Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T17:56:11.456Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Integrating the Etiology of Sexual Offending into Evidence-Based Policy and Practices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 June 2021

By
Jill S. Levenson
Edited by
Wayne Logan  and
J. J. Prescott
Wayne Logan
Affiliation:
Florida State University School of Law
J. J. Prescott
Affiliation:
University of Michigan Law School
Get access

Summary

Chapter 8 examines the disconnect between the etiology of sexual offending and the mechanics of SORN laws. Using what is known about sexual offending and the psychology of individuals who commit sex crimes, the chapter argues that registration and notification (as well as residence restrictions) are destined to be ineffective if not counterproductive. The discussion begins with an overview of the diverse etiology of sexual offending. A range of biological, psychological, and social factors can account for the commission of a sexual offense, and the specific set of causes behind an individual’s offending shape the recidivism risk they pose postconviction. The chapter refutes many common assumptions underlying SORN laws. First-time offenders who are well-known to their victims account for the majority of sex offenses. This is out of step with the “stranger danger” concept motivating SORN laws. Further, research establishes that recidivism risk diminishes over time and can be addressed through treatment. Finally, the chapter shows how SORN laws may increase recidivism risk. The stigmatization and isolation they produce, interacting with existing risk factors, may undermine protective factors and interfere with treatment gains. It argues that evidence-based, targeted laws would be more efficient and effective than current SORN laws.

Keywords

sex offender etiologysex offense causestreatmentpedophiliaparaphiliarisk factorsstranger dangerrecidivismsex offender stigmaoffense-based classificationresidence restrictionsevidence-based reforms
Type
Chapter
Information
Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws
An Empirical Evaluation
 , pp. 145 - 163
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, G. G., Becker, J. V., Cunningham-Rathner, J., Mittelman, M. S., Murphy, M. S., & Rouleau, J. L. (1987). Self-Reported Crimes of Nonincarcerated Paraphiliacs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 3–25.Google Scholar
Ackerman, A. R., Harris, A. J., Levenson, J. S., & Zgoba, K. (2011). Who Are the People in Your Neighborhood? A Descriptive Analysis of Individuals on Public Sex Offender Registries. International Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 34, 149–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.04.001Google Scholar
Ahlmeyer, S., Heil, P., McKee, B., & English, K. (2000). The Impact of Polygraphy on Admissions of Victims and Offenses in Adult Sexual Offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research & Treatment, 12(2), 123–138.Google Scholar
Alink, L. R., Cicchetti, D., Kim, J., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Longitudinal Associations among Child Maltreatment, Social Functioning, and Cortisol Regulation. Developmental psychology, 48(1), 224–236.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. L., & Sample, L. (2008). Public Awareness and Action Resulting from Sex Offender Community Notification Laws. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19(4), 371–396.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating Criminal Justice Policy and Practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(1), 39–55.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2017). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Epps, N., Swartz, K., Huq, M. S., Sheer, A., & Hardt, N. S. (2014). The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) in the Lives of Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3(2), 1–23.Google Scholar
Beech, A. R., & Mitchell, I. J. (2005). A Neurobiological Perspective on Attachment Problems in Sexual Offenders and The Role of Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of such Problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(2), 153–182.Google Scholar
Berliner, L., Schram, D., Miller, L., & Milloy, C. D. (1995). A Sentencing Alternative for Sex Offenders: A Study of Decision Making and Recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(4), 487–502.Google Scholar
Bernburg, J. G., Krohn, M. D., & Rivera, C. J. (2006). Official Labeling, Criminal Embeddedness, and Subsequent Delinquency a Longitudinal Test of Labeling Theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(1), 67–88.Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. (2013). A Dissenting Opinion on DSM-5 Pedophilic Disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 675–678.Google Scholar
Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (6th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1977). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. I. Aetiology and Psychopathology in the Light of Attachment Theory. An Expanded Version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, Delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 19 November 1976. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(3), 201–210.Google Scholar
