Abramovitz, M. 1986. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History 46(2): 385–406.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, D., Ticchi, D., and Vindigni, A.. 2006. Emergence and Persistence of Inefficient States. Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper 1278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aiginger, K. 2007. Industrial policy: A dying breed or a re-emerging phoenix. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 7 (3–4): 297–323.Google Scholar

Aiginger, K. 2012. A Systemic Industrial Policy to Pave a New Growth Path for Europe, WIFO WP. 421.Google Scholar

Albuquerque, E. 2003. Immature Systems of Innovation. Belo Horizonte: UNMG, CEDEPLAR, Working Paper.Google Scholar

Amsden, A. 2001. The Rise of the Rest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amsden, A. and Chu, W.. 2003. Beyond Late Development: Taiwan’s Upgrading Policies. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arocena, R. and Sutz, J.. 2000. Looking at national systems of innovation from the South. Industry and Innovation 7(1): 55–75.Google Scholar

Arocena, R. and Sutz, J.. 2002. Innovation Systems and Developing Countries. Aalborg: Aalborg University, Druid WP.Google Scholar

Ata, B. 2000. The influence of an American educator on the Turkish educational system, in Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Volume XXXI, Ankara: University of Ankara.Google Scholar

Azam, M. and Bhatt, V.. 2015. Like father, like son, Intergenerational educational mobility in India. Demography 52(1): 1929–1959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barro, R. 1991. A cross-country study of growth, saving, and government, in Bernheim, B. D. and Sholen, J. B. (eds.), National Savings and Economic Performance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 271–304.Google Scholar

Bielschowsky, R. 2009. Sixty years of ECLAC: structuralism and neo-structuralism. CEPAL Review 97: 171–192.Google Scholar

Breschi, S. and Malerba, F. 1997. Sectoral innovation systems: Technological regimes, Schumpeterian dynamics, and spatial boundaries, in Edquist, C (ed.), Systems Of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Bruton, H. J. 1998. A reconsideration of import substitution. Journal of Economic Literature 32(6): 902–936.Google Scholar

Carlsson, B., Jacobsso, S., Holmen, M. and Rickne, A. 2002. Innovation systems: analytical and methodological issues. Research Policy 31(2): 233–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, H. 1998. The role of institutions in Asian development. Asian Development Review 16(2): 64–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charron, N. L., Apuente, V. and Rothstein, B. 2011. Measuring Quality of Government and Sub-National Variation. Report for the European Commission of Regional Development. European Commission Directorate-General Regional Policy Directorate Policy Development, Brussels.Google Scholar

Chen, S.-H. and Lin, W. T.. 2015. The dynamic role of universities in developing an emerging sector: a case study of the biotechnology sector, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, (article in press).Google Scholar

Cho, W., Im, T., Porumbescu, G. A., Lee, H. and Park, J.. 2013. A cross-country study of the relationship between Weberian bureaucracy and government performance. International Review of Public Administration 18(3): 115–137.Google Scholar

Cigler, B. A. 1990. Public administration and the paradox of professionalization. Public Administration Review 50(6): 637–653.Google Scholar

Cimoli, M., Dosi, G. and Stiglitz, J. E. (eds.). 2009. Industrial Policy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cline, W. 1982. Can the East Asian model of development be generalized? World Development 10(2): 81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. 1998. The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

, C., Lapuente, V., and Teorell, J.. 2012. The merit of meritocratization. Political Research Quarterly 65(3): 656–68.Google Scholar

Edquist, C. 1997. Systems of innovation approaches – their emergence and characteristics, in Edquist, C. (ed.), Systems of Innovation. London: Pinter, 1–35.Google Scholar

Edquist, C. 2005. Systems of innovation, in Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D. C., and Nelson, R. R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 181–208.Google Scholar

Edquist, C., and Hommen, L. 1999. Systems of innovation: Theory and policy for the demand side. Technology in Society 21: 63–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, J. R. 2011. Professionalizing the British central bureaucracy: The accounting dimension. J. Account. Public Policy 30: 217–235.Google Scholar

Einsenstein, E. 2015. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (3rd edition).Google Scholar

Emran, M. S. and Shilpi, F.. 2015. Gender, geography and generations: Intergenerational educational mobility in India. World Development 72(1): 362–380.Google Scholar

Ernst, 2002. Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. Implications for developing countries. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 11(6): 497–523, DOI: 10.1080/10438590214341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, P. 1989. Predatory, developmental and other apparatuses: A comparative political economy perspective on the Third World state. Sociological Forum 4(4): 561–587.Google Scholar

Evans, P. and Rauch, J. E.. 1999. Bureaucracy and growth; a cross-national analysis of the effects of “Weberian” state structures on economic growth. American Sociological Review 64: 748–765.Google Scholar

Feldman, M. and Audretsch, D.. 1999. Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review 43: 409–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foray, D. 2015. Smart Specialization. Opportunities and Challenges for Regional Innovation Policy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1987. Technology Policy and Economic Performance. London: Pinter.Google Scholar

