Mini-sabbaticals are formal short-term training and educational experiences away from an investigator’s home research unit. These may include rotations with other research units and externships at government research or regulatory agencies, industry and non-profit programs, and training and/or intensive educational programs. The National Institutes of Health have been encouraging training institutions to consider offering mini-sabbaticals, but given the newness of the concept, limited data are available to guide the implementation of mini-sabbatical programs. In this paper, we review the history of sabbaticals and mini-sabbaticals, report the results of surveys we performed to ascertain the use of mini-sabbaticals at Clinical and Translational Science Award hubs, and consider best practice recommendations for institutions seeking to establish formal mini-sabbatical programs.

Introduction: Recently, volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) has been used for accurate sampling of a fixed peripheral blood volume (10 µL) on a volumetric swab, and long-term sample storage. The mPlex-Flu assay is a novel, high-throughput assay that simultaneously measures the concentration of antibodies against the hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from multiple influenza virus strains with ≤5 µL of serum. Here we describe combining these two methods to measure multidimensional anti-influenza IgG activity in whole blood samples collected by a finger stick and VAMS, with correction for serum volume based on simultaneous hemoglobin measurement. Methods: We compared capillary blood samples obtained from a finger stick using a VAMS device with serum samples collected by traditional phlebotomy from 20 subjects, with the influenza antibody profiles measured by the mPlex-Flu assay. Results: We found that results with the two sampling methods were highly correlated within subjects and across all influenza strains (mean R2 = 0.9470). Adjustment for serum volume, based on hemaglobin measurement, was used to estimate serum volume of samples and improved the accuracy. IgG measurements were stable over 3 weeks when VAMS samples were stored at room temperature or transported using a variety of shipping methods. Additionally, when volunteers performed finger-stick VAMS at-home by themselves, the comparison results of anti-HA antibody concentrations were highly consistent with sampling performed by study personnel on-site (R2 = 0.9496). Conclusions: This novel approach can provide a simple, accurate, and low-cost means for monitoring the IgG anti-influenza HA antibody responses in large population studies and clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our objective is to understand the influence of the features comprising metabolic syndrome (central obesity, raised fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, and decreased HDL cholesterol) on brain structure in men and women. With the understanding that MetS is a strong predictor of gray matter volume loss in specific brain regions, in this study we sought to quantify the influence of each of the metabolic syndrome biometric variables on the structures involved in the neural signature of metabolic syndrome. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted multiple linear regression analyses on a cross-sectional sample of 800 individuals from the Genetics of Brian Structure (GOBS) image archive (352 men and 448 women). GOBS is an offshoot of the San Antonio Heart Study involving an extended pedigree of Mexican Americans from the greater San Antonio area. Its goal is to localize, identify, and characterize genes/quantitative trait loci associated with variations in brain structure and function (Winkler, 2010). The archive has continuously added participants from approximately 40 families since 2006. Neuroanatomic (T1-weighted MRI scans obtained on a Siemens 3T scanner and processed using FSL), neurocognitive, and biometric phenotypes have been obtained for each subject (including blood lipids). Linear regressions were run using SPSS and incorporated biometric and gray matter volume values obtained from 800 GOBS participants. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Linear regressions incorporating metabolic syndrome variables as dependent variables and gray matter volume from regions involved in the neural signature of metabolic syndrome as predictors show significant predictive patterns that are largely similar between men and women, with some differences. Another linear regression conducted with gray matter volume from the neural signature of metabolic syndrome as the dependent variable and metabolic syndrome variables as predictors show that waist circumference and triglycerides are the greatest predictors of gray matter volume loss in men, and fasting plasma glucose and waist circumference are the greatest predictors of gray matter volume loss in women. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Significant sex differences in the relationships between metabolic syndrome variables and gray matter volume changes between brain regions comprising the neural signature of metabolic syndrome were identified. waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides are the most reliable predictors of gray matter volume loss. The variance in gray matter volume of the neural signature of metabolic syndrome in men is more significantly explained by waist circumference and triglycerides (when accounting for age) and in women is more significantly explained by waist circumference and fasting plasma glucose (when accounting for age). A model of metabolic syndrome that emphasizes a risk of neurodegeneration should focus on waist circumference for both men and women and weigh the remaining variables accordingly by sex (triglycerides in men and fasting plasma glucose in women).

