Interpersonal approach to understanding depression, represents a kind of non-ideological stance is that the psychoanalytic emphasis on early childhood experience with an emphasis on cognitive behavioral stressful. Environmental stimuli mixed blends.

Efficacy in reducing depression, assertiveness training students are.

Quasi-experimental approach method with pre-test project - the test is compared with the control group and comparable Tools used in this study Depression Inventory is beck Used SPSS software For data analyzing.

Results shown us that increased assertiveness training methods of cognitive and behavioral assertiveness are Also Assertiveness training group counseling on ways to reduce depression is effective in depressed students.

And the rate of increase of depression assertiveness be reduced.

Expressiveness of training practices Assertiveness in depressed student's increases Also Learn answers dare Certainly, anxiety and tension can be the specific situation before the break were cut.

Postpartum depression is the most common and major health problem affecting mother, newborn and family health.

This study aimed to determine depression prevalence and its relationship with delivery method in Iranian women.

To identify factors contributing to postpartum depression.

In this cross-sectional study 531 primiparous women were evaluated 20 to 40 days after delivery. The instruments of gathering data were Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale which were completed via interview. Analysis of data was performed by SSPS 12.0 software.

In total 40.7% of participants had postpartum depression. The depression rate among emergent caesarean, normal delivery and elective caesarean groups was 50%, 40.5% and 27% respectively. There was a significant relationship between delivery method and depression (P = 0.001). No significant relationship was found between postpartum depression with age and mother's education level.

In this study the rate of depression in emergent caesarean group was greater than normal delivery and elective caesarean groups, therefore the method of delivery must be determined before delivery to decrease the rate of emergent caesarean by appropriate strategies. Furthermore, in emergent caesarean some interventions should be performed to decrease the rate of postpartum depression.

Prevalence of the cesarean labor in Iran has reported 41percent in recent studies which is really higher than expected rate compare to other countries.

Our purpose in this research was to examine the role of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and psychological variables(Depression, Anxiety, Stress) in prediction of the cesarean labor.

My aim was to examine the role of premenstrual syndrome and psychological variables(Depression, Anxiety, Stress) in prediction of the cesarean labor in Iran.

Participants were 300 pregnant women from two private (n = 150) and public (n = 150) hospitals who were selected using available sampling method. After informed consent provided from all participate, variables such as age, level of education, month of pregnancy, previous number of deliveries, previous number of cesarean, tendency to cesarean and type of hospital were control for using counter balancing method.

Two questionnaires of Short Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) were administrated.

A Regression Binary Logistic was revealed that month of pregnancy, previous number of cesareans and also the type of hospital could predict the tendency to cesarean. No significant effect was observed for psychological variables (Depression, Anxiety, Stress) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

These results showed that increase in the month of pregnancy and also decrease in the previous number of cesareans and selection of private hospital, predict the cesarean delivery among women.

Premenstrual syndrome following repeated monthly collection of signs and symptoms of physical and psychological in the late luteal phase occurs.

This experimental research study design, pre-test - post test control group is. First 250 people in a community of women, the menstrual record daily symptoms for two consecutive months have been filled, then between them, the final sample (24 = n) on most women who have been signs of anger; established To determine the effectiveness of anger management anger on the severity of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is.has been.

Group receiving 12 sessions of one and a half hours of anger management training and group not receiving training. Test 2 anger Ashpylbrgr for all participants (experimental and control) was performed.

12 weekly sessions of anger management anger effectively PMS symptoms were reduced. No significant difference in the severity of PMS symptoms before and after the anger management training anger has been viewed.In this study, the fact that the anger of the symptoms of this syndrome are highlighted. The results indicated that the mean scores in anger before and after the intervention has been significant change. The positive effect of education on mental to control PMS symptoms is emphasized.

Perinatal depression is an important problem with potentially deleterious health outcomes; however, we know little about the trajectories of depression and treatment.

We report the patterns of maternal depression and trajectories of treatment response in early and late pregnancy and during postpartum in 649 women recruited from the general population of pregnant women in Western Canada. Women who scored ≥ 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were classified as depressed.

