The psychological effects of an injection of methylamphetamine have been measured in 22 drug-free patients with endogenous depressive illness and in 9 patients with other psychiatric illness. A new distinction between the time course of the euphoric and anti-depressant effects is described. The euphoric effects were seen in the first hour after the injection, but the anti-depressant effects were delayed for 1–3 hours and then lasted for as long as 36 hours. These findings are at variance with the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis of depressive illness which (in its simplest form) predicts an immediate alleviation of depression as a result of an immediate rise in the concentration of noradrenaline at central receptor sites.

As part of a prospective study of closed head injury, 54 relatives were interviewed within a month of the patient's accident and again six and twelve months later.

The degree of stress on the relatives was measured by means of the Wakefield Depression Scale and by interview questions.

The worst period of stress for the majority of relatives appeared to be during the first month after the accident. However, the degree of stress appeared to level off by the sixth month and no further diminution was found at twelve months.

Stress was apparently mediated by the relatives' perception of personality changes and subjective defects. It was not affected by the severity of the head injury or associated disabilities, nor by whether the patient had resumed work and leisure activities.

The nature of the stress is analysed and methods of alleviating it discussed.

Phobic avoidance has been widely accepted as the central feature of the agoraphobic syndrome, and the presence of agoraphobia has been used to define groups of subjects for clinical research. A review of the evidence suggests that agoraphobia should not be classified with the phobias; several lines of inquiry point to the conclusion that it is a variable feature of patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. Implications for research and problems with the present classification of neurotic affective disorders are noted.

Forty alcoholics and 40 controls were compared on tests of frontal lobe functions, abstracting ability, and verbal and picture memory. Alcoholics were inferior to controls, and heavy drinkers poorer than moderate ones (life-time alcohol consumption) on picture memory and a verbal fluency test of frontal lobe functions. Verbal memory and abstracting ability were not significantly impaired. Although this pattern may indicate that frontal and right temporal areas of the brain are particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic alcoholism, the possibility that it may merely reflect general sensitivity of the tests to brain damage cannot be ruled out.

Cognitive functions were investigated in seven manic-depressive patients while on lithium, after two weeks off lithium, and after a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine while on lithium. Test performance was unaffected by lithium, but after physostigmine the I.Q. score of a shortened version of the WAIS was significantly increased.

Thirty-two patients who had responded to amitriptyline (150 mg daily) when suffering from a depressive illness were allocated either to receive placebo or to remain on the same medication for one year.

Plasma concentrations of the drug were regularly estimated. There was no correlation between plasma concentration and subsequent residual affective morbidity. In spite of considerable encouragement, three of the patients did not take the prescribed amitriptyline and they all relapsed. Five out of sixteen patients who received placebo relapsed. None of the patients who continued to take amitriptyline relapsed.

It is emphasized that the patients studied were selected, inasmuch as they were apparent responders to amitriptyline. It is concluded that this group of patients should continue to be treated with antidepressant medication for eight months after apparent recovery, and care should be taken to ensure the patients' compliance.

The prevalence of abnormal serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 1,206 in-patients in two associated psychiatric hospitals. The biochemical pattern of primary hypothyroidism occurred in five females and one male (prevalence 0.5 per cent), but in only one patient was the diagnosis clinically obvious. Eight patients (all female) were clinically hyperthyroid (prevalence 0.7 per cent), of whom six were previously undiagnosed. There was no evidence that phenothiazines or benzodiazepine therapy had any significant effect on thyroid hormone levels. The small differences in thyroid hormone levels between psychiatric diagnostic groups could be explained by differences in age distribution.

In a sample of men remanded into custody for medical reports during a three-month period, it was found that those who received recommendations for treatment had a diagnosis of acute mental illness, had in the past been admitted more frequently to mental hospitals and had spent a longer period as in-patients. They were also assessed as being difficult to manage, i.e. they were considered to be nuisances, were threatening and potentially violent. The men who were not recommended for treatment had a history of excessive drinking and drink-related offences; they also had more extensive criminal histories and a diagnosis of psychopathic disorder.

Two groups of 16 patients with depressive psychosis took part in a controlled evaluation of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One group received six brief pulse unilateral shocks under conventional anaesthesia and muscle relaxation; the second group underwent the same procedure without receiving shocks. Outcome was assessed by a separate investigator using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression under double-blind conditions. The results showed that this form of ECT was only superior to the control treatment for one item in the scale, a finding which could have occurred by chance. The results suggest that the ECT pre-treatment procedure has an important therapeutic effect. This casts some doubt on current views of the effectiveness of electro-convulsive therapy in general, and of brief pulse unilateral ECT in particular.

Since 1804 there have been twelve case reports of patients with mood disorders showing a regular periodicity of 48 hours, eight bipolar and four unipolar. This paper describes an additional patient, a 57-year-old man with a 48-hour unipolar cycle. Although his 24-hour serum Cortisol pattern was abnormal, there were few clear-cut biological abnormalities. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and comparisons made with previous reports of similar patients.