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of this research was to investigate how chronic inflammation promotes the generation of proinflammatory intestinal macrophages and if macrophages contribute to intestinal inflammation through Notch activation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized two animal models of chronic colitis, the chronic DSS-induced colitis mouse model and the spontaneous enterocolitis development in IL-10-deficient mice to investigate the role of chronic inflammation in the generation of proinflammatory intestinal macrophages and its influence in notch signaling. Bone marrow-derived monocytes were collected from each group and differentiated into macrophages (BMM) for gene and protein analysis. Ex vivo phenotypical and functional analysis of colonic macrophages was assessed as was the presence of goblet cells and mucosal T cells. In addition, we analyzed the development of goblet cell differentiation in colonoids in a co-culture system with proinflammatory macrophages. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our chronic inflammation models revealed an increase in proinflammatory macrophages present in the lamina propria and that these cells expressed significantly higher levels of notch ligand, Jagged1. Jagged 1 has been shown to enhance TH1 differentiation and T cells isolated from the mucosa of both chronic colitis models display strong TH1 skewing compared to controls. Chronic inflammation also contributes to intestinal barrier defects, enhanced permeability and bacterial translocation. We believe this enhanced intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation promote Jagged1 expression in intestinal macrophages. To support this concept, we show TLR stimulation induces the upregulation of Jagged1 in BMM. Additionally, the generation of BMM from our chronic DSS-induced colitis mice or age matched controls, revealed BMM derived from a host of chronic inflammation were skewed to a proinflammatory state prior to stimulation showing increased gene expression of several proinflammatory molecules including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α. This would suggest monocytes migrating to the intestinal mucosa have more potential to become proinflammatory instead of traditional anti-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, proinflammatory notch ligand-positive macrophages co-cultured with colonoids, derived from unperturbed mice, significantly decreased the number of mucus producing goblet cells. In support of this observation, notch activation in intestinal stem cells promote absorptive (i.e. colonocytes) cell differentiation and prevents secretory cell (i.e. goblet cells) differentiation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Taken together, our results strongly suggest chronic inflammation modulates macrophages role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis through possible notch activation in both T cells and the intestinal epithelial barrier.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Drug repositioning has the potential to accelerate translation of novel cancer chemotherapeutics from bench to bedside. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of ciclopirox olamine (CPX) on esophageal tumor cells. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We tested the effect of CPX on four esophageal cancer cell lines, assessing cell proliferation and viability by hexosaminidase and clonogenicity assay, respectively. We analyzed the effects of CPX on three-dimensional (3D) esophageal tumor cell spheroids. We also analyzed effects on cell cycle by flow cytometry. For mechanism, we performed western blots for proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. For in vivo effects, we performed a murine xenograft model with intraperitoneal administration of CPX (100 mg/Kg body weight daily). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: CPX inhibited growth of all cell lines in a time and concentration-dependent manner. CPX also inhibited growth of esophageal spheroids. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated G0/G1 arrest in cells treated with CPX. Western blot analyses demonstrated decreased expression of cyclinD1, CDK4, CDK6, and transcriptionally active β-catenin, supporting the role of CPX in cell cycle inhibition and decreased β-catenin activity. Finally, treatment of nude mice with CPX significantly decreased tumor xenograft volume. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CPX demonstrates anti-tumor properties in esophageal cancer cell lines. The current results justify further research into the mechanism of this inhibition. Additionally, given its established safety in humans, CPX is a potential candidate for repositioning as an adjunct treatment for esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objectives of this study are to 1) expand upon the paradigm of HK-D5 accelerated immune cell chemotaxis; 2) characterize the role of FXII in murine models of immune-mediated disease using FXII KO mice and a small molecule inhibitor of FXIIa. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To test whether the addition of HK-D5 peptide would accelerate C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-mediated chemotaxis in vitro, a real-time transwell chemotaxis assay was developed utilizing human THP-1 monocyte cell line (Fig 1). For in vivo studies, both pharmacologic FXIIa antagonism and FXll KO mice were used. Genotyping, histopathological review, FXll protein expression, and active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) measurements were used to phenotypically characterize FXII KO mice compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice (Fig 2). Subsequently, the FXll KO mice were studied in varied models of immune-mediated disease, including LPS-induced sepsis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), to see if and how the absence of FXll can mitigate disease severity. The EAE model involved active immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and measurement of established clinical disease severity scores. The LPS sepsis model involved an intraperitoneal injection of LPS followed by 48-hour monitoring of core body temperature using subdermal temperature transponders as a proxy for inflammatory events related to septic shock (Fig 3). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: HK-D5 significantly accelerates CCR2-mediated chemotaxis compared to chemokine alone (p = 0.001) similar to HK-D5’s ability to accelerate CCR7-mediated chemotaxis as previously established. The FXll KO mice were backcrossed to the C57BL/6J background and confirmed by genotyping and complete absence of FXII protein in plasma. Compared to the control, FXII KO mice have a significantly prolonged aPTT without evidence of bleeding abnormalities, which confirms the expected phenotype previously described and recapitulates what is observed in Factor XII deficiency in humans. KO mice showed no significant gross or histopathological differences in secondary lymphoid structures compared to the control. Immunohistochemistry confirmed well-organized lymphoid structures with intact B- and T-cell populations. FXll KO mice are protected in LPS-induced septic shock and EAE models. Regarding the EAE model, FXIIa inhibition significantly reduced disease severity compared to control. In the LPS model, FXll KO mice recover within 24 hours after LPS-challenge measured subjectively and objectively by core body temperature measurement. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The current study and previous findings suggest a novel immune signaling mechanism by which a peptide fragment of high molecular-weight kininogen (HK-D5) acts as an accelerant of both innate and adaptive immune cell chemotaxis in multiple immune contexts. This has broad implications regarding a mechanism of immune-mediated inflammation in a variety of disease states, which might be amenable to the targeting this pathway for therapeutic intent.

Effective community engagement in T3–T4 research is widespread, however, similar stakeholder involvement is missing in T1–T2 research. As part of an effort to embed community stakeholders in T1–T2 research, an academic community partnered team conducted discussion groups with researchers to assess perspectives on (1) barriers/challenges to including community stakeholders in basic science, (2) skills/training required for stakeholders and researchers, and (3) potential benefits of these activities. Engaging community in basic science research was perceived as challenging but with exciting potential to incorporate “real-life” community health priorities into basic research, resulting in a new full-spectrum translational research model.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of combined AF and NP repairs to prevent degenerative changes and restore native disc morphology in an in vivo large animal model. We hypothesize that combined repairs will prevent disc degeneration following injury to a greater extent than the individual repairs after 6 weeks in vivo, as demonstrated through disc height measurements and disc morphology. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A total of 8 skeletally mature female Finn sheep were used in this study. Following a previously described method, IVDs from L1 to L6 of the lumbar spine were exposed using a lateral access, extraperitoneal approach5. IVDs were randomized into 5 treatment groups: 1) intact discs, 2) discs injured via a 3 cm x 1 cm box annulotomy and partial nucleotomy, 3) injury followed by a high density collagen (HDC) AF patch, 4) injury followed by injection of a modified hyaluronic acid (HA) into the NP, and 5) injury followed by both the HDC AF patch and HA NP injection. The HDC treatment was 15 mg/mL type-I collagen mixed with 0.06mM riboflavin, injected at the defect site and crosslinked in situ with blue light. The NP injection was HA modified with C16 side chains to increase the viscosity of the hydrogel (HYADD 4®)6. At 6 weeks post-operatively, sheep were sacrificed and had 3T magnetic resonance images (MRI) taken of their lumbar spine. Disc height analysis and Pfirrmann grading were performed on each segment using MR images. Additionally, quantitative MRI analyses were performed using a custom MATLAB algorithm that segments NP from the surrounding tissue and directly measures the NP volume. ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD was used to determine statistical significance between groups for disc height and quantitative MRI analyses, and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Mann-Whitney tests was used to statistically analyze Pfirrmann Grades. All animal use followed approved IACUC protocol. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As shown in axial MR images (Figure 1A), intact discs had hyperintense NP with a distinct border to the AF. The discs receiving injury with no treatment had hypointense NP with no distinct border between the AF and NP. Individual and combined treatment with the HA NP injection and HDC AF patch appeared to preserve the hyperintense NP signal and AF/NP border. Intact control discs were not degenerated and had an average Pfirrmann grade of 1 (Figure 1B), while injured, untreated discs had significant degeneration with an average Pfirrmann grade of 3. Discs receiving the HA NP injection and collagen AF patch individually showed fewer signs of degeneration than the injured alone, and the combined treatment resulted in the least amount of degeneration with Pfirrmann grades not significantly different than the intact controls. Disc height index confirmed the trends seen in the Pfirrmann grades (Figure 1C), where injured discs lost 20% of the intact disc height, the individual NP and AF repairs restored 5-10% of intact disc height, and the combined repairs preserved 90% of the intact disc height. The NP voxel count of all treatment groups were similar to the intact controls (Figure 1D). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The objective of this study was to determine how combined AF and NP can prevent degenerative changes to the disc in a large animal in vivo model. Pfirrmann grading and disc height index results show that the greatest preservation of disc morphology was seen with combined AF and NP repairs, while the individual strategies prevented degenerative changes better than injury with no treatment. It appears the HA NP injection restores lost water content to the disc following injury, and the AF collagen patch plays a role in maintaining the NP repair within the disc. This is the first study to our knowledge to attempt combined AF and NP repairs in an in vivo large animal model. Combining NP and AF repairs leads to significantly improved outcomes following disc injury, which warrants the translation of combined repairs into the clinic to improve patient outcomes with degenerative disc disease involving NP and AF.

Over 80% of CTSA programs have a community advisory board (CAB). Little is known about how research discussed with CABs aligns with community priorities (bidirectionality). This program evaluation assessed researcher presentations from 2014 to 2018 to the CABs linked to our CTSA at all three sites (Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida) for relevance to local community needs identified in 2013 and/or 2016. From content analysis, of 65 presentations total, 41 (63%) addressed ≥1 local health needs (47% Minnesota, 60% Florida, and 80% Arizona). Cross-cutting topics were cancer/cancer prevention (physical activity/obesity/nutrition) and mental health. Results could help to prioritize health outcomes of community-engaged research efforts.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Neurologic disorders are among the most significant health challenges facing society today. Although different neurologic disorders are often thought to be distinct from one another, evidence suggests similar processes may contribute to pathology in different diseases. Previous studies suggest that common disease mechanisms contribute to the development of epilepsy and tauopathy. The purpose of this study is to better characterize this relationship and explore potential therapeutic avenues to slow disease progress. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study uses the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy to explore the effect of severe seizures on tau pathology. Brains were collected from mice at 6 or 24 hours after induced status epilepticus. Homogenates were analyzed via Western blot to look for changes in tau phosphorylation or activity of two major regulators of tau phosphorylation, GSK3β and PP2A. These data show that changes in tau phosphorylation dynamics occur at a much earlier time point after status epilepticus than has previously been described. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: GSK3β activity increased within 6 hours and remained elevated by 24 hours. PP2A activity initially decreased but returned to normal by 24 hours. These data show that changes in tau phosphorylation dynamics occur at a much earlier time point after status epilepticus than has previously been described. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The current project supports previous observations that seizures promote tau phosphorylation in vivo, but suggests that changes begin much earlier than previously thought. Further work is needed to understand how post-seizure changes in tau phosphorylation develop over longer periods of time. Additionally, future work will characterize the effect of tauopathy on electrical activity in vivo and in vivo.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To account for association between the pair of binary outcomes, we adopt the Clayton and Frank copulas to indirectly specify their joint distributions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We propose a regression model for the joint modelling of correlated bivariate outcomes using copulas. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: develop full maximum likelihood inference.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Recent advances in microneedle technology have enabled practical, in vivo dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling. These minimally-invasive techniques allow for collection of ISF without damage to adjacent tissues and do not rely on blister formation. Initial reports of extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation from dermal ISF and paired blood samples suggest that EVs may be more abundant in ISF. Analysis of ISF-derived EVs may allow for more detailed study of intercellular communication at the tissue level, particularly in acute inflammatory conditions. The objective of this study is to describe the isolation and initial characterization of interstitial fluid-derived exosomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We apply electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), immuochemical, and sequencing methods to describe and distinguish the EV content of interstitial fluid. We include apparently healthy adult human subjects with no active skin disease. We also study immunocompetent, CD-hairless rats to demonstrate the generalizability of the methods. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We successfully isolated EVs from human and rat interstitial fluid using commercially available precipitation methods. The EVs were initially characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and NTA. While the study is ongoing, initial results suggest that the concentration and size distribution of EVs differs significantly between blood fractions and ISF. Further immunochemical and sequencing characterization is ongoing. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We present here the initial characterization of EVs isolated from dermal interstitial fluid. This appears to be the first report of EV characterization using ISF collection methods that do not perturb adjacent tissues (such as with blister or microdialysis methods). The present study lays a foundation for further examination of ISF-derived EVs in acute inflammatory disease such as cellulitis or infectious neuritis. This may enable minimally invasive diagnostics and new research tools to understand intercellular communication in living organisms with increased spatial and temporal resolution.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The study aim was to 1) elucidate mechanisms contributing to the evolution of PSCI using a clinically relevant model of diabetes, a major risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment, and 2) develop angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonism as a therapeutic target. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a HFD & low dose streptozotocin combination. At 12-14 weeks of age a total of 69 control & diabetic rats were subjected to 1 hr middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or Sham surgery. 3 days post-MCAO, rats that met the pre-set inclusion criteria were administered C21 or saline in drinking water at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/day Adhesive removal task (ART) & 2-trial Ymaze were utilized to test sensorimotor & cognitive function at baseline as well as 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-stroke. At week 8 post-stroke cell suspensions from freshly harvested brains were analyzed by flow cytometry utilizing antibodies against cell surface markers for M1 (CD11b+/CD45 low/ CD86+/TNFa+), M2 (CD11b+/CD45 low/ CD206+/IL-10+), and residential microglia (CD11b+/CD45+/ TMEM119+). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Control rats progressively recovered from stroke-induced functional deficits by week 8, while diabetics still remained impaired (P< 0.05). 8 weeks post-MCAO only diabetic rats exhibited a decline in sensorimotor (P< 0.05) and cognitive function (P< 0.05) compared to Shams. Delayed administration of C21 on D2 post-stroke halted the decline and improved sensorimotor (P< 0.05) and cognitive function (P< 0.01). Flow cytometric analyses indicate that 8 post-stroke vehicle diabetics had an elevated M1/M2 ratio within the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (P< 0.01, 0.01). They also had a larger percentage of non-residential microglia/macrophages, indicative of compromised blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Treatment with C21 significantly lowered the M1/M2 ratio (P< 0.05) and improved the BBB integrity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Taken together this study suggests that the use of comorbid disease models such as diabetes, may allow for more translational evaluations of PSCI. Higher translational relevance may also lead to a higher number of successful clinical trials and more FDA approved stroke therapies. It also suggests that C21 may serve as a potential therapeutic to modulate the development of PSCI.