South Georgia is a remote sub-Antarctic island, considered a marine biodiversity ‘hotspot’ in the Southern Ocean. During a survey along the north coast of South Georgia several marine planarians were found. One of the specimens was a new species of Allogenus (Uteriporidae), which is described here as Allogenus sluysi sp. nov. The new species has the characteristics of the genus and can be distinguished from the type and only known species, Allogenus kerguelensis, by its smaller size, blackish-brown pigmentation, presence of three retinal cells in each eye cup, position of its testes half-way between the ventral and dorsal body surfaces or at a slightly more ventral position, and by having an ejaculatory duct that opens centrally at the tip of the penis papilla. The presently known geographical distribution of Allogenus, the heterogeneous marine planarian species composition in South Georgia, and the distribution of these species in this region are in agreement with a previously proposed vicariance hypothesis, albeit that dispersal cannot be ruled out.

A new species of the sabellid genus Pseudobranchiomma is described from 50 cm depth in dock fouling from the southern Gulf of California. Pseudobranchiomma schizogenica sp. nov., belongs to a group of six species characterized by having radiolar serrations extending for most of the radiolar length. The new species is characterized by the presence of a unique set of features related to the covering of the peristomium by lateral collar margins, the shape of the first ventral shield, the size of interramal eyespots, and the width of the hood of thoracic and abdominal spinelike chaetae. Information about live and post-fixed colour, glandular pattern and reproduction is also provided. The new species described here is compared with all species in the former group. The presence of paired patches of cilia without heads (kinocilia-type) on ventral lappets and ventral shields of the collar, thorax and abdomen is documented for the first time in the genus Pseudobranchiomma. Dense aggregations of Pseudobranchiomma schizogenica sp. nov., on docks from the southern Gulf of California are predominantly a result of asexual reproduction taking place during summer, when 82% of the population reproduces by architomy.

Two new species of free-living nematodes discovered from the sediments in the East China Sea are described: Linhystera breviapophysis sp. nov. and L. longiapophysis sp. nov. Both species possess a dorso-caudally directed gubernacular apophysis, which makes them distinctly different from the two already known species of Linhystera. Linhystera breviapophysis is characterized by a gubernacular apophysis about 3.3 μm long, the presence of a crown of cervical setae and a filiform tail. Linhystera longiapophysis is characterized by a prominent gubernacular apophysis about 10 μm long, sparse cervical setae and a long filiform tail. An emended diagnosis of Linhystera and a pictorial dichotomous key to the species are given.

Two new species of South African Syllidae of the genus Syllis Lamarck, 1818 are described. Syllis unzima sp. nov. is characterized by having unidentate compound chaetae with long spines on margin, a characteristic colour pattern and its reproduction by vivipary. Vivipary is not common among the polychaetes, but most representatives occur in the family Syllidae Grube, 1850 (in five other Syllis species, two species of Dentatisyllis Perkins, 1981 and two species of Parexogone Mesnil & Caullery, 1818). Syllis unzima sp. nov. differs from the other viviparous species in having large broods (>44 juveniles) which develop synchronously. Development of the juveniles is similar to that of free-spawning Syllis species, but the appearance of the first pair of eyespots and the differentiation of the pharynx and proventricle occur later in S. unzima. Syllis amicarmillaris sp. nov., is characterized by having an elongated body with relatively short, fusiform dorsal cirri and the presence of one or two pseudosimple chaeta on midbody parapodia by loss of blade and enlargement of shaft. Syllis unzima sp. nov. was found in high densities on cultured Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833 with single specimens found on a cultured Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793 and on coralline algae, respectively, while S. amicarmillaris was found mainly in sediment outside an abalone farm and less frequently on cultured Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758. We discuss the possible benefits of the association with H. scabra to S. unzima sp. nov.

In recent years the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative started thorough investigations of poorly known organism groups. In this context, several marine inventories have rendered a number of marine invertebrate species new to science. Within the phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) a characteristic hoplonemertean was encountered on two different occasions. We describe the new species Amphiporus rectangulus sp. nov. with a combination of histology and DNA data (COI). For the morphological description we use a previously proposed character matrix and, in a context given by the results, also provide a brief discussion on benefits and drawbacks with both methods. We argue that for small animals with soft bodies external characters can be more informative than hitherto expected.

