scholar

Rojas Pedemonte, N., Amode, N., and Vásquez, J.. 2017. Migración haitiana hacia Chile: origen y aterrizaje de nuevos proyectos migratorios [Haitian Migration to Chile: Origin and Landing of New Migration Projects]. In Rojas Pedemonte, N. and Koechlin, J. (eds.), Migración haitiana hacia el sur andino [Haitian Migration to the Southern Andes]. Lima: Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, 65–172.Google Scholar

Rolando, G. 1996. My Footsteps in Baraguá. Havana: Mundo Latino [film].Google Scholar

Romani, P. 1992. Conservación del idioma en una comunidad italo-mexicana [Language Preservation in an Italian-Mexican Community]. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia [National Institute of Anthropology and History].Google Scholar

Rosell, A. 1970. Cocoliche. Montevideo: Distribuidora Ibana.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, P. 2002. Deutsche Minderheiten in Lateinamerika [German Minorities in Latin America]. In Donato, H., Kutschat, R. S. G., and Tiemann, J. (eds.), Institut Martius-Staden Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2001–2002, Nr. 49. São Paulo: Instituto Martius-Staden, 9–50.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, P. 2003a, Vergleichende Sprachinselforschung: Sprachwandel in deutschen Sprachinseln in Russland und Brasilien [Comparative Language Island Research: Language Change in German Language Islands in Russia and Brazil]. In Hentschel, E. (ed.), Particulae collectae. Festschrift für Harald Weydt zum 65. Geburtstag [Particulae Collectae. Festschrift for Harald Weydt on his 65th Birthday] (= LinguistikOnline 13, 1/03). Frankfurt: Europa-Universität Viadrina, Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften [European University Viadrina, Faculty of Cultural Studies], 273–323. Retrieved from https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/issue/view/205 Google Scholar

Rosenberg, P. 2003b. Comparative Speech Island Research: Some Results from Studies in Russia and Brazil. In Keel, W. and Mattheier, K. J. (eds.), Deutsche Sprachinseln weltweit: Interne und externe Perspektiven. German Language Varieties Worldwide: Internal and External Perspectives. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 199–238.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, P. 2012. Regularität und Irregularität in der Kasusmorphologie deutscher Sprachinselvarietäten (Russland, Brasilien) [Regularity and Irregularity in the Case Morphology of German Language Island Varieties (Russia, Brazil)]. In Köpcke, K.-M. and Bittner, A. (eds.), Regularität und Irregularität in Phonologie und Morphologie [Regularity and Irregularity in Phonology and Morphology]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 177–217.Google Scholar

Rost, C. A. 2008. A identidade do teuto-brasileiro na região sul do Brasil [The Identity of the German-Brazilian in the Southern Region of Brazil]. Interdisciplinar-Revista de Estudos em Língua e Literatura, Ano 3 [Interdisciplinary-Journal of Studies in Language and Literature, Year 3] 5(5), 215–234.Google Scholar

Saiki, R. A. U. 2013. Esboço sobre o ritmo do português-brasileiro / japonês: um estudo experimental [Sketch on the Rhythm of Brazilian Portuguese / Japanese: An Experimental Study]. Undergraduate thesis, Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de [ Federal University of] Santa Catarina.Google Scholar

Saito, C. N. I. 2011. O imigrante e a imigração japonesa no Brasil e no Estado de Goiás [The Immigrant and Japanese Immigration in Brazil and in the State of Goiás]. Revista UFG [UFG Journal] 13(10), 57–61.Google Scholar

Salgado Reyes, N. 2011. Migración palenquera a la ciudad de Cartagena: 1960–2000 [Palenquera migration to the city of Cartagena: 1960–2000]. Undergraduate thesis, Universidad de [University of] Cartagena.Google Scholar

Salinas, P. I., Nevárez, M. O. T., Piñón, F. A. P., and Torres, A. H.. 2014. La identidad cultural de los menonitas mexicanos [The Cultural Identity of Mexican Mennonites]. IE Revista de Investigación Educativa de la REDIECH [IE Journal of Educational Research of REDIECH] 5(9), 69–76.Google Scholar

Sánchez Avendaño, C. 2014. “Ticos auténticos … que no hablan español” Ideologías sobre las lenguas minoritarias y la diversidad lingüística de Costa Rica ["Authentic Ticos ... Who Do Not Speak Spanish" Ideologies on Minority Languages and Linguistic Diversity in Costa Rica]. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 39(2), 191–218.Google Scholar