Fu, X. 2015. China’s Path to Innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giuliani, E., Petrobelli, C. and Rabellotti, R.. 2005. Upgrading in global value chains: Lessons from Latin American clusters. World Development 33(4): 549–573.Google Scholar

Hamburger, P. 2014. Is Administrative Lw Unlawful? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirschman, A. 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hobday, M. 1995. Innovation in East Asia: diversity and development. Technovation 15(2): 55–63.Google Scholar

Intarakumnerd, P. and Chaminade, C.. 2011. Innovation policies in Thailand: Towards a system of innovation approach? Asia Pacific Business Review 17(2): 241–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, C. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, L. 1997. Imitation to Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

Kravtsova, V. and Radosevic, S.. 2012. Are systems of innovation in Eastern Europe efficient? Economic Systems 36: 109–126.Google Scholar

Kuran, T. 2004a. Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kuran, T. 2004b. Why the Middle East is economically underdeveloped: Historical mechanisms of institutional stagnation. Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(3): 71–90.Google Scholar

Landes, D. S. 1998. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar

Lee, J. 1997. The maturation and growth of infant industries: The case of Korea. World Development 25(8): 1271–1281.Google Scholar

Lee, K. and Lim, C.. 2001. Technological regimes, catch-up and leapfrogging: Findings from the Korean industries, Research Policy, 30: 459–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, K. (2014): Schumpeterian Analysis of Technological Catch-up, Cambridge U. Press.Google Scholar

Lemola, T. 2012. Convergence of national science and technology policies: The case of Finland. Research Policy 31: 1481–1490.Google Scholar

List, F. 1841. Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie. Stuttgart/Tübingen: Cotta Verlag.Google Scholar

Liu, X. and White, S.. 2001. Comparing innovation systems: A framework and application to China’s transitional context. Research Policy 30: 1091–1114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lundvall, B. A. 2007. National innovation systems—analytical concept and development tool. Industry and Innovation 14: 95–119.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B. A., Joseph, K. J., Chaminade, C., and Vang, J.. 2011. Handbook of Innovation Systems in Developing Countries. Cheltenham: Elgar.Google Scholar

Metcalfe, B. D. 2011. Women empowerment and development in Arab Gulf states: A critical appraisal of governance, culture and national human resource development (HRD) frameworks. Human Resource Development International 14(2): 131–148.Google Scholar

Metcalfe, S. and Ramlogan, R. 2002. Innovation systems and the competitive process in developing economies. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 48(2): 433–446.Google Scholar

Millitz, M. J. 2005. When and how should infant industries be protected? Journal of International Economics 66: 177–196.Google Scholar

National Science Foundation. 2010. NSF releases new statistics on business innovation (www.nsf.gov/statistics/).Google Scholar

Nelson, R. R. and Rosenberg, N. 1993. American universities and technical advances in industry. Research Policy 23: 323–348.Google Scholar

Niosi, J. 2000. Canada’s National System of Innovation. Montreal and Kingston: McGill- Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar

Niosi, J. 2002. National systems of innovation are x-efficient (and x-effective): why some are slow learners. Research Policy 31: 291–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Niosi, J. 2005. Canada’s Regional Innovation System: The Science-Based Industries. Montreal, Canada: McGill Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Niosi, J. 2010. Rethinking science, technology and innovation (STI) institutions in developing countries. Innovation: Organization and Management 12: 250–268.Google Scholar

Niosi, J. 2010a. Building National and Regional Systems of Innovation. Cheltenham: Elgar.Google Scholar

Niosi, J. 2010b. Rethinking science, technology and innovation (STI) institutions in developing countries. Innovation Management, Policy and Practice 12(3): 250–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Niosi, J., Bellon, B., Saviotti, P. P. and Crow, M. 1993. National systems of innovation: in search of a workable concept. Technology in Society 15: 207–227.Google Scholar

Oughton, C., Landabasso, M. and Morgan, K.. 2002. The regional innovation paradox: Innovation policy and industrial policy. The Journal of Technology Transfer 27: 97–110.Google Scholar

Ozawa, T. 2003. Pax Americana-led macro-clustering and flying-geese-style catch-up in East Asia: mechanisms of regionalized endogenous growth. Journal of Asian Economics 13: 699–713.Google Scholar

Palma, J. G. 2010. Flying geese and waddling ducks: The different capabilities of East Asia and Latin America to “demand-adapt” and “supply-upgrade” their export productive capacity, in Cimoli, M. et al. (eds.), Industrial Policy and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. 1994. National innovation systems: Why they are important, and how they might be measured and compared. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 3(1): 77–95.Google Scholar

Perlman, B. J. 1989. Modernizing the public service in Latin America: Paradoxes of Latin American public administration. International Journal of Public Administration 12(4): 671–704.Google Scholar

Prebisch, R. 1963. Hacia una dinámica del desarrollo latinoamericano. México: FCE.Google Scholar