Broward County Commission. (2009). Final Report: Sexual Offender & Sexual Predator Residence Task Force. Fort Lauderdale, FL: www.floridaatsa.com/Final_Report_-_Sexual_Offender_Sexual_Residence_Task_Force.pdf.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2000). Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics (NCJ 182990). Retrieved from Washington, DC: www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2002). Criminal Victimization (NCJ 199994). Retrieved from Washington, DC: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvictgen.htm.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do People Aggress to Improve their Mood? Catharsis Beliefs, Affect Regulation Opportunity, and Aggressive Responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17–32.Google Scholar
Cantor, J. M., & McPhail, I. V. (2016). Non-offending Pedophiles. Current Sexual Health Reports, 8(3), 121–128. DOI: 10.1007/s11930-016–0076-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A Developmental Approach to Complex PTSD: Childhood and Adult Cumulative Trauma as Predictors of Symptom Complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.Google Scholar
Colombino, N., Mercado, C. C., Levenson, J. S., & Jeglic, E. L. (2011). Preventing Sexual Violence: Can Examination of Offense Location Inform Sex Crime Policy? International Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 34(3), 160–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.04.002.Google Scholar
Creeden, K. (2009). How Trauma and Attachment can Impact Neurodevelopment: Informing Our Understanding and Treatment of Sexual Behaviour Problems. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(3), 261–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duwe, G., Donnay, W., & Tewksbury, R. (2008). Does Residential Proximity Matter? A Geographic Analysis of Sex Offense Recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(4), 484–504. DOI: 10.1177/0093854807313690.Google Scholar
Ellman, I. M., & Ellman, T. (2015). “Frightening and High”: The Supreme Court’s Crucial Mistake About Sex Crime Statistics. Constitutional Commentary, 30, 495–667.Google Scholar
English, K., Jones, L., Patrick, D., & Pasini-Hill, D. (2003). Sexual Offender Containment: Use of the Postconviction Polygraph. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 411–427.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., & Baron, L. (1986). Risk Factors for Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(1), 43–71.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., & Kendall-Tackett, K. (1997). A Developmental Perspective on the Childhood Impact of Crime, Abuse, and Violent Victimization. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. (eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: Developmental Perspectives on Trauma: Theory, Research, and Intervention (Vol. 8, pp. 1–32). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Fix, R., Thompson, K., Letourneau, E., & Burkhart, B. (2020). Development and Psychometric Properties of the Concerns about Juvenile Sex Offender Registration and Notification Questionnaire (C-JSORNQ). Sexuality Research & Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00468-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, N. J., & Sandler, J. C. (2010). The Adam Walsh Act: A False Sense of Security or an Effective Public Policy Initiative? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21(1), 31–49.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on a Spoiled Identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Grady, M. D., Levenson, J. S., & Bolder, T. (2016). Linking Adverse Childhood Effects and Attachment: A Theory of Etiology for Sexual Offending. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(4), 433–444. DOI: 1524838015627147.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L., & Hodgson, S. (2009). The Principles of Effective Correctional Treatment also Apply to Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(9), 865–891.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (2002). First Report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the Effectiveness of Treatment for Sex Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(2), 169–194.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J., Helmus, L., & Thornton, D. (2014). High-Risk Sex Offenders May Not be High Risk Forever. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(15), 2792–2813. DOI: 0886260514526062.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J. R., Letourneau, E., Helmus, L., & Thornton, D. (2018). Reductions in Risk Based on Time Offense Free in the Community: Once a Sexual Offender, Not Always a Sexual Offender. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24(1), 48–63.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The Characteristics of Persistent Sexual Offenders: A Meta-analysis of Recidivism Studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154–1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154.Google Scholar