Fifty-two percent of participants were primiparas, 90% were partnered, 83.3% Caucasian, 67% earn more than $40,000 per year, 90% completed high school, and 77% had planned pregnancy. The unadjusted prevalence of depression in early pregnancy (17 weeks) was 14%, late pregnancy (30 weeks) 11.5%, and postpartum (4.1 weeks) was 9.8%. All of the psychosocial factors measured - history of depression, mood instability, lack of social support, relationship problems, worry, and stressors heighten depression symptoms throughout parturition. Our practice of referring women who screened positive for depression changed prevalence rates of women who were depressed and in treatment. The number of women in treatment increased from 12.2% in early pregnancy to 24.8% at postpartum. Women were significantly more likely to get symptom relief counselling in pregnancy compared to psychotropic medication use in postpartum, with the exception of those women with history of depression and treatment engagement.

Increased understanding of the patterns and nature of maternal depression and treatment response is essential to early identification of women who are depressed and lead to treatment that is more effective.

To determine if serum levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, estradiol, progesterone, Free Testosterone and Total Testosterone differ between perimenopausal women with first depressive episode, recurrent depression and without depression.

Demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated in 63 perimenopausal women with first depressive episode (N = 20), recurrent depression (N = 23) or non-depressed (N = 20). Hormonal measurements were evaluated at follicular and luteal menstrual phases and mid-cycle, around one menstrual cycle.

When compared depressed and non-depressed women we observed lower levels of luteal progesterone, higher levels of total testosterone and an increasing level of FSH in depressed patients. Differences between the three groups were observed in luteal progesterone levels, luteal FT, and luteal TT. Independently of current diagnosis, women with and without pmdd antecedent, differed in progesterone and testosterone levels. We did not find association of perimenopausal depression and history of post partum depression.

Hormonal profiles differed between groups. Patients with antecedent of pmdd had a similar progesterone and testosterone profile to perimenopausal depressed women.

There are above 170 PICUs identified in the UK. A modest body of research has emerged documenting characteristics of PICU populations. Comprehensive data describing patients admitted to PICUs remains incomplete. There is no data on Female only PICU population's characteristics.

To offer the first and the only project data country wide up to date on Female only PICU population. It describes socio-demographic characteristics, mental state and outcome of treatment for 49 patients admitted to the first Female PICU in NHS in UK in 2008

Prospective case note analysis

65% of patients were single, 73% were Caucasian and 26% had BME background. Most of patients were admitted from police stations and detained under S2 or S3 of the MHA. Most dominant diagnoses were Schizophrenia and Personality Disorder. 77% of admissions were due to physical aggression and severe self harm. Most patients had more than 5 previous admissions to Mental Health wards. Half of the patients received intramuscular Rapid Tranquilization during the admission and 22% were placed in Enhanced Care Area. Median length of stay did not exceed recommended 8 weeks but some patients with the diagnosis of Personality Disorder experienced an excessive length of PICU stay. Most patients were transferred to open acute wards.

Patients admitted to Female PICU were most likely to have major psychosis or personality disorder, admitted due to violence or self harming behavior, more likely to exceed recommended max length of stay if diagnosis of PD was given, BME group being represented.

The hypothalamus is involved in many aspects of behavioral responses but parcellations of hypothalamic subnuclei have only been feasible in post-mortem brains. Thus it would be-from a clinical point of view-highly desirable if hypothalamic subnuclei could be delineated also noninvasively in living subjects. This study is a first step in this direction: We exploited the directionality information inherent in high-resolution DTI data to map subregions of the hypothalamus in healthy volunteers.

directionality information using DTI data to map subregions of the hypothalamus.

We scanned 10 subjects with a Siemens 3 T scanner, acquired DTI and T1 scans. We computed the similarity of fiber orientations between all voxels and subjects, and clustered the similarity matrix in 3 regions using a k-means algorithm.

The diffusion images showed anisotropic tissue orientation within the hypothalamus which was consistent across subjects. The clustering in 3 regions resulted in an anatomically coherent arrangement of clusters across hemispheres and subjects. In each ROI, we found an anterior, a posteromedial, and a lateral subdivision with consistent microscopic tissue orientations across subjects.