Rauch, J. E. and Evans, P. B.. 2000. Bureaucratic structure and bureaucratic performance in less developed countries. Journal of Public Economics 75: 49–71.Google Scholar

Reinhart, C. and Rogoff, K.. 2009. This Time Is Different. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Roll, M. 2014. The state that works: A pocket of effectivness perspective in Nigeria and beyond, in: Bierschank, t., de Sardan, J.P.(eds.), States at Work, Dynamics of African Bureaucracies, Leiden, 365–397.Google Scholar

Shepherd, G. and Valencia, S.. 1996. Modernizing the public administration in Latin America: Common problems, no easy solutions, Conference Reforma del Estado en América Latina y el Caribe. Madrid, October 14–17, 1996.Google Scholar

Soete, L. 2007. From industrial to innovation policy. Journal of Industrial Competition and Trade 7: 273–284.Google Scholar

Stewart, F. 1977. Technology and Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Stiglitz, J. 1996. Some lessons from the East Asian Miracle. The World Bank Research Observer 11(2): 151–177.Google Scholar

Suransky, C. and van der Merwe, J.. 2016. Transcending apartheid in higher education: Transforming an institutional culture. Race, Ethnicity and Education 19(3): 577–597.Google Scholar

Turner, B. 1974. Islam, capitalism and the Weber theses. British Journal of Sociology 25(2): 230–243.Google Scholar

Wade, R. 1990. Governing the Market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Warwick, K. 2013. Beyond industrial policy: Emerging issues and new trends, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 2. OECD Publishing.Google Scholar

You, J. S. 2015. Democracy, Inequality and Corruption: Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Arocena, R., and Sutz, J. 2000. Looking at national systems of innovation from the South. Industry and Innovation,7(1): 55–75.Google Scholar

Arundel, A., Bordoy, C., and Kanerva, M. 2008. Neglected innovators: How do innovative firms that do not perform R&D innovate?, Results of an analysis of the Innobarometer 2007 survey No. 215 INNO-Metrics Thematic Paper, MERIT.Google Scholar

Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., and Maksimovic, V. 2004. Bank competition and access to finance: International evidence. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 36(3): 627–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, T. and Demirgüç-Kunt, A. 2006. Small and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint. Journal of Banking & Finance 30: 2931–2943.Google Scholar

Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Laeven, L. and Maksimovic, V. 2006a. The determinants of financing obstacles. Journal of International Money and Finance 25: 932–952.Google Scholar

Beck, T. and Demirgüç-Kunt, A. 2008. Access to finance: An unfinished agenda. World Bank Economic Review 22(3): 383–396.Google Scholar

Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., and Triki, T. 2011 Financing Africa: Through the Crisis and beyond. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Berger, A. N. and Udell, G. F. 1998. The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle. Journal of Banking & Finance 22(6): 613–673.Google Scholar

Black, S. E. and Strahan, P. E. 2002. Entrepreneurship and bank credit availability. The Journal of Finance 57(6): 2807–2833.Google Scholar

Bond, S., Harhoff, D., and Van Reenen, J. 1999. Investment, R&D, and Financial Constraints in Britain and in Germany, IFS working paper, n◦ 99/5.Google Scholar

Crespi, G. and Peirano, F. 2007. Measuring Innovation in Latin America: What we did, where we are and what we want to do, WP Paper prepared for the MEIDE conference, Maastricht.Google Scholar

Dahlman, C. and Nelson, R. 1995. Social absorption capability, national innovation systems and economic development, in Koo, B. and Perkins, D. (eds.) Social Capability and Long-Term Economic Growth. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Didier, T. and Schmukler, S. L. 2014. Financial Development in Asia: Beyond Aggregate Indicators, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fagerberg, J. 1987. A technology gap approach to why growth rates. Research Policy 16: 87–99.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J. 1994. Technology and international differences in growth rates. Journal of Economic Literature 32(3): 1147–1175.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J., Srholec, M., and Verspagen, B. 2010. The role of innovation in development. Review of Economics and Institutions 1(2): 1–29.Google Scholar

Fazzari, S., Hubbard, R. G., and Petersen, B. C. 1988. Financing constraints and corporate investment. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1988(1): 131–195.Google Scholar

Fisman, R. and Love., I. 2003. Trade credit, financial intermediary development, and industry growth. The Journal of Finance 58(1): 353–374.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1995. The ‘National System of Innovation’ in historical perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics 19(1): 5–24.Google Scholar

Goedhuys, M. 2007. Learning, product innovation, and firm heterogeneity in developing countries; Evidence from Tanzania. Industrial and Corporate Change 16(2): 269–292.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, R. W. 1969. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Gorodnichenko, Y. and Schnitzer, M. 2013. Financial constraints and innovation: Why poor countries don’t catch up. Journal of the European Economic Association 11(5): 1115–1152.Google Scholar