Harlow, C. W. (1999). Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers. Retrieved from Rockville, MD: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J. (2011). SORNA in the Post-Deadline Era: What’s the Next Move? Sex Offender Law Report, 12(6), 81–86.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J., Lobanov-Rostovsky, C., & Levenson, J. S. (2010). Widening the Net: The Effects of Transitioning to the Adam Walsh Act Classification System. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(5), 503–519.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J., & Socia, K. M. (2014). What’s in a Name? Evaluating the Effects of the “Sex Offender” Label on Public Opinions and Beliefs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 660–678. DOI: 1079063214564391.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J. R., & Hanson, R. K. (2004). Sex Offender Recidivism: A Simple Question (2004–03). Retrieved from Ottawa: www.static99.org/pdfdocs/harrisandhanson2004simpleq.pdf.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J. R., & Hanson, R. K. (2012, October 19). When Is a Sex Offender No Longer a Sex Offender? Paper presented at the 31st Annual Research and Treatment Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
Harris, D. A., & Levenson, J. (2020). Life on “The List” is a Life Lived in Fear: Post-Conviction Traumatic Stress in Men Convicted of Sexual Offenses. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20952397.Google Scholar
Harris, D. A., Pedneault, A., & Willis, G. (2017). The Pursuit of Primary Human Goods in Men Desisting From Sexual Offending. Sexual Abuse, 31(2), 197–219. DOI: 10.1177/1079063217729155.Google Scholar
Heil, P., Ahlmeyer, S., & Simons, D. (2003). Crossover Sexual Offenses. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 15(4), 221–236.Google Scholar
Henry, B. F. (2020). Typologies of Adversity in Childhood & Adulthood as Determinants of Mental Health & Substance Use Disorders of Adults Incarcerated in US Prisons. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104251.Google Scholar
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391.Google Scholar
Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Hindman, J. (1988). Research Disputes Assumptions about Child Molesters. National District Attorney’s Association Bulletin, 7(4), 1, 3.Google Scholar
Hudson, S. M., & Ward, T. (1997). Rape: Psychopathology and Theory. In Laws, D. R. & O’donohue, W. (eds.), Sexual Deviance. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hudson, S. M., Ward, T., & McCormack, J. C. (1999). Offense Pathways in Sexual Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 779–798.Google Scholar
Huebner, B. M., Bynum, T. S., Rydberg, J., Kras, K., Grommon, E., & Pleggenkuhle, B. (2013). An Evaluation of Sex Offender Residency Restrictions in Michigan and Missouri. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242952.pdf.Google Scholar
Huebner, B. M., Kras, K. R., Rydberg, J., Bynum, T. S., Grommon, E., & Pleggenkuhle, B. (2014). The Effect and Implications of Sex Offender Residence Restrictions. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(1), 139–168. DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12066.Google Scholar
Jeglic, E., Mercado, C. C., & Levenson, J. S. (2011). The Prevalence and Correlates of Depression and Hopelessness among Sex Offenders Subject to Community Notification and Residence Restriction Legislation. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(1), 46–59.Google Scholar
Jovev, M., & Jackson, H. J. (2004). Early Maladaptive Schemas in Personality Disordered Individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(5), 467–478.Google Scholar
Kingston, D. A. (2016). The Assessment of Paraphilic and Non‐Paraphilic Rapists. In the Wiley Handbook on the Theories, Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offending, 877–902. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118574003.wattso041.Google Scholar
Kingston, D. A., Firestone, P., Moulden, H., & Bradford, J. M. (2007). The Utility of the Diagnosis of Pedophilia: A Comparison of Various Classification Procedures. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(3), 423–436. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-006-9091-x.Google Scholar
Konrad, A., Kuhle, L. F., Amelung, T., & Beier, K. M. (2018). Is Emotional Congruence with Children Associated with Sexual Offending in Pedophiles and Hebephiles from the Community? Sexual Abuse, 30(1), 3–22. DOI: 10.1177/1079063215620397.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S. (2016). Hidden Challenges: Sex Offenders Legislated into Homelessness. Journal of Social Work, 18(3), 348–363. DOI: 1468017316654811.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Ackerman, A. R., Socia, K. M., & Harris, A. J. (2015). Where for Art Thou? Transient Sex Offenders and Residence Restrictions. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(4), 319–344. DOI: 10.1177/0887403413512326.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Epps, N., Royall, W. C., Gomez, K. C., & Kaplan, D. (2017). You Learn What You Live: Prevalence of Childhood Adversity in the Lives of Juveniles Arrested for Sexual Offenses. Advances in Social Work, 18(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public Perceptions About Sex Offenders and Community Protection Policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 137–161. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005). The Effect of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender Reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 49–66.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., D’Amora, D. A., & Hern, A. (2007). Megan’s Law and Its Impact on Community Re-entry for Sex Offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 25, 587–602.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Grady, M. D., & Morin, J. W. (2019). Beyond the “Ick Factor”: Counseling Non-offending Persons with Pedophilia. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48, 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00712-4.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Grady, M. D., & Leibowitz, G. (2016). Grand Challenges: Social Justice and the Need for Evidence-Based Sex Offender Registry Reform. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 43(2), 3–38.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., & Socia, K. M. (2015). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Arrest Patterns in a Sample of Sexual Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 1883–1911. DOI: 10.1177/0886260515570751.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Willis, G., & Prescott, D. (2017). Trauma-Informed Care: Transforming Treatment of People Who Sexually Abuse. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.Google Scholar
Lieb, R., & Nunlist, C. (2008). Community Notification as Viewed by Washington’s Citizens: A Ten-Year Follow-Up. (08–03-1101). www.wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/1010/Wsipp_Community-Notification-as-Viewed-by-Washingtons-Citizens-A-10-Year-Follow-Up_Full-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Lobanov-Rostovsky, C. (2015). Adult Sex Offender Management. Retrieved from www.smart.gov/pdfs/AdultSexOffenderManagement.pdf.Google Scholar
Loper, A. B., Mahmoodzadegan, N., & Warren, J. I. (2008). Childhood Maltreatment and Cluster B Personality Pathology in Female Serious Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(2), 139–160.Google Scholar
Losel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005). The Effectiveness of Treatment for Sexual Offenders: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 117–146.Google Scholar
Lussier, P., & Gress, C. L. Z. (2014). Community Re-entry and the Path Toward Desistance: A Quasi-experimental Longitudinal Study of Dynamic Factors and Community Risk Management of Adult Sex Offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 111–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malamuth, N. M. (2014). Pornography and Sexual Aggression. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, W. L. (2010). The Role of Attachments, Intimacy, and Loneliness in the Etiology and Maintenance of Sexual Offending. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25(1), 73–85.Google Scholar
Maruna, S., LeBel, T. P., Mitchell, N., & Naples, M. (2004). Pygmalion in the Reintegration Process: Desistance from Crime through the Looking Glass. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(3), 271–281. DOI: 10.1080/10683160410001662762.Google Scholar
Mears, D. P., Mancini, C., Gertz, M., & Bratton, J. (2008). Sex Crimes, Children, and Pornography: Public Views and Public Policy. Crime & Delinquency, 54, 532–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercado, C. C., Alvarez, S., & Levenson, J. S. (2008). The Impact of Specialized Sex Offender Legislation on Community Re-entry. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 20(2), 188–205. DOI: 10.1177/1079063208317540.Google Scholar
Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J., & Reynolds, A. J. (2012). Unsafe at Any Age: Linking Childhood and Adolescent Maltreatment to Delinquency and Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(2), 295–318.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1936). The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action. American Sociological Review, 1(6), 894–904. www.jstor.org/stable/2084615.Google Scholar
Messina, N., Grella, C., Burdon, W., & Prendergast, M. (2007). Childhood Adverse Events and Current Traumatic Distress A Comparison of Men and Women Drug-Dependent Prisoners. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(11), 1385–1401.Google Scholar
Mogavero, M. C., & Kennedy, L. W. (2017). The Social and Geographic Patterns of Sexual Offending: Is Sex Offender Residence Restriction Legislation Practical? Victims & Offenders, 12(3), 401–433. DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2015.1084962.Google Scholar
Newstrom, N., Miner, M., Hoefer, C., Hanson, R. K., & Robinson, B. E. (2019). Sex Offender Supervision: Communication, Training, and Mutual Respect Are Necessary for Effective Collaboration Between Probation Officers and Therapists. Sexual Abuse, 31(5), 607–631. DOI: 10.1177/1079063218775970.Google Scholar