Sánchez Guerra, J. 2004. Los anglo-caribeños en Guantánamo, 1902–1950 [The Anglo-Caribbean in Guantánamo, 1902–1950]. Guantánamo: Editorial El Mar y la Montaña.Google Scholar

Santos, F. N. Z. P. and Vasconcelos, T. M.. 2016. Venezuelanos no Brasil: da crise econômica para a crise política e midiática [Venezuelans in Brazil: From the Economic Crisis to the Political and Media Crisis]. XVII Encontro de História da Anpuh-Rio [XVII Anpuh-Rio History Meeting] 1–16.Google Scholar

Santos, M. E. P. 2004. O cenario multilingue, multidialetal, multicultura de fronteira e o processo identitario brasiguaio na escola e no entorno social [The Multilingual, Multidialetal, Multicultural Frontier Scenario and the Brazilian Identity Process at School and in the Social Environment]. Doctoral dissertation, Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas [Campinas State University].Google Scholar

Santos, M. E. P. 2008. Identidades híbridas, língua (gens) provisórias–alunos “brasiguaios” em foco [Hybrid Identities, Provisional Language (Genes) – “Brasiguaio” Students in Focus]. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada [Applied Linguistics Employment] 47(2), 429–446.Google Scholar

Sartor, M. and Ursini, F.. 1983. Cent’anni di emigrazione: una comunita veneta sugli altipiani del Messico [One Hundred Years of Emigration: A Venetian Community on the Mexican Highlands]. Cornuda, Treviso: Grafiche Antiga.Google Scholar

Schaeffer, S. C. B. 2012. Descrição fonetica e fonológica do pomerano falado no Espírito Santo [Phonetic and Phonological Description of the Pomeranian Spoken in Espírito Santo]. Master’s thesis, Vitória: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo [Federal University of Espirito Santo].Google Scholar

Schaumloeffel, M. A. 2003. Estudo da interferência do português da variedade dialetal Hunsrück falada em Boa Vista do Herval [Study of Portuguese Interference in the Hunsrück Dialectal Variety Spoken in Boa Vista do Herval]. Master’s thesis, Curutiba: Universidade Federal de Paraná [Federal University of Paraná].Google Scholar

Schirp, Kerstin E. 2001. Die Wochenzeitung “Semanario Israelita”: Sprachrohr der Deutsch-jüdischen Emigranten in Argentinien [The Weekly Newspaper “Semanario Israelita”: Mouthpiece for German-Jewish Emigrants in Argentina]. Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar

Schissatti, L. C. S. 2014. Interrogativas – WH no dialeto trentino de Rodeio [Interrogatives – WH in the Trentino Dialect of Rodeio]. Doctoral dissertation, Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina [Federal University of Santa Catarina].Google Scholar

Schneider, M. N. 2012. A manutenção do Hunsrückisch e do pomerano e o ensino de alemão em comunidades teuto-brasileiras no Rio Grande do Sul [Maintaining Hunsrückisch and Pomeranians and Teaching German in German-Brazilian Communities in Rio Grande do Sul]. Anais do X Encontro do CELSUL – Círculo de Estudos Linguísticos do Sul UNIOESTE [Annals of the 10th CELSUL Meeting – Linguistic Studies Circle of the South UNIOESTE]. Cascavel: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 1–15.Google Scholar

Semechechem, J. 2016. O multilinguismo na escola: práticas linguísticas uma comunidade de imigração ucraniana no Paraná [Multilingualism At School: Linguistic Practices in a Ukrainian Immigration Community in Paran]. Maringá: Universidade Estadual de Maringá [State University of Maringá], doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar

Sharpe, M. S. 1997. A Case Study of Language Shift in Progress in Port Limon, Costa Rica. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 23(1), 225–234.Google Scholar

Sharpe, M. S. 1998. Language Attitudes of Limon Creole Speakers. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 24(1), 101–112.Google Scholar

Silva, F. R. de. 2010. A educação alemã na colônia riograndense [German Education in the Rio Grande do Norte Colony]: 1922–1938 (Maracaí/Cruzália-SP). Master’s thesis, São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP de Presidente Prudente [Paulista State University UNESP of Presidente Prudente].Google Scholar

Silva, S. A. D. 2005. A migração dos símbolos: diálogo intercultural e processos identitários entre os bolivianos em São Paulo [The Migration of Symbols: Intercultural Dialogue and Identity Processes among Bolivians in São Paulo]. São Paulo em perspectiva [São Paulo in Perspective] 19(3), 77–83.Google Scholar