Greene, W. H. 2012. Econometric Analysis, 7th Edition, New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Hall, B. and Lerner, J. 2010. The financing of R&D and innovation, in Hall, B. and Rosenberg, N. (eds.) The Handbook of Innovation. North Holland: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Kaplan, S. N. and Zingales, L. 1997. Do investment-cash flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(1): 169–215.Google Scholar

Kim, L. 1997. Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea’s Technological Learning. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

King, R. G. and Levine, R. 1993. Finance, entrepreneurship and growth. Journal of Monetary economics 32(3): 513–542.Google Scholar

Knapp, L. G. and Seaks, T. G. 1998. A Hausman test for a dummy variable in probit. Applied Economics Letters 5(5): 321–323.Google Scholar

Kuntchev, V., Ramalho, R., Rodríguez-Meza, J., and Yang, J. S. 2012. What have we learned from the Enterprise Surveys regarding access to finance by SMEs?. Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank. Research report.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leitner, S. M. and Stehrer, R. 2013. R&D and Non-R&D Innovators in the Financial Crisis: the Role of Binding Credit Constraints. Wiener Inst. für Internat. Wirtschaftsvergleiche (WIIW).Google Scholar

Lee, K. 2005. Making a technological catch-up: Barriers and opportunities. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 13(2): 97–113.Google Scholar

Levine, R. 1997. Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature XXXV: 688–726.Google Scholar

Levine, R. 2005. Finance and growth: Theory and evidence, in Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1, pp. 865–934.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B. A. 1992. National Systems of Innovation: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Maddala, G. S. 1983. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mulkay, B., Hall, B., and Mairesse, J. 2001. Firm level investment and R&D in France and the United States: A comparison, in Investing Today for the World of Tomorrow Studies on the Investment Process in Europe. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 229–273.Google Scholar

Niosi, J., Saviotti, P., Bellon, B., and Crow, M. 1993. National systems of innovation: In search of a workable concept. Technology in Society 15(2): 207–227.Google Scholar

Petersen, M. A. and Rajan, R. G. 1995. The effect of credit market competition on lending relationships. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 407–443.Google Scholar

Presbitero, A. F. and Rabellotti, R. 2013. Is Access to Credit a Constraint for Latin American Enterprises? An Empirical Analysis with Firm-Level Data, Working Paper 101: Money and Finance Research group (Mo.Fi.R).Google Scholar

Rajan, R. G. and Zingales, L. 1998. Financial dependence and growth. The American Economic Review 88(3): 559–586.Google Scholar

Rammer, C., Czarnitzki, D. and Spielkamp, A. 2009. Innovation success of non-R&D-performers: Substituting technology by management in SMEs. Small Business Economics 33(1): 35–58.Google Scholar

Savignac, F. 2006. The impact of financial constraints on innovation: evidence from French manufacturing firms, Working Paper, Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris.Google Scholar

Schiffer, M. and Weder, B. 2001. Firm Size and the Business Environment: Worldwide Survey Results, International Finance Corporation discussion paper; no. IFD 43*IFC working paper series. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Srholec, M. 2011. A multilevel analysis of innovation in developing countries. Industrial and Corporate Change 20(6): 1539–1569.Google Scholar

Verspagen, B. 1991. A new empirical approach to catching up or falling behind. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 2(2): 359–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilde, J. 2000. Identification of multiple equation probit models with endogenous dummy regressors. Economics letters 69(3): 309–312.Google Scholar

Abramovitz, M. 1956. Resource and output trends in the United States since 1870, in Resource and output trends in the United States since 1870 (1–23). Cambridge, MA: NBER.Google Scholar

Abramovitz, M. 1986. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History 46(2): 385–406. doi:10.1017/S0022050700046209.Google Scholar

Bell, M. and Figueiredo, P. N. 2012. Innovation capability building and learning mechanisms in latecomer firms: Recent empirical contributions and implications for research. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études Du Développement 33(1): 14–40. doi:10.1080/02255189.2012.677168.Google Scholar

Capdevielle, M., Enríquez, L., Farías, A., Puchet, M., Sánchez, A., Solano, M. E., and Zaragoza, M. M. L. 2013. Efectos económicos y sociales de la inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación, in Propuestas para contribuir al diseño del PECiTI 2012–2037 (p. 1). Working paper. Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico.Google Scholar

Casas, R., Corona, J. M., Jaso, M. and Vera-Cruz, A. O. 2013. Construyendo el Diálogo entre los Actores del Sistema de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico.Google Scholar

Castellacci, F. 2008. Technology clubs, technology gaps and growth trajectories. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 19(4): 301–314. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2008.07.002.Google Scholar

Castellacci, F., and Archibugi, D. 2008. The technology clubs: The distribution of knowledge across nations. Research Policy 37(10): 1659–1673. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.006.Google Scholar

Castellacci, F. and Natera, J. M. 2013. The dynamics of national innovation systems: A panel cointegration analysis of the coevolution between innovative capability and absorptive capacity. Research Policy 42(3): 579–594. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.006.Google Scholar