This is to our best knowledge the first study that demonstrates the fine-grained microstructural organization within the human hypothalamus noninvasively in living subjects.

Recent studies suggest an association of affective symptoms with striatal dopaminergic activity in Parkinson's Disease (PD). On the other hand, the psychopathological features of other common Movement Disorders (MD), such as Essential Tremor (ET) and Primary Dystonia, are less explored.

We investigated striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and affective symptoms in these three different MD.

22 pts with ET, 14 pts with focal dystonia and 34 idiopathic PD pts underwent 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. A control group of 15 healthy subjects was also analyzed.

Psychiatric assessment included the HAM-D scale for severity of depression, the HAM-A scale for anxiety levels, the Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) for anhedonia.

SPECT was carried out 3 hours after 111 MBq 123I-FP-CIT intravenous injection. Specific 123I-FP-CIT binding in the striatum and striatal subregions was calculated based on ROI analysis.

Significant reduction of 123I-FP-CIT binding ratios was found only in PD. Spearman's analysis showed an inverse correlation between anxiety and DAT availability in the left striatal regions of both ET and dystonic patients. On the contrary, a significant positive correlation was found in PD subjects.

This preliminary study provided evidence for an association between pre-synaptic striatal dopaminergic function of the left hemisphere and anxiety in MD, thus confirming the “transnosologic” relevance of dopaminergic dysfunction.

Unexpected findings in PD patients are in contrast with previous results. A down-regulation of DAT could be hypothesized in both ET and dystonic patients. This pattern seems to be concordant with preliminary findings in primary anxiety disorders.

It has been previously shown that genes implicated in psychiatric disorders modulated Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect in brain regions. These studies add to the knowledge of vulnerability to disorders.

This study has investigated genetic modulation of brain networks associated with emotion processing.

Aim of this study was to examine the effect of two genetic markers (5HTTLPR and COMT) on BOLD effect connectivity in healthy individuals.

Ninety-one participants participated in four fMRI experiments (at 3T), with dynamic facial expressions of fear, anger, sadness or happiness. We explored the effect of genetic polymorphisms on empirically defined brain network commonly associated with the responses to any emotional expressions. Connectivity was examined by means of Granger analysis allowing to estimate the directionality of information flow between the defined brain regions.

Perception of dynamic emotional facial expressions was commonly associated with activation of the bilateral fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal sulcus, bilateral dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and right amygdala. The genetic modulation of this network was observed only in experiments with fearful facial expressions. There was an interaction between the effects of genetic polymorphisms and the measures of connectivity: (p = 0.0002, adjusted R2 = 18%). This was accounted for by lower connectivity in individuals lacking both copies of COMT Val polymorphism who at the same time lacked both copies of L polymorphism of 5HTTLPR gene.

Our results clarify the mechanism of brain network reactivity to emotional signals that is associated with genetic polymorphisms.

Comorbidity is increasingly regarded as important for both diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Electrophysiological neuroimaging such as low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) may be utilized to obtain insight into the pathogenesis of mental diseases.

The aim of the present study was to compare EEG tomographic data obtained in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with and without nonorganic insomnia.

In the first study, LORETA was performed in 44 untreated patients (25 females) with the primary diagnosis of nonorganic insomnia (F51.0) associated with GAD (F41.1) and 44 age- and sex-matched normal controls. In the second study, 18 patients (9 females) with the primary diagnosis of GAD without mandatory insomnia were compared with 18 controls.

While patients with F51.0 and concomitant F41.1 showed an increase in LORETA power in the delta, theta, alpha-1 and alpha-2 frequencies, GAD patients without mandatory insomnia demonstrated a decrease in LORETA power - specifically in delta (more left than right hemisphere, involving occipital cortex, insula, cingulate and frontal cortex) and beta (occipital cortex), mirroring neuroimaging findings on the neural circuitry of anxiety.

Different EEG LORETA findings were obtained in GAD patients, depending on the comorbidity: While in daytime recordings patients with nonorganic insomnia demonstrated increased slow activities reflecting daytime tiredness and sleepiness, GAD patients without insomnia exhibited a decrease in slow activity and thus hypervigilance. According to the key-lock principle different pharmacological strategies have to be applied, which will be demonstrated on the basis our own data sets.

Suicide risk is increased in patients with a history of psychiatric hospitalization.

To explore how suicide risk varies by age during psychiatric hospitalization and in the year post-discharge.

This is a population-based case-control study of all suicides (n = 20,675; 70% male) in Sweden aged ≥18 years during 1991–2003. Each suicide was individually matched to 10 population controls by age, sex, and county of residence. Discharge diagnoses of a mental disorder (except dementia and other organic disorders) in the year prior to suicide were identified by register linkage. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression to estimate the relative risk of suicide in those with psychiatric diagnoses compared to the general population. ORs were estimated by age group (18–34 years, 35–49 years, 50–64 years, and ≥ 65 years) and timing of the suicide in relation to discharge.

During hospitalization, the youngest age group had the greatest suicide risk elevation [OR 64 (95% CI 44-92)]. In the first month post-discharge, the oldest age group had the highest suicide risk elevation [OR 162 (95% 66–399) in the first week and OR 127 (95% 67–242) in the second to fourth weeks]. In the remaining eleven months, suicide risk elevation was lower and relatively similar in different age groups.

During the year following psychiatric hospitalization, an especially high attention should be paid to the suicide risk of the elderly patients in the first month post-discharge.

Family-sexual disharmonies - are the frequent reasons of suicide behaviour. Design: Complex inspection of 62 patients, in the age from 18 years has been performed. In the anamnesis patients had suicide behaviour owing to family-sexual disharmonies.

1. 1. Age when suicide attempts have been accomplished. Middle age has made 31 ± 8,8 years; 20–29 years - 43% (27 person); 30-39 years - 39% (24 person). The other 11 person-were included into the age groups of 40–49, 50–59 years.

2. 2. The reasons of autoaggressive behaviour: Suicide attempts owing to divorce, ideas of matrimonial incorrectness - 52% (32 person).

Owing to the unfair attitude from the nearest environment or a dissatisfaction with behaviour and personal qualities of significant another - 48% (30 person). Age features: For young age - unavailability of young spouses to home life, absence of tolerance and respect to each other. Average age group - a dissatisfaction with behaviour of the partner. The senior age group - somatic diseases, loneliness, loss of relatives 3. In 66% of cases (41 person) suicide had no in the anamnesis of mental diseases at relatives.

The primary goal at rendering the psychotherapeutic help - revealing and correction of non adaptive installations of the person. Formation of confidential and empathic attitudes in family. It has been confirmed correlation analysis between partners′ satisfaction attitudes, personal characteristics suicident. It is necessary to raise availability of the information on various aspects of sexual health, psychohygiene of intimate relations.

In recent years, both abstinence- and harm-reduction strategies for managing opium dependency are being generalized. In those who use detoxification, maintenance therapy with Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist protects them against relapse. This is important to know the best time of Naltrexone discontinuation to lower the risk of relapse.

This study tried to determine the efficacy of Naltrexone in prevention of opioid relapse and the factors interfere to the outcome.

150 opium addicts who were admitted in Kermanshah Rehabilitation Centre for Naltrexone maintenance therapy contributed in this 18 month length study. They received Naltrexone for 6 months and followed then after for another 12 months. Opium test (TLC) were done monthly in the first 6 months, and then in 3 month intervals for 12 subsequent months to find out the relapse.

1. 1) The relapse rates were 56.7%(85) after 6-month, and 4.7%(7)after one-year.

2. 2) The succession rate was 38.6%(58).

3. 3) The lowest succession rate was in 18–25 year old, The highest was in 35–40 year old adults(10).

4. 4) In person with diploma and higher the succession rate(43.8%) was higher than poor educated(34.7%) ones.

5. 5) The succession rate was higher in those who: were employee(72.7%), were addicted to heroin(44.9%), didn’t have positive family history(41.3%), and had more incomes(46.7%).

1. 1) In those who the relapse is delayed until 9 months after detoxification, the chance of long term abstinence is higher.

2. 2) The employees and those who have more social disciplines are more successful in ceasing opium abuse.