Silva, S. A. D. 2006. Bolivianos em São Paulo: entre o sonho e a realidade [Bolivians in São Paulo: Between Dream and Reality]. Estudos avançados [Advanced Studies] 20(57), 157–170.Google Scholar

Silveira, A. 2014. Ingleses y escocesess en Buenos Aires: movimientos poblacionales, integración y prácticas asociativas (1800–1880) [English and Scots in Buenos Aires: Population Movements, Integration and Associative Practices (1800–-1880)]. Doctoral thesis, Buenos Aires: Universidad de [University of] San Andrés.Google Scholar

Simai, S. and Baeninger, R.. 2012. Discurso, negação e preconceito: bolivianos em São Paulo [Discourse, Denial and Prejudice: Bolivians in São Paulo]. In Baeninger, R. (ed.), Imigração boliviana no Brasil [Bolivian Immigration in Brazil]. Campinas: NEPO/UNICAMP, 195–210.Google Scholar

Simões, G. da F. (ed.) 2017. Perfil Sociodemográfico e Laboral da Imigração Venezuelana no Brasil [Sociodemographic and Labor Profile of Venezuelan Immigration in Brazil]. Curitiba: Editora CRV.Google Scholar

Smith, E. V. 1989. A Merging of Two Cultures: The Afro-Hispanic Immigrants of Samaná, Dominican Republic. Afro-Hispanic Review 8(1–2), 9–14.Google Scholar

Smith, R. J. 1979. The Ethnic Japanese in Brazil. Journal of Japanese Studies 5(1), 53–70.Google Scholar

Snow, P. 2000. The Case for Diglossia on the Panamanian Island of Bastimentos. Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages 15(1), 165–169.Google Scholar

Snow, P. 2007. Vernacular Shift: Language and the Built Environment in Bastimentos, Panama. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 14(1–2), 161–182.Google Scholar

Souchaud, S. 2010. A imigração boliviana em São Paulo [Bolivian Immigration in São Paulo]. In Ferreira, A. P., Vainer, C., Póvoa Neto, H., and Santos, M. de O. (eds.), Deslocamentos e reconstruções da experiência migrante [Displacements and Reconstructions of the Migrant Experience]. Paris: Garamond, 267–290.Google Scholar

Souchaud, S. and Baeninger, R.. 2008. Collas e cambas do outro lado da fronteira: aspectos da distribuição diferenciada da imigração boliviana em Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul [Collas and Cambas across the Border: Aspects of the Different Distribution of Bolivian Immigration in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul]. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População [Brazilian Journal of Population Studies] 25(2), 271–286.Google Scholar

Souza, A. C. 2014. Crenças e atitudes lingüísticas: a língua alemã, a língua portuguesa e o Brasildeutsch [Linguistic Beliefs and Attitudes: German, Portuguese and Brasildeutsch]. III CIELLI: Colóquio de Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, agosto 2014 (1–12). Anais electrónicos [Colloquium on Linguistic and Literary Studies, State University of Maringá, August 2014 (pp. 1–12). Electronic Proceedings] ISSN 2177-6350. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0BzcWVyuWkVVklBdkIwQ1dTWXc/view Google Scholar

Stößlein, H. 2009. Deutsch-spanischer Sprachkontakt am Rio de la Plata: eine Untersuchung am Korpus deutsch-argentinischer Zeitungssprache [German-Spanish Language Contact on the Rio de la Plata: An Investigation into the Corpus of German-Argentine Newspaper Language] (Vol. 3). Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.Google Scholar

Sturza, E. R. 1994. O espanhol do cotidiano e o espanhol da escola: um estudo de caso na fronteira Brasil-Argentina [Everyday Spanish and School Spanish: A Case Study on the Brazil-Argentina Border]. Master’s thesis, Santa Maria: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria [Federal University of Santa Maria].Google Scholar

Suda, J. R. and de Souza, L.. 2006. Identidade social em movimento: a comunidade japonesa na Grande Vitória (ES) [Social Identity on the Move: The Japanese Community in Grande Vitória (ES)]. Psicologia & Sociedade [Psychology & Society] 18(2), 72–80.Google Scholar

Sumonte, V., Sanhueza, S., Friz, M., and Morales, K.. 2018. Inmersión lingüística de comunidades haitianas en Chile: Aportes para el desarrollo de un modelo comunicativo intercultural [Linguistic Immersion of Haitian Communities in Chile: Contributions for the Development of an Intercultural Communicative Model]. Paples de Trabajo 35, 68–79. Rosario: Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Etnolingüística y Antropología Socio-Cultural [National University of Rosario, Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Ethnolinguistics and Socio-Cultural Anthropology].Google Scholar