Castellacci, F. and Natera, J. M. 2016. Innovation, absorptive capacity and growth heterogeneity: Development paths in Latin America 1970–2010. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 37: 27–42. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2015.11.002.Google Scholar

Colander, D., Goldberg, M., Haas, A., Juselius, K., Kirman, A., Lux, T., and Sloth, B. 2009. The financial crisis and the systemic failure of the economics profession. Critical Review 21(2–3): 249–267. doi:10.1080/08913810902934109.Google Scholar

Corona, J. M., Dutrénit, G., Puchet, M., and Santiago, F. 2014. The changing role of science, technology and innovation policy in building systems of innovation: The case of Mexico, in Crespi, G. and Dutrénit, G. (eds.), Science, Technology and Innovation Policies for Development: The Latin American Experience (15–43). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar

Cowan, R. and Foray, D. 2002. Evolutionary economics and the counterfactual threat: on the nature and role of counterfactual history as an empirical tool in economics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 12(5): 539–562. doi:10.1007/s00191-002-0134-8.Google Scholar

Crespi, G. and Dutrénit, G. 2014. Introduction to science, technology and innovation policies for development: The Latin American experience, in Crespi, G. and Dutrénit, G. (eds.), Science, Technology and Innovation Policies for Development: The Latin American Experience (1–14). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978–3-319-04108-7_1.Google Scholar

Dutrénit, G., Capdevielle, M., Corona, J. M., Puchet, M., Santiago, F., and Vera-Cruz, A. O. 2010. El sistema nacional de innovación mexicano: estructuras, políticas, desempeño y desafíos. CDMX: UAM/Textual S.A.Google Scholar

Dutrénit, G., Lee, K., Nelson, R., Soete, L., and Vera-Cruz, A. 2013. Learning, Capability Building and Innovation for Development. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137306937.Google Scholar

Edquist, C. and Hommen, L. 2008. Small Country Innovation Systems: Globalization, Change and Policy in Asia and Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved from http://books.google.es/books?id=s9giP7KhtJ0C.Google Scholar

Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. 1987. Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica 55(2): 251–276. doi:10.2307/1913236.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J. 1994. Technology and international differences in growth rates. Journal of Economic Literature 32(3): 1147–1175.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J., Guerrieri, P., and Verspagen, B. 1999. The Economic Challenge for Europe: Adapting to Innovation Based Growth. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J., Srholec, M., and Knell, M. 2007. The competitiveness of nations: Why some countries prosper while others fall behind. World Development 35(10): 1595–1620. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.01.004.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J. and Verspagen, B. 2002. Technology-gaps, innovation-diffusion and transformation: An evolutionary interpretation. Research Policy 31(8–9): 1291–1304. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00064-1.Google Scholar

Fagerberg, J. and Verspagen, B. 2007. Innovation, growth and economic development: Have the conditions for catch-up changed? International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 1(1): 13–33.Google Scholar

FCCT. 2006. Diagnóstico de la Política Científica, Tecnológica y de Fomento a la Innovación en México (2000–2006). Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico.Google Scholar

FCCT-AMC. 2005 [Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico-Academia Mexicana de Ciencias] Una Reflexión Sobre el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores a 20 Años de su Creación. Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico, 146; www.foroconsultivo.org.mx/libros_editados/20_sni.pdf.Google Scholar

Foster, J. and Pyka, A. 2014. Introduction: Co-evolution and complex adaptive systems in evolutionary economics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 24(2): 205–207.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1987. Technology, Policy, and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1991. Networks of innovators: A synthesis of research issues. Research Policy 20(5): 499–514. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90072-X.Google Scholar

Frydman, R. and Goldberg, M. D. 2008. Macroeconomic theory for a world of imperfect knowledge. Capitalism and Society 3(3). doi:10.2202/1932-0213.1046.Google Scholar

Greene, W. H. and Zhang, C. 1997. Econometric Analysis (Vol. 3). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://cs5538.userapi.com/u11728334/docs/2ff8c8aa9672/William_H_Greene_Econometric_analysis_283011.pdf.Google Scholar

Granger, C. J. 1969. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica 37(3): 424-438.Google Scholar

Haskel, J., Hughes, A., and Bascavusoglu-Moreau, E. 2014. The economic significance of the UK science base. Report. London: Campaign for Science and Engineering. Retrieved from file:///Users/GabMacAir/Downloads/economicsignificanceofuksciencebase2014.pdfGoogle Scholar

Hendry, D. F. Juselius, K. 2000. Explaining cointegration analysis: Part 1. Energy Journal 21(1): 1. Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=2692256&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLQ4y9fwOLCmr0uep69Sr6a4S6+WxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGusU+wrLRQuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA.Google Scholar

Hobday, M. 1995. Innovation in East Asia: Diversity and development. Technovation 15(2): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0166-4972(95)96610–6.Google Scholar

Hoover, K. D., Johansen, S., and Juselius, K. 2008. Allowing the data to speak freely: The macroeconometrics of the cointegrated vector autoregression. The American Economic Review 98(2): 251–255. doi:10.2307/29730029.Google Scholar