Over a three-month period, 634 men were remanded into custody at Brixton Prison for medical reports; 87 received recommendations for psychiatric treatment and 82 individuals were actually referred to hospitals for treatment. Fourteen months later nearly three-quarters of the men who went to hospital had been discharged. They fell into three groups by outcome: men with acute psychoses for whom treatment was definitely beneficial; men who remained behaviourally disturbed after receiving treatment although their mental states improved; a group with chronic disorders for whom admission was not beneficial. The two groups with improved mental states represented only 5 per cent of the initial receptions to Brixton Prison.

An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.

The patient described in this report is the second case in which the Capgras syndrome has occurred in association with pseudohypoparathyroidism (Hay et al, 1974). Her admission was for evaluation and treatment of psychosis, but after detailed metabolic and psychometric testing it was established that pseudohypoparathyroidism and cerebral dysfunction were antecedent conditions. In view of recent reports in the literature, the significance of these conditions in the pathogenesis of the Capgras syndrome will be discussed.

A field study of 14 treatment centres found broad agreement between clinical practice and the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Memorandum on the use of ECT. Differences in electrode placement and anaesthetic agents and a poor standard of safety and reliability in the electrical equipment was noted.

The effect of thyrotoxicosis upon the recurrence of manic-depressive psychoses has been studied by the use of a routine follow-up system. In this system 267 patients had three or more affective illnesses. Five of these patients had eight well-documented episodes of thyrotoxicosis. Only three of these eight episodes coincided with an affective illness, and in each case an alternative explanation for the association was available. These findings suggest that thyrotoxicosis has little effect upon the occurrence of a manic-depressive episode.

The prevalence of age disorientation was estimated in the population of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a large mental hospital. Of these 357 patients 25 per cent demonstrated age disorientation, defined as a five-year discrepancy between true and subjective age, and 11 per cent of the population believed themselves to be within five years of the age they were at admission, although they were a mean 28.9 years older. Age-disorientated patients differed from the age-orientated in being significantly older. However, when age-matched, they were younger at first admission and had a longer duration of stay than patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia without age-disorientation. Age-disorientation may thus be a feature of a type of schizophrenic illness of early onset and poor prognosis.

Genetic factors play an important role in drug metabolism and drug response. In order to investigate genetic variables in lithium prophylaxis and lithium distribution across the erythrocyte in manic-depression, we have examined forty-two pairs of twins monozygotic (n = 25) and dizygotic (n = 17) with manic-depression. Concordant twins as a group show better lithium prophylaxis than do discordant twins. These results are consistent with previously published family studies of affective illness suggesting a positive relationship between genetic background and success of lithium prophylaxis.

Lithium distribution across the red blood cell (RBC) was assessed by estimating lithium RBC/plasma ratios. The lithium ratio's intrapair differences in both groups of twins were minimal with a high heritability index suggesting that genetic factors play a role in lithium ion distribution. A high linear correlation was found between lithium ratio and plasma lithium and there was no difference in lithium ratios according to sex, affective state and response to lithium. The distribution of lithium ratios was homogenous in the lithium responders' population but this was not the case in the non-responders, suggesting biological heterogeneity of lithium distribution in lithium failures. The implications of these results are discussed as they relate to the genetic determinates of lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness.

These results indicate that lithium ratios are of limited value in lithium maintenance therapy. Our lithium kinetic data, however, are consistent with the concept of a lithium extrusion mechanism from red blood cells.

In a six-month study of psychiatric hospital in-patients, it was found that accidents more often occurred among females and among patients on psychogeriatric wards. Falls were the most common form of accident. Accidents resulting from the aggressive behaviour of other patients usually occurred on long-stay and rehabilitation wards, with middle-aged patients the victims.

Nine elderly depressed patients were given ECT in courses which alternated unilateral and bilateral electrode placement; recovery times were measured. When compared with similar times for younger patients, recovery took on average five times as long from unilateral treatment and nine times as long from bilateral. Within the group, bilateral treatment took significantly longer for recovery than unilateral treatment and was significantly more sensitive to cumulative effect and interval effect.

In an interview survey of temporal orientation in chronic schizophrenia, patients with age disorientation (n = 77) were much less likely than patients without age disorientation (n = 222) to be able to give correct answers to simple questions about dates and the passage of time (e.g. their date of birth, the present year and the duration of their hospital stay). The age disorientated systematically underestimate the present year and their duration of hospital stay; in individual patients the errors they make are consistent with their concept of their own age. ‘Time stands still’ for these patients.

However, there are patients in whom an incorrect appreciation of their own age co-exists with correct awareness of the present year. Between these patients and those for whom subjective time stands still, there appears to be a continuum of increasing temporal disorientation. This dimension may be a clinical correlate of intellectual impairment.