Suzuki, T. 1986. As expressões de tratamento da língua japonesa no Brasil: uso e processo de aculturação [Japanese Language Treatment Expressions in Brazil: Use and Acculturation Process]. Estudos Japoneses [Japanese Studies] 6, 89–154.Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. A. 1991. A Matter of Time: Past Temporal Reference Verbal Structures in Samana English and the Ex-Slave Recordings. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. A. 1997. Obsolescence in the English Perfect? Evidence from Samaná English. American Speech 72, 33–68.Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, S. and Poplack, S.. 1988. How Black English Past Got to the Present: Evidence from Samaná. Language in Society 17(4), 513–533.Google Scholar

Tejeda Ortiz, D. (ed.) 1984. Cultura y folklore en Samaná [Culture and Folklore in Samaná]. Santo Domingo: Editorial Alfa y Omega.Google Scholar

Thomas-Brereton, L. C. 1994. An Exploration of Panamanian Creole English: Some Syntactic, Lexical and Sociolinguistic Features. Doctoral dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar

Toledo Vega, G. 2016. Propuesta didáctica para la enseñanza de español como segunda lengua a inmigrantes haitianos en Chile [Didactic Proposal for Teaching Spanish as a Second Language to Haitian Immigrants in Chile]. Lengua y Migración [Language and Migration] 8(1), 81–103.Google Scholar

Tomita, A. G. S. and Santiago, G.. 2004. As Novas Religiões Japonesas como instrumento de transmissão de cultura japonesa no Brasil [The New Japanese Religions as an Instrument for Transmitting Japanese Culture in Brazil]. Revista de Estudos da Religião [Journal of Religious Studies] 3, 88–102.Google Scholar

Ursini, F. 1983. Trevigiani in Messico: riflessi linguistici di una dialettica tra conservazione ed assimilazione [Trevigiani in Mexico: Linguistic Reflections of a Dialectic between Conservation and Assimilation]. In Cortelazzo, M. (ed.), Guida ai dialetti veneti 5 [Guide to Venetian dialects 5]. Padova [Padua]: CLEUP, 73–84.Google Scholar

Usarski, F. 2008. Declínio do budismo “amarelo” no Brasil [Decline of "Yellow" Buddhism in Brazil]. Tempo Social: revista de sociologia da USP [Tempo Social: Sociology Journal of USP] 20(2), 133–153.Google Scholar

Vandresen, P. (ed.) 2006. Variação, mudança e contato lingüístico no português da região sul [Variation, Change and Linguistic Contact in Southern Portuguese]. Pelotas: EDUCAT.Google Scholar

Vandresen, P. and Corrêa, A. R.. 2008. O bilingüismo Pomerano-Português na região de Pelotas [Pomeranian-Portuguese Bilingualism in the Pelotas Region]. In Roncarati, C. and Abraçado, J. (eds.), Português brasileiro II: contato linguístico, heterogeneidade e história [Brazilian Portuguese II: Linguistic Contact, Heterogeneity and History]. Niterói, EdUFF, 39–51.Google Scholar

Vásquez, T., Busse, E., and Izaguirre, L.. 2014. La migración haitiana en Perú y su tránsito hacia Brasil [Haitian Migration in Peru and Its Transit to Brazil]. La migración haitiana hacia Brasil: características, oportunidades y desafíos [Haitian Migration to Brazil: Characteristics, Opportunities and Challenges]. Buenos Aires: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), Cuadernos Migratorios No. 6 [International Organization for Migration (IOM), Migratory Notebooks No. 6], 83–105.Google Scholar

Vieira, M. M. 2010. Para um estudo das influências fonológicas do italiano no português falado na cidade de São Paulo [For a Study of the Phonological Influences of Italian in Portuguese Spoken in the City of São Paulo]. Master’s thesis, São Paulo: Universidade de [University of] São Paulo.Google Scholar

Virkel, A. E. 1999. Contactos lingüísticos en Trelew. El bilingüismo español-galés [Linguistic Contacts in Trelew. Spanish-Welsh Bilingualism]. Anclajes 3(3), 123–139.Google Scholar