Four new species of the genus Desmodora are described from the South Atlantic off the south-eastern coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Desmodora porosum sp. nov. is characterized by sexual dimorphism in the shape of the amphids, which are closed loop-shaped in males, and multispiral amphids in females. A case of intersexuality was found in the species, with a functional female gonad. Desmodora profundum sp. nov. is characterized by filiform spicules with a capitulum, buccal cavity with one dorsal and one small ventral tooth, tail cylindrical with a terminal spinneret, and wider rings in the neck region than on the rest of the body. Desmodora veronicae sp. nov. possesses cryptospiral amphids, a buccal cavity with one dorsal tooth and two smaller ventral teeth, 14 tubular pre-cloacal supplements, two ventral cuticular protruberances on the tail, and curved spicules with a capitulum and velum. Desmodora curvatum sp. nov. has the cuticle finely striated, without somatic setae, multispiral amphids, and a gubernaculum without apophysis, curved dorsally with the tip directed toward the end of the body.

During the Capbreton cruises (1987–1990), samples of bathyal benthic macrofauna were taken at 37 stations situated along the continental slope (480–1113 m depth) of the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, north-east Atlantic). Ten species of polychaetes belonging to six genera (Melinna, Eclysippe, Amphicteis, Anobothrus, Glyphanostomum and Tanseimaruana) of the family Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866 were collected at 13 of these stations. Most of these species are reported for the first time in the area. Amphicteis aff. wesenbergae is reported for the first time after its recent description and a new species belonging to the genus Glyphanostomum is here described. Moreover, the finding of Melinna monoceroides represents the northernmost record of the species; Tanseimaruana vestis is recorded for the second time from the East Atlantic after its recent finding in Icelandic waters; Anobothrus aff. gracilis is reported for the second time from the Iberian Peninsula, representing, the southernmost record of the species in the Atlantic Ocean. The potential identification of two fragments of an Ampharetinae indet as Anobothrus laubieri, a deep water Arctic species, is discussed.

A new species of Abyssoninoe (Polychaeta: Lumbrineridae) has been found on sublittoral soft bottoms in the Gulf of Milazzo (central Mediterranean Sea). The description is based on eleven specimens recorded in six grab samples carried out by Van Veen grab from 20 to 50 m depth. Abyssoninoe bidentata sp. nov. differs from the six hitherto known species of Abyssoninoe by having the maxillae III with two subequal teeth instead of one, the shape of the parapodial lobes and chaetal distribution.

Hydraulic dredging for bivalves, such as cockles (Cerastoderma edule), has the potential to cause significant impacts on marine intertidal benthos. Although this fishing activity is common in northern European Natura 2000 sites such impacts may be incompatible with conservation objectives for designated habitats and species within these sites. In 2009–2010 a spatially nested control-impact study was undertaken before (t0), 8–9 days after (t1) and 4 months (t2) following dredging and extraction of 108 tonnes of cockles from a standing stock of 2158 tonnes in Dundalk Bay. This study failed to detect significant effects on benthic sediments, or the overall community structure. However, a fishing effect on the target species C. edule in one sampling area and a short lived effect on the bivalve Angulus tenuis were identified. Significant spatial and temporal variability in abundance of species and taxonomic groups, unrelated to fishing effects, was observed. Previous studies on the effects of fisheries on marine intertidal benthos have reported variable results, related to study design and objectives and the physical characteristics of the study site. Site specific studies, relative to the intensity and frequency of proposed fishing activity, may be required to adequately inform managers whether such activities are compatible with specific conservation objectives for Natura 2000 sites.

A twelve-month investigation was undertaken on how copepod community structure varied in relation to environmental factors in the Coleroon estuary, south-east India. Sampling was monthly, from Station 1 in the sea to Station 4 in the Vettar backwaters. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to elucidate the environmental factors affecting the copepod community. A total of 104 copepod species in 38 genera and 26 families were recorded, with the Calanoids, Acartia erythraea and Oithona brevicornis being the most dominant. At all four stations, both these species loaded near the intercept of CCA axes 1 and 2, perhaps reflecting that they were autochthonous. Most species occurred in distinct seasonal patterns. Abundances ranged from 13 × 103 to 215 × 103 (ind. m−3). Coleroon waters showed high diversity (bits/ind.), from 5.29 at Station 3 to 4.97 at Station 4. Abundance correlated positively with temperature and salinity and negatively with rainfall, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and pH. Species diversity correlated strongly with abundance (P < 0.01). Abundance and diversity were highest during the summer, and both correlated positively with salinity. Temperatures (air and water), salinity, pH and DO varied in the ranges 26–36°C, 25–34.2°C, 9–38, 7.0–8.7 and 3.0–6.8 ml l-1, respectively. Nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate (µM) varied in the ranges: 4.7–64.5, 0.4–14.1, 0.2–12.9 and 9.3–148, respectively.

There is great difficulty in maintaining aquatic mammals in captivity, since the attempt to replicate the environment they live in poses an enormous challenge. Poor captivity facilities without environmental enrichment can lead to different consequences for animal health, including the appearance of stereotypical movements. The aim of this study was to identify these behaviours in three groups of animals, one group of manatees inhabiting a reintroduction oceanarium in Pernambuco (PE) state, and two other groups confined in corrals constructed in natural areas (estuaries), one located in Paraiba state and the other in Alagoas state, all in north-eastern Brazil. Observations were conducted using the focal animal sampling method. It was found that the animals inhabiting the reintroduction oceanarium with no environmental enrichment showed stereotypical behaviour such as ‘Back-and-forth’ movements, ‘Hitting head against the limiting structure’ and ‘Hitting the muzzle’, while animals constrained within estuaries did not. The ‘circle swimming’ behaviour was present in a higher percentage of the animals captive in the reintroduction oceanarium, although no significant difference between the sites was found. The number and frequency of occurrence of stereotypical behaviours was significantly higher in animals kept in the reintroduction oceanarium in PE than in those of other locations. Based on these results we recommend the use of appropriate environmental enrichment and the reduction of time manatees stay confined in the reintroduction oceanarium.

The muscle lipid, fatty acids and total cholesterol profiles of the spiny cheek grouper, Epinephelus diacanthus, collected from south-west (Arabian Sea) and south-east coasts (Bay of Bengal) of India were evaluated over four years (2008–2011) with regard to three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). Fatty acids were correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration and sea surface temperature. Lipid content, total polyunsaturated, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids of the samples from the south-west coast showed positive correlation with chlorophyll-a concentration during the monsoon (r2 = 0.93, 0.97, 0.97 and 0.99, respectively). Higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (>1.0) and low atherogenic (<1.2), thrombogenicity (≤0.6) indices make the groupers collected from the coast of the Arabian Sea a valued candidate species for human nutrition. High levels of n-3 fatty acids (>19% during post-monsoon), important in the human diet for their platelet anti-aggregating and blood pressure-reducing properties, for groupers collected from the south-west coast, with higher n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio (>5.1) proved this species from the coast of the Arabian Sea to be a desirable item in the human diet.

Studies of the feeding behaviour of aquatic species in their natural environment are difficult, since direct observations are rarely possible. In this study, a newly developed animal-borne underwater sound recorder (AUSOMS-mini) was applied to captive Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) and Antillean (Trichechus manatus manatus) manatees in order to directly record their feeding sounds. Different species of aquatic plants were offered to the manatees separately. Feeding sounds were automatically extracted using a custom program developed with MATLAB. Compared to ground truth data, the program correctly detected 65–79% of the feeding events, with a 7.3% or lower false alarm rate, which suggests that this methodology is a useful recorder of manatee feeding events. All manatees foraged during both the daytime and night-time. However, manatees tended to be less active and masticated slower during the night than during the day. The manatee mastication cycle duration depended on plant species and individual. This animal-borne acoustic monitoring system could greatly increase our knowledge of manatee feeding ecology by providing the exact time, duration and number of feeding events, and potentially the plant species being fed on.

The genus Megasyllis is herein reorganized excluding the size from the diagnosis, since it is not a characteristic of all the species of the genus. We provide here a taxonomic account of all known species and a key to species identification. Seven species are new combinations, and re-descriptions of the four latter are included: Megasyllis nipponica (Imajima, 1966) and M. multiannulata (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008) from Japan; Megasyllis procera (Hartman, 1965) from the Atlantic; Megasyllis pseudoheterosetosa (Böggemann & Westheide, 2004) from the Indian Ocean. Megasyllis glandulosa (Augener, 1913), from Australia; Megasyllis marquesensis (Monro, 1939) from the Marquesas Islands, Micronesia and Megasyllis subantennata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984) from Australia. Four new species from the Pacific Ocean namely Megasyllis tigrina sp. nov., Megasyllis mariandreworum sp. nov. (both from Australia), Megasyllis chrissyae sp. nov. (from the Philippines) and Megasyllis eduardoi sp. nov. (from New Zealand) are described.