Johansen, S. 1991. Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica 59(6): 1551–1580. doi:10.2307/2938278.Google Scholar

Johansen, S. 1995. Identifying restrictions of linear equations with applications to simultaneous equations and cointegration. Journal of Econometrics. 69(1): 111–132. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01664-L.Google Scholar

Juselius, K. 2006. The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.es/books?id=N6LmgE8vl1EC.Google Scholar

Kim, L. 1997. Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea’s Technological Learning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar

Lee, K. 2013. Schumpeterian Analysis of Economic Catch-Up: Knowledge, Path-Creation, and the Middle-Income Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, K. and Kim, B.-Y. 2009. Both institutions and policies matter but differently for different income groups of countries: Determinants of long-run economic growth revisited. World Development 37(3): 533–549. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.07.004.Google Scholar

Loayza, N. and Ranciere, R. 2005. Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Financial Fragility, and Growth (September 2004). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=859565.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B.-A. (ed.). 1992. National Innovation System: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter publishers.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B.-Å., Johnson, B., Andersen, E. S., and Dalum, B. 2002. National systems of production, innovation and competence building. Research Policy 31(2): 213–231. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00137–8.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B.-Å., Joseph, K. J., Chaminade, C., and Vang, J. 2009. Handbook of Innovation Systems and Developing Countries: Building Domestic Capabilities in a Global Setting. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Malerba, F. 2002. Sectoral systems of innovation and production. Research Policy 31(2): 247–264. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00139–1.Google Scholar

Malerba, F., Nelson, R., Orsenigo, L., and Winter, S. 1999. “History-friendly” models of industry evolution: The computer industry. Industrial and Corporate Change 8(1): 3–40. doi:10.1093/icc/8.1.3.Google Scholar

Malerba, F., Nelson, R., Orsenigo, L., and Winter, S. 2016. Innovation and the Evolution of Industries: History Friendly Models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nelson, R. R. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

PNPCyT [Política Nacional y Programas en Ciencia y Tecnología]. 1970. Mexico: CONACYT. Retrieved from www.siicyt.gob.mx/siicyt/cms/paginas/PolNacProgCyT70.jsp.Google Scholar

Santiago, F. and Natera, J. M. 2014. Tiempos de respuesta de la dinámica económica asociados a la inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación en México. Working Paper. Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico. Retrieved from www.foroconsultivo.org.mx/libros_editados/tiempos_respuesta_fernando_santiago.pdf.Google Scholar

Santiago, F. 2006. Valoración del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores in FCCT (2006), Diagnóstico de la Política Científica, Tecnológica y de Fomento a la Innovación en México (2000–2006), (Estudio 2; 158–174). Mexico: Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico.Google Scholar

Saviotti, P. P., Cassiolato, J. E., and Pessoa de Matos, M. 2014. The role of the National Innovation System in the growth of Latin American countries. Paper presented at the 12th Globelics International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28–31 October. www.researchgate.net/publication/271828038_The_role_of_the_National_Innovation_System_in_the_growth_of_Latin_American_countries.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J. 1939. Business cycles: A theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. NBER Books, 1950(1939): 461. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.007.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. Socialism, Capitalism and Democracy. London: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar

Solow, R. M. 1956. A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70(1): 65–94. doi:10.2307/1884513.Google Scholar

Sotarauta, M. and Srinivas, S. 2006. Co-evolutionary policy processes: Understanding innovative economies and future resilience. Futures 38(3): 312–336. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.008.Google Scholar

Vega y León, S. (coord.) 2012. Sistema Nacional de investigadores. Retos y perspectivas de la ciencia en México. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco.Google Scholar

Wong, C.-Y. 2016. Evolutionary targeting for inclusive development. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 26(2): 291–316. doi:10.1007/s00191-015-0441-5.Google Scholar

Afzal, M. N. I. 2014. An empirical investigation of the National Innovation System (NIS) using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the TOBIT model. International Review of Applied Economics 28(4): 507–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.896880CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archibugi, D. and Coco, A.. 2004. A New indicator of technological capabilities for developed and developing countries (ArCo). World Development 32(4): 629–654.Google Scholar

Balzat, M. 2002. The theoretical basis and the empirical treatment of National Innovation Systems. University of Augsburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Beitrag Nr. 232 December: 1–38. www.wiwi.uni-augsburg.de/vwl/institut/paper/232.pdf.Google Scholar

Balzat, M. and Hanusch, H. 2004. Recent trends in the research on National Innovation Systems. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14: 197–210.Google Scholar

Barr, N. 2012. Higher education funding. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20(2): 264–283.Google Scholar

Boyer, R. and Didier, M. 1998. Innovation et Croissance. Paris: Conseil d’Analyse économique, La documentation Française.Google Scholar

Cai, Y. 2011. Factors affecting the efficiency of the BRICS’s National Innovation Systems: A comparative study based on DEA and panel data analysis. Economics. The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, Discussion Paper No. 2011–52, December. www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2011–52.Google Scholar

Cai, Y. and Hanley, A. 2012. Building BRICS: 2-Stage DEA analysis of R&D Efficiency, in: Kiel Working Paper No. 1788.Google Scholar

Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., and Rhodes, E. 1978. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research 2(6): 429–444.Google Scholar

Edquist, C. (ed.) 1997. Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations. London: Pinter Publishers/Cassell Academic.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1987. Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. 1995. The national system of innovation in historical perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics 19: 5–24.Google Scholar

Furman, J. L., Porter, M.E. and Stern, S. 2002. The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy 31: 899–933.Google Scholar

Green, William H. (2000). Econometric Analysis, 4th edn. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Grupp, H. and Schubert, T. 2010. Review and new evidence on composite innovation indicators for evaluating national performance. Research Policy 39(1): 67–78.Google Scholar

Guan, J. and Chen, K. 2012. Modeling the relative efficiency of national innovation systems. Research Policy 41(1): 102–115. http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.07.001Google Scholar

Hollanders, H. and Celikel, F. 2007. Measuring innovation efficiency, INNO-Metrics Thematic Paper, December: 1–26. http://gent.uab.cat/diego_prior/sites/gent.uab.cat.diego_prior/files/Reading_5_2_Innovation_efficiency.pdf.Google Scholar

Hu, J.-L., Yang, Ch.-H., and Chen, Ch.-P. 2014. R&D efficiency and the national innovation system: an international comparison using the distance function approach. Bulletin of Economic Research 66(1): 55–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8586.2011.00417.x.Google Scholar

Kotsemir, Maxim. 2013. Measuring National Innovattion Systems efficiency – A review of DEA approach. Basic Research Program Working papers WP BRP 16/STI/2013, National Research University Higher School of Economics. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304735.Google Scholar

Lee, H.-Y. and Park, Y.-T. 2005. An international comparison of R&D efficiency: DEA approach. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 13(2): 207–222.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B. A. 1992. National Systems of Innovation towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Lundvall, B.-Å., Tomlinson, M. 2001. Learning by comparing: reflection on the use and abuse of benchmarking. In: Sweeney, G. (Ed.), Innovation, Economic Progress and Quality of Life. London: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Matei, M. and Aldea, A. 2012. Ranking national innovation systems according to their technical efficiency. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Science 62: 968–974.Google Scholar

Metcalfe, S. 1995. The economic foundations of technology policy: Equilibrium and evolutionary perspectives, in Stoneman, P. (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change. Oxford/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar

Nasierowski, W. and Arcelus, F. J. 2003. On the efficiency of National Innovation Systems. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences an International Journal 37(3): 215–234.Google Scholar

Nelson, R. R. (Ed.) 1993. National Innovation Systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Niosi, J. 2002. National systems of innovation are “x-efficient” (and x-effective). Why some are slow learners. Research Policy 31: 291–302.Google Scholar

Nooteboom, B. 2000. Learning by interaction: Absorptive capacity, cognitive distance and governance. Journal of Management & Governance 4(1): 69–92.Google Scholar

OECD. 2008. Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment. www.OECD.org/daf/inv/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/40193734.pdf. Access June 10, 2016.Google Scholar

OECD. 1997. National Innovation Systems. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar

Pan, T.-W. 2007. Measuring the efficiency of national innovation system. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge 11(2): 176–181.Google Scholar

Pan, T.-W., Hung, S.-W., and Lu, W.-M. 2010. DEA performance measurement of the national innovation system in Asia and Europe. Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 27(3): 369–392.Google Scholar

Porter, M. E. and Stern, S. 2001. Innovation: Location matters. MIT Sloan Management Review, Summer 42(4): 28–36. www.clustermapping.us/sites/default/files/files/resource/Innovation%20-%20Location%20Matters.pdf.Google Scholar

Productivity Tools. 2009. XLDEA 2.1. Access January 1, 2016 in www.prodtools.com.Google Scholar

Ramanathan, Ram. 2009. An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis. New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Ray, Subhash C. 2004. Data Envelopment Analysis. Theory and Techniques for Economics and Operations Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. The Journal of Political Economy 98(5): S71–S102.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J.A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Sep-Conacyt. 2000. Indicadores de Actividades Científicas y Tecnológicas 1990–1999, México.Google Scholar

Solow, R. 1957. Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics 39(3): 312–320.Google Scholar

United Nations, 2013. Human Development Report, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar

Van Praag, Bernard M. S. 2005. The connection between old and new approaches of financial satisfaction, in Bruni, Luigino and Porta, Pier Luigi (eds.), Economics and Happiness: Framing the analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Weel B., Soete L. and Verspagen B. 2010. Systems of Innovation, CPB Discussion Paper. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.Google Scholar

Whitley, R. D. 2001. National Innovation Systems, in Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, P. B. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science: 10303–10309.Google Scholar