Virkel, A. E. 2000. El español hablado en Chubut: aportes para la definición de un perfil sociolingüístico [The Spanish Spoken in Chubut: Contributions to the Definition of a Sociolinguistic Profile]. Doctoral dissertation, Valladolid: Universidad de [University of] Valladolid.Google Scholar

Walcot, N. 1998. Los Cocolos. Santo Domingo: Consejo Presidencial de Cultura, Instituto Dominicano de Folklore, Editora Alfa y Omega [Presidential Council of Culture, Dominican Institute of Folklore, Editora Alfa y Omega].Google Scholar

Warantz, E. 1986. The Bay Islands English of Honduras. In Holm, J. (ed.), Central American English. Heidelberg: Julios Groos Verlag, 71–94.Google Scholar

Watts, Keith. 1999. English Maintenance in Costa Rica? The Case of Bilingual Monteverde. Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar

Weaver, B. H. C. 1961. Confederate Emigration to Brazil. The Journal of Southern History 27, 33–53.Google Scholar

Winkler, E. G. 2000. Cambio de códigos en el criollo limonense [Change of Codes in Limonense Creole]. Revista de filología y lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Journal of Philology and Linguistics of the University of Costa Rica] 26(1), 189–196.Google Scholar

Wolff, L. K. 2017. Die Entwicklung und aktuelle Lage der deutschen Sprache und der deutschstämmigen Minderheit in Chile. Das” Launa”-Deutsch [The Development and Current Situation of the German Language and the Ethnic German Minority in Chile. The “Launa” German]. Munich: GRIN VerlagGoogle Scholar

Zago Bronca, J. A. 1982. Breve historia de la fundación de Chipilo [Brief History of the Founding of Chipilo]. Chipilo, Puebla: Imprenta Venecia.Google Scholar

Zamarreño, S. A. 2018. La lengua galesa y su mantenimiento en Chubua: el Eisteddfod en el marco del dominio de las actividades culturales [The Welsh Language and Its Maintenance in Chubua: The Eisteddfod within the Framework of the Domain of Cultural Activities]. E-AESLA 4, 331–338.Google Scholar

Ziebur, U. 2000. Die soziolinguistische Situation von Chilenen deutscher Abstammung [The Sociolinguistic Situation of Chileans of German Descent]. Linguistik Online, 7. Retrieved from https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/download/987/1646?inline=1 Google Scholar

Zilli Manica, J. B. 1981. Italianos en México: documentos para la historia de los colonos italianos en México [Italians in Mexico: Documents for the History of Italian Settlers in Mexico]. Xalapa: Ediciones San José.Google Scholar

Zilli Manica, J. B. 1997. La Villa Luisa de los italianos: un proyecto liberal [The Villa Luisa of the Italians: A Liberal Project]. Xalapa: Universidad [University] Veracruzana.Google Scholar

Zilli Manica, J. B. 1998. La estanzuela: historia de una cooperativa agrícola de italianos en México [La Estanzuela: History of an Italian Agricultural Cooperative in Mexico]. Xalapa: Editora del Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz-Llave [Editor of the Government of the State of Veracruz-Llave].Google Scholar

Zimmer, M., Bandeira, M., and Blank, C. A.. 2009. A dinâmica do multilingüismo na transferência de padrões de aspiração de obstruintes iniciais entre o pomerano (L1), o português (L2) e o inglês (L3) [The Dynamics of Multilingualism in the Transfer of Aspiration Patterns of Initial Obstruents between Pomeranian (L1), Portuguese (L2) and English (L3)]. In Borba, V., Carvalho, M. L. G. C., and Lima, G. O. S. (eds.), Contribuições para a pesquisa em linguística nas diferentes áreas: partilhando reflexões e resultados [Contributions to Linguistic Research in Different Areas: Sharing Reflections and Results]. Maceió: EDUFAL, 57–72.Google Scholar

Zimmer, T. 2007. La expresión de la identidad lingüística y cultural en el caribe costarricense [The Expression of Linguistic and Cultural Identity in the Costa Rican Caribbean]. Signo y seña [Sign and Signal] 18, 139–168.Google Scholar

Zubaran, M. A. 1994. Os teuto-rio-grandenses, a escravidão e as alforrias [Teuto-rio-grandenses, Slavery and Manumission]. In Mauch, C. and Vasconcellos, N. (eds.), Os alemães no sul do Brasil: cultura-etnicidade-história [Germans in Southern Brazil: Culture-Ethnicity-History]. Porto Alegre: Ulbra, 65–74.Google Scholar

Book contents

13 - Heritage Languages in South America

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive