Deformation spaces of quasi-Fuchsian groups provide the simplest nontrivial examples of deformation spaces of Kleinian groups. Their understanding is of interest with respect to the study of more general Kleinian groups. On the other hand, these spaces contain subspaces isomorphic to Teichmüller spaces, and are often useful for the study of properties of Teichmüller space. A recent example of this is the study of the Teichmüller space of the punctured torus by Keen and Series [KS].

Let s, k and n be positive integers and define rs,k(n) to be the number of solutions of the diophantine equation

in positive integers xi. In 1922, using their circle method, Hardy and Littlewood [2] established the asymptotic formula

whenever s≥(k−2)2k−1 + 5. Here , the singular series, relates the local solubility of (1.1). For each k we define to be the smallest value of s0 such that for all s ≥ s0 we have (1.2), the asymptotic formula in Waring's problem. The main result of this memoir is the following theorem which improves upon bounds of previous authors when k≤9.

In this paper, we first give a characterization of a regular endomorphism of a graph. Then, we explicitly describe its inverses through idempotents.

The construction of the fiber polytope ∑(P, Q) of a projection π:P→Q of polytopes is extended to flags of projections. While the faces of the fiber polytope are related to subdivisions of Q induced by the faces of P, those of an iterated fiber polytope are related to discrete homotopies between polyhedral subdivisions. In particular, in the case of projections

starting with an (n + 1)-simplex, vertices of the successive iterates correspond to, respectively, subsets, permutations and sequences of permutations of an n-set. The first iterate will always be combinatorially an n-cube, and, under certain conditions, the second will have the structure of the (n−1)-dimensional permutohedron.

Let X be an infinite set and T(X) be the full transformation semigroup on X. In [4] and [6] Howie gives a description of the subsemigroup of T(X) generated by its idempotents. In order to do this he defines, for α in T(X),

and refers to the cardinals s(α) = |S(α)|, d(α) = |Z(α)| and |c(α) = |C(α)| as the shift, the defect, and the collapse of α respectively. Then putting

he proves that the subsemigroup of T(X) generated by its idempotents is . Furthermore, both F and Q are generated by their idempotents

Recently M. M. Kapranov [Kap] defined a poset KPAn−1, called the permuto-associahedron, which is a hybrid between the face poset of the permutohedron and the associahedron. Its faces are the partially parenthesized, ordered, partitions of the set {1, 2, …, n}, with a natural partial order.

Kapranov showed that KPAn−1, is the face poset of a regular CW-ball, and explored its connection with a category-theoretic result of MacLane, Drinfeld's work on the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations, and a certain moduli space of curves. He also asked the question of whether this CW-ball can be realized as a convex polytope.

We show that indeed, the permuto-associahedron corresponds to the type An−1, in a family of convex polytopes KPW associated to the classical Coxeter groups, W = An−1, Bn, Dn. The embedding of these polytopes relies on the secondary polytope construction of the associahedron due to Gel'fand, Kapranov, and Zelevinsky. Our proofs yield integral coordinates, with all vertices on a sphere, and include a complete description of the facet-defining inequalities.

Also we show that for each W, the dual polytope KPW* is a refinement (as a CW-complex) of the Coxeter complex associated to W, and a coarsening of the barycentric subdivision of the Coxeter complex. In the case W = An−1, this gives a combinatorial proof of Kapranov's original sphericity result.

We prove that the relation type of all high powers of an ideal in a Noetherian ring is either one or two. It is one exactly when some power of the ideal is locally principal.

The main purposes of this paper are to investigate ℤ-injective rings with the representation extension property and its dual, to give a necessary and sufficient condition for a ℤ-injective ring to be an amalgamation base in the class of all rings and to determine structure of ℤ-injective Noetherian rings which are amalgamation bases. Further, in the class of all commutative rings, it is shown that a commutative ring has the representation extension property, if, and only if, it is an amalgamation base.

The last formula on page 65 of our paper [1] is incorrect; as it stands, the left hand side is bounded whereas the right hand side is not. The formula should read