Paternoster, R., & Iovanni, L. (1989). The Labeling Perspective and Delinquency: An Elaboration of the Theory and Assessment of the Evidence. Justice Quarterly, 6, 359–394.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1990). A Developmental Perspective on Antisocial Behavior. American Psychologist, 44(2), 329–335.Google Scholar
Quinsey, V. L. (2010). Coercive Paraphilic Disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 405–410. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-009-9547-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reavis, J., Looman, J., Franco, K., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Criminality: How Long Must We Live Before We Possess Our Own Lives? The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44–48.Google Scholar
Reid, R.C., Carpenter, B. N., Hook, J. N., Garos, S., Manning, J. C., Gilliland, R., Cooper, E. B., McKittrick, H., Davtian, M., & Fong, T. (2012). Report of Findings in a DSM 5 Field Trial for Hypersexual Disorder. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(11), 2868–2877.Google Scholar
SAMHSA. (2014). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-informed Approach. http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA14-4884/SMA14-4884.pdf: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Google Scholar
Sample, L. L., & Kadleck, C. (2008). Sex Offender Laws: Legislators’ Accounts of the Need for Policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19(1), 40–62. DOI: 10.1177/0887403407308292Google Scholar
Schmucker, M., & Lösel, F. (2015). The Effects of Sexual Offender Treatment on Recidivism: An International Meta-analysis of Sound Quality Evaluations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 597–630. DOI: 10.1007/s11292-015-9241-z.Google Scholar
Seto, M. C. (2019). The Motivation-Facilitation Model of Sexual Offending. Sexual Abuse, 31(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seto, M. C. (2018). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children: Theory, Assessment, and Intervention (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Seto, M. C. (2008). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children: Theory, Assessment, and Intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Seto, M. C. (2012). Is Pedophilia a Sexual Orientation? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 231–236.Google Scholar
Smallbone, S. W., & Dadds, M. R. (1998). Childhood Attachment and Adult Attachment in Incarcerated Adult Male Sex Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(5), 555–573.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2014). Residence Restrictions Are Ineffective, Inefficient, and Inadequate: So Now What? Criminology & Public Policy, 13(1), 179–188.Google Scholar
Stephens, S., Seto, M. C., Goodwill, A. M., & Cantor, J. M. (2017). Evidence of Construct Validity in the Assessment of Hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(1), 301–309.Google Scholar
Streeck-Fischer, A., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Down Will Come Baby, Cradle and All: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Chronic Trauma on Child Development. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(6), 903–918.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, R., & Mustaine, E. (2009). Stress and Collateral Consequences for Registered Sex Offenders. Journal of Public Management and Social Policy, 15(2), 215–239.Google Scholar
van der Kolk, B. (2006). Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 277–293.Google Scholar
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York, NY: Penguin.Google Scholar
Vondra, J. I., Shaw, D. S., Swearingen, L., Cohen, M., & Owens, E. B. (2001). Attachment Stability and Emotional and Behavioral Regulation from Infancy to Preschool Age. Development and Psychopathology, 13(01), 13–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, G. M. (2015). Changing the Dialogue, Changing Lives: How Strengths-based Approaches Can Move Us Ahead (keynote presentation). Paper presented at the Innovative Strategies in Criminal Justice: From Policy to Practice, Edmonton, Canada.Google Scholar
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D. F., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the Good Lives and Self-Regulation Models to Sex Offender Treatment: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.Google Scholar
Zandbergen, P., Levenson, J. S., & Hart, T. (2010). Residential Proximity to Schools and Daycares: An Empirical Analysis of Sex Offense Recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(5), 482–502. DOI: 10.1177/0093854810363549.Google Scholar
Zander, T. K. (2008). Commentary: Inventing Diagnosis for Civil Commitment of Rapists. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 36(4), 459–469.Google Scholar
Zgoba, K., Miner, M., Levenson, J., Knight, R., Letourneau, E., & Thornton, D. (2015). The Adam Walsh Act. Sexual Abuse, 28(8), 722–740. DOI: 10.1177/1079063215569543.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×