A new species of Boholina, B. ganghwaensis sp. nov. is described, based on specimens collected from burrows of the manicure crab, Cleistostoma dilatatum, in the tidal flat of Ganghwa Island in western Korea. The new species is closely similar to B. purgata and B. parapurgata by having a pointed process on the posterior angles of the second and third pedigerous somites and a similar rostrum in the female, but can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: in females by the genital double-somite with small hook-like process on each gonoporal plate, the setation of the distal endopodal segment of mandible, the basis and first endopodal segment of the maxillule incompletely separated, the inner distal spine/outer terminal spine length ratio on P5; and in males by the distal spine present on the posterior surface of the basis of both P5 and the length/width ratio of the endopod of the right P5. This is the first Bololina species recorded from the north-west Pacific.

A new genus and species of Tanaidacea are described from the manganese nodule province between the Clarion and the Clipperton Fracture Zone of the equatorial North Pacific Ocean collected during the French/German BIONOD expedition in 2012. The new genus, Cheliasetosatanais, can be diagnosed by the propodal and dactylus setation and the maxilliped endite armament. The male is also described and, while being a dimorphic swimming male, still shares the diagnostic characters and posseses a fully functional maxilliped.

Recent sampling surveys (2011–2012) of the shallow (0–50 m) hard-bottom communities and re-examination of some soft-bottom communities (5–143 m) along the Algerian coast have allowed the collection of 33 species (five Caprelloidea, 27 Gammaridea and one Hyperiidea), which were not recorded before in the inventory of the marine amphipod fauna of Algeria (Bakalem & Dauvin, 1995; Grimes et al., 2009). This paper reports the number of specimens sampled for each of these 33 species and provides data on their geographical distribution and habitats. Fourteen of the species (43%) are considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea; 15 others are north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species, and the four last are cosmopolitan species. Twenty-nine of the new records are known for Italian waters and 19 in Greek waters where there is intensive amphipod inventory. The total number of marine amphipod fauna in Algeria is now 332.

A new Scyllaeidae of the genus Notobryon is described from Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Notobryon caribbaeus sp. nov. is characterized by having the anterior pair of body lobes remarkably bigger than the posterior pair, a stomach with eight triangular plates, a black and very wide ampulla, a lemon-shaped bursa copulatrix and a complex and well-differentiated sponge-like prostate. The first Caribbean records of Notobryon were provisionally assigned to the Australian species Notobryon cf. wardi and later transferred to Notobryon panamica. However, the structure of the male genital system is one of the main morphological characters to discriminate species in the genus and the presence of a prostate in N. caribbaeus sp. nov. distinguishes it from N. panamica, which remains confined to the eastern Pacific. Of the remaining four species in the world, only Notobryon bijecurum shares this character, but its external anatomy is different: it lacks a bursa copulatrix and the deferent duct is much shorter. Notobryon caribbaeus sp. nov. was captured in the context of an intensive expedition (‘Karubenthos’) organized by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and its description raises the total inventory of sea slugs in Guadeloupe to 150.

Two new species of Metachromadora are described from Bananal and Bica beaches in Guanabara Bay on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both new species belong to the subgenus Bradylaimus, which is characterized by the absence of lateral alae. Metachromadora prepapillata sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of 8–9 precloacal papilliform supplements, while Metachromadora verae sp. nov. is characterized by the sexual dimorphism of the amphidial fovea, presence of 8–9 precloacal tubuliform supplements, and three postcloacal papillae. An updated dichotomous key to species of Metachromadora is proposed. Metachromadora asupplementa is reinstated as a valid species.

To describe the age, growth, mortality and distribution of the garfish, Belone euxini and differences in these parameters from other populations, monthly samplings were conducted between December 2011 and July 2013 in the south-east Black Sea. Garfish catch decreased to its lowest levels in spring months, especially after May, and it was completely finished by the summer months. The mean total length (TL) of the female was significantly greater than the mean TL of the male (P < 0.05). The sex-ratio of female:male with size was skewed towards males up to 38 cm length-class, and skewed towards females above the 38 cm class (P < 0.05). The growth pattern of garfish was described by goodness of fit of the data and biological interpretation of growth parameters. The exponential (females: L∞ = 88.3 cm TL, K = 0.108 yr−1, males: L∞ = 71.9 cm TL, K = 0.151 yr−1) and von Bertalanffy (females: L∞ = 81.6 cm TL, K = 0.125 yr−1, t0 = −2.25 year, males: L∞ = 81.6 cm TL, K = 0.125 yr−1, t0 = −2.13 year) models were considered the most suitable growth models. Total instantaneous mortality rate, Z, was estimated as 1.04 yr−1 for females and 1.24 yr−1 for males. Instantaneous natural mortality ratio, M, was estimated higher for males than for females. The exploitation rate of both sexes was also higher than the optimum exploitation (E = 0.5) criterion, which is indicative of overfishing of the garfish population.