World Economic Forum. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007. Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Yuezhou, C. 2011. Factors Affecting the Efficiency of the BRICSs’ National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study based on DEA and Panel Data. Analysis, Economics, Discussion Paper No. 2011–52.Google Scholar

Zhang, J.-f. 2013. International comparison of national innovation system efficiency. Tech Monitor, April–June: 23–29. www.techmonitor.net/tm/images/d/da/13apr_jun_sf2.pdf.Google Scholar

Aguirre, A. and Calderon, C. 2005. Real exchange rate misalignments and economic performance. Documentos de Trabajo (Banco Central de Chile) 315: 1–49.Google Scholar

Arellano, M. and Bover, O. 1995. Another look at instrumental variable estimation of error-component models. Journal of Econometrics 68: 29–51.Google Scholar

Auty, R. M. 2001. The political economy of resource-driven growth. European Economic Review 4(5): 839–946.Google Scholar

Blecker, R. A. and Razmi, A. 2008. The fallacy of composition and contractionary devaluations: The output impact of real exchange rate shocks in developing countries that export manufactures. Cambridge Journal of Economics 32(1): 83–109.Google Scholar

Blum, B. and Leamer, E. 2004. Can FTAA suspend the law of gravity and give Americas higher growth and better income distributions. Integrating the Americas: FTAA and Beyond: 539–572.Google Scholar

Blundell, R. and Bond, S. 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 87(1): 115–143.Google Scholar

De Ferranti, D., Perry, G. E., Lederman, D., and Maloney, W. E. 2002. From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy: Trade and Job Quality. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, B. Park, D. and Shin, K. 2012. When fast growing economies slow down: International evidence and implications for China. Asian Economic Papers 11: 42–87.Google Scholar

Fosu, A. K. 1990. Exports and economic growth: The African case. World Development 18(6): 831–835.Google Scholar

Gylfason, T. 2001. Natural resources, education, and economic development. European Economic Review 45(4): 847–859.Google Scholar

Gylfason, T. 2002. Natural resources and economic growth: What is the connection? in Fostering Sustainable Growth in Ukraine. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, 48–66.Google Scholar

Haddad, M. and Pancaro, C. 2010. Can Real Exchange Rate Undervaluation Boost Exports and Growth in Developing Countries? Yes, But Not for Long. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

ICMM. 2012. In Brief The role of mining in national economies. Mining’s Contribution to Sustainable Development. Available at www.icmm.com.Google Scholar

Islam, N. 1995. Growth empirics: A panel data approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 1127–1170.Google Scholar

Korinek, A. and Servén, L. 2010. Undervaluation through foreign reserve accumulation: Static losses, dynamic growth. Policy Research Working Paper 5250. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Lee, K. and Mathews, J. 2012. Firms in Korea and Taiwan, in The Innovative Firms in the Emerging Market Economies, edited by Cantwell, John and Amann, Ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 223–245.Google Scholar

Lee, K. and Ramanayake, S.S. 2017. Adding-up problem and wage-productivity gap in exports of developing countries: A source of middle-income trap. The European Journal of Development Research: 1–20.Google Scholar

Leite, C. and Weidmann, J. 1999. Does Mother Nature corrupt? Natural Resource resources, corruption, and economic growth. Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth (June 1999). IMF Working Paper 99/85.Google Scholar

Paldam, M. 1997. Dutch disease and rent seeking: The Greenland model. European Journal of Political Economy 13(1): 591–614.Google Scholar

Pettinger, T. 2011. What factors determine the price of gold?. Economics Readers Quest, www.economicshelp.org, Accessed February 12, 2012.Google Scholar

Poelhekke, S. and Van der Ploeg, F. 2009. Foreign direct investment and urban concentration: Unbundling spatial lags. Journal of Regional Science 49(4): 749–775.Google Scholar

Razmi, A. and Blecker, R. A. 2008. Developing country exports of manufactures: Moving up the ladder to escape the fallacy of composition? Journal of Development Studies 44(1): 21–48.Google Scholar

Rodrik, D. 2008. The real exchange rate and economic growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 365–412.Google Scholar

Rodrik, D. 2009. The real exchange rate and economic growth, in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2008, Elmendorf, D. W., Mankiw, N. G., and Summers, L. H. (eds.). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. 1999. The big push, natural resource booms and growth. Journal of Development Economics 59(1): 43–76.Google Scholar

Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. 1997. Sources of slow growth in African economies. Journal of African economies 6(3): 335–376.Google Scholar

Setterfield, M. (ed.). 2010. Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Growth. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

UNCTAD. 2005. Transnational corporations and the internationalization of R&D, in World Investment Report. New York, NY and Geneva: United Nations, 331.Google Scholar

Williamson, J. 2012. Some basic disagreements on development. Panel at the High-Level Knowledge Forum for Rethinking Development Policy held by KDI and the World Bank in Seoul.Google Scholar

World Bank. 1993. The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Yeyati, E. L. and Sturzenegger, F. 2007. Fear of Appreciation, in Policy Research Working Paper 4387. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar