Compare baseline and 6-month follow-up plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid β peptides 1–40 (Aβ1–40) and 1–42 (Aβ1–42), total tau protein (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau at threonine 231 (P-tau231) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).

21 patients with AD and 7 patients with VD based on the criteria of Diagnostic Statistical Manual 4th edition were assessed at baseline and 7 with AD and 6 with VD were re-assessed 6 months later. Assessments included the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the Global Deteriorate Scale (GDS), plasma and CSF levels of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42, and CSF levels of T-tau and P-tau231 (using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

At baseline there were significant differences between AD and VD patients in the mean CSF levels of T-tau (t=2.580, P=0.016), P-tau231 (t=4.014, P=0.000) and Aβ1–40 (t=2.766, P=0.010). At baseline in AD patients, duration of illness was negatively correlated with CSF P-tau231 levels (r=-0.485, P=0.026), MMSE scores (r=-0.565, P=0.008) and GDS scores (r=-0.482, P=0.027); and CSF Aβ1–42 levels were positively correlated to MMSE scores (r=0.565, P=0.008) and negatively correlated with GDS scores (r=-0.634, P=0.002). In the AD patients plasma Aβ1–40 levels increased significantly over the 6-month follow-up period (t=-2.735, P=0.041).

Plasma Aβ1–40 levels increased significantly in AD patients after 6-months of follow-up, that means levels of plasma Aβ1–40 could imply the development of Alzheimer disease. Moreover, CSF P-tau231 and CSF Aβ1–42 levels are associated with the severity of dementia and cognitive impairment.

The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of nootropic cholinergic agent: GALANTAMINE (with a dual mechanism of action on the cholinergic a system) and moderate affinity NMDA- receptor antagonist: MEMANTINE, were assessed taking into account the profile of patients with neurocognitive disorder: Alzheimer's disease, from the clinical aspects and the different classifications.

The experience included 428 patients who were enrolled in a prospective, observational, multicenter, and open-label study to receive 16 mg/day of galantamine and 30 mg/day of memantine for 12 months of treatment of addition.

The therapeutic response was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-GOG), Functional Activities Questionnaire(FAQ) the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) and the UKU scale of adverse effectstaking into account the efficacy, safety and adverse events of the treatment.

The final results of the study showed that galantamine with addition memantine improves cognition, behavioural symptoms, and the general well-being of patients with cognitive impairment: Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of adverse events was not significant and a very good profile of tolerability and safety was observed.

At the conclusion of this session, the participant should be able to demonstrate with use the association memantine - galatamine in neurocognitive disorder: Alzheimer's disease, improve cognition, behavioural symptoms, and the general state recognized as neurocognitive disorder.

Even though most than a hundred years have passed since we know Alzheimer's disease today it's considered as the human's frightful flagellum. While most of mental disease seem to be losing its evilness, the neurocognitives disorders caused by Alzheimer's disease, far from attenuating has duplicated it's appearance every each five years. And its symptoms are still being more depriving.

So, in opposition to the rest of the illness that affect the nervous system and the psychic apparatus, which due to the new treatment has been attenuated the clinical forms’ Alzheimer. With its severe pronostic and the illness evolution, haven’t been soften.

Our intention is firstly, share some concepts to consider Alzheimer's disease as a cruel illness that can reache all the elderly people around the world.

Secondly, to analyze the different forms of presentation than can mask a clinical state. Which many times could end-up in dementia. And will soon destroy the whole psychic apparatus of a person.

Present our study group in the three institutional medical centers, with ambulatory patients, who consult about a cognitive disease. We describe the evolution trough time, taking into account the pharmacological treatments.

The importance of the early detection of memory disorder, as one of the first signs of alarm which give us the opportunity to intervene therapeutically in on time.

We can recognize the Mild Cognitive Disorder as a clue which reveal a first therapeutic instance probably in efficacy in this cruel evolution towards dementia.

One of the important problems of patient in internal medicine is less attention to emotional and psychological issues. The method of treatment would change when the patients have psychological problem.

The comparing of prevalence of mental disorders in internal medicine patients with parallel groups of A&E's patients.

The evaluation of prevalence of psychological problem in internal ward and A&E.

Three hundred patients have been checked in internal and emergency wards. They have chosen by a Purposive accessible sampling method. The psychopathological profile was assessed using the SCL-90 questionnaire by Iranian version. Data have been computed and analyzed by SPSS V.17 and Student t test for parametric variables and Mann-Whitney for the analysis of nonparametric variables and linear regression have been used to identify the impact of independent variables. The results have been considered significant when the two tailed p-value was less than 0.05.

Physical disorder was the main complain of internal ward (76.7%) and A&E (53.3%) patients. The main important complain of women patients in A&E were paranoid (64.3%) and in the men were physical problem (53%).

In 50 or older, the main complain in internal ward was psychiatric problem (%80.6), and in the emergency units obsessive- compulsive were %50.

Prevalence of nine psychiatric disorders in internal ward patients was significantly higher more than A&E patients. Most of patient that accepted in internal ward had psychiatric problem. Therefore, it’s necessary to pay attention to this kind of disorders for early treatment of patients.

To know about knowledge, act and behavior of homosexual seminar audience about homosexual behavior.

This was a cross sectional survey. Participants were chosen by purposive sampling method. Survey was conducted using list of questionnaires which was made according to references used in the seminar presentation.

One hundred and sixty five participants conducted the survey. There were 77 males (46.7%) and 88 females (53.3%). The mean of age of the participants was 21.22 (SD 3.7). Most of the participants were college students (147 students, 89.1%) and never married before (96.4%). Sixty six participants (40%) said that homosexual behavior was induced by environmental situation, fifty eight participants (35.2%) said that it was a biological factor and rest of them did not answer the question. One hundred and four (63%) participants said that homosexual behavior could be cured, twenty four of participants (16.4%) said it could not be cured and the rest of them said did not have any idea. More than half of participants (87 participants, 52.7%) said that homosexual behavior was a mental disorder and most of the participants (87 participants, 79.4%) said that homosexual behavior need to be cured. Most of the participants said that they felt fine if they meet and talked with homosexual man or woman, nineteen participants felt afraid, ten participants felt disgust and twenty five participants felt pity on them.

Most of the participants considered homosexual behavior as mental disorder and need to be cured.

To determine whether chronic medical conditions mediate the association between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Data analyzed were from 6,394 subjects aged 25–74 years who participated in extensive health examinations in the NHEFS conducted between 1971 and 1975 and follow-up studies to 1992. CVD mortality was the endpoint. Depression predictors were clinically significant depressive symptoms at baseline by the GWB-D, and/or at 1982–84 by the CES-D (‘baseline’, ‘new’, or ‘twice’ depression). Chronic conditions were prevalent/incident high blood pressure, diabetes, and nonfatal CVD by examination and/or self-report. Mediation effects were assessed by stepwise adjustments of covariates and additive interactions in competing-risks regression models (accounting for other mortality causes) and logit models.

Baseline, new, and twice depression were significant predictors of CVD mortality in competing-risks models adjusted for demographics (HRs 1.3, 1.4, and 2.0), but effects were progressively weakened and became non-significant after adjustment for lifestyle factors, prevalent and incident medical conditions, respectively. CVD mortality risk was 80% higher for depression plus incident nonfatal CVD than without (HR 4.0 vs. 3.2, additive interaction), and mediation effects of depression via chronic medical conditions (particularly via incident nonfatal CVD) increased the risk by 2 to 11% in logit models, independent of all covariates.

Several levels of evidence suggest that the association between depression and CVD mortality is partially mediated by prevalent/incident chronic medical conditions, as well as unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Patients presenting with clinically significant depressive symptoms, particularly if persistent, should be assessed for both chronic conditions and lifestyle risk factors.

To describe the leading cause of re-hospitalization in an Acute Psychiatric Unit of a general hospital in Bologna, Northern Italy.

All repeated admissions (>3consecutive admissions in 18 months) were recorded thanks to the Hospital Informatic System. Case-history were reviewed to collect information, diagnoses were based on the ICD-10.

In the indexed period, 392 admissions were registered for 152 patients (mean age 44; 46,1% women). At least one precipitating cause was present in 64% of admissions. The most frequent were psycho-social stress such as family conflicts, parental separations, relational problems, job or economic difficulties (39%). The co-occurrence of 2+ of such factors was common (20%). Tricky situation within the psychiatric rehabilitation service (20%), low compliance to treatments (7%), alcohol/drugs abuse (7%), and low insight (3%) were the remaining associated factors. All the re-admissions of patients with poor insight or reduced compliance were due to the same cause. Poor adherence to therapies was more frequent in bipolar disorder compared with other diagnosis (17%vs7%, p<0.005). In patients affected by personality disorders the contemporary presence of 2 or more factors was needed in 40% of admissions. Patients with schizophrenia showed the most hetherogeneous pattern of precipitating factors.

Regardless of diagnoses, in almost a half of the admissions a single psycho-social stress is sufficient to lead to re-hospitalization; in personality disorders the contemporary presence of 2+ stressors is needed to overcome the capacity compensation of the patient. Low insight is frequently associated to re-admissions. Tailored treatments might reduce the frequency of re-hospitalization.

In recent decades, growing interest in the research association of somatic and psychiatric disorders. Contemporary research and clinical practice shows that approximately half of cancer patients are associated with mental disorders, mostly depression and anxiety disorder.

To establish presence of depression and anxiety in patients hospitalized on oncology in University Clinic Hospital in Mostar.

Examinees and methods: In total, 80 patients hospitalized on oncology in University Clinic Hospital in Mostar between January 1st and March 31st 2010. (Examine group) and 80 patients who were admitted in ordination of family medicine in Mostar between March 1st and March 20th 2010. (Control group), participated in the research. In research we used Becks Anxiety and Depression Inventory.

Examinees hospitalized on oncology had higher presence of depression in comparison to control group (Fisher exact test, χ2 test = 23,852: P < 0,001). We found no significant difference in presence of anxiety between examine and control group (χ2 test = 3,890; P = 0,143).

Control group showed statistically higher presence of depression, while we didn’t prove statistically significant difference in presence of anxiety between examine and control group.

Aiming to explore whether gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are related to psychological distress, depression and generalized anxiety in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Case-control study.

Primary Health Care (PHC), Qatar.

The study was based on matched by age, gender and ethnicity of 453 cases and 453 controls aged 20 years and above.

The study was based on a face to face interview with designed diagnostic screening questionnaires for GI symptoms and T2DM, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression and General Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7) for anxiety.

Among the total 453 diabetic and 453 control subjects interviewed, the prevalence of GI symptoms in T2DM was 48% and in control 34.2% (p < 0.001). Obesity and overweight were higher in patients with GI symptoms in T2DM (47.1%) compared to controls (42.7%) (p < 0.001). Mental health severity was significantly higher in patients with GI symptoms when compared to controls; depression (8.2 ± 3.7 vs 6.0 ± 3.6) and anxiety (7.6 ± 3.3 vs 6.0 ± 3.7). The prevalence of severe levels of depression was nearly twofold (8.2%) in patients with GI symptoms in T2DM vs compared to controls (2.4%) (p < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of severe levels of anxiety was 19.6% with GI symptoms in T2DM patients compared to controls (13.7%) (p < 0.001).

The present study findings revealed that the prevalence rate of gastrointestinal disorders is high in T2DM. Also, GI symptoms are associated significantly with depression and generalized anxiety in T2DM patients. Anxiety was more common than depression with GI disorder in T2DM patients.

WHO (2001) suggested that the population should get easier and faster access to services improvements in the management of mental disorders in primary health care. In this context, the Government of Quebec (Canada) published in 2005 a Mental Health Action Plan, based on an organization into a hierarchy and some hospitals began to reorganize their mental health services into patient focused care programs.

The presentation will focus on the effects on outpatients (N = 290) who were receiving mental health services from two hospitals in Montreal.

As part of a broader study on mental health services and patient outcomes, mental health services’ patients from a psychiatric hospital and a general university hospital in Montreal, were recruited to complete the Basis24, Euroqol, SF12 and other scales. A standard recruitment protocol was followed. All incoming patients at the outpatient clinics/programs during a typical week were considered eligible. This procedure was done before the reorganization of services, in 2006 (T1), and after the reorganization of services (T2; 2 years later), in 2008. We used T-test to assess the difference of a six-month evolution between the two-time measures.

Respectively, 1057 (T1) and 557 (T2) participated to the project. Generally patients showed no significative differences between the two times in their symptoms, functioning and QOL. Only some marginal aspects changes in one site or another.

Patients were not very disturbed by changes and the new program were not fully implemented two years after T1.

This project investigated longitudinal predictors of smoking, drinking and marijuana use initiation among adolescents.

A community-representative sample of 440 mother-child dyads with equal gender, SES, and ethnic representation was assessed 4 times covering the span of more than 6 years.

Children's reports of age of first smoke, drink and marijuana use were collected as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) at T3.

Child-level predictors at T1 included child gender, race, and sensation seeking personality. Family-level predictors at T1 included maternal education, family income, and children's self-reports about exposure to home violence. Information regarding presence of drugs and gangs in schools/neighborhoods were collected from mothers and children at T1 and combined into a single measure.

To examine the timing of events - specifically, the time when children started smoking, drinking and using marijuana as a function of the above T1 predictors - three separate survival models were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Controlling for all other predictors, the sensation-seeking temperament and neighborhood quality remained significant predictors of substance use initiation among adolescents across all three substances, such that children initiated these behaviors sooner if they were high sensation-seekers or came form dysfunctional neighborhoods. Significant person X environment interactions were also evident for smoking and marijuana use, such that neighborhood and family risks were especially potent risks among children with high sensation seeking temperaments. These results point to the importance of broader contextual influences on the negative outcomes such as substance use during adolescence.

A small subset of patients with above average admissions to psychiatric inpatient units is recognized in clinical practice. These frequent users tend to be younger and to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder. Social conditions and the severity of the illness seem to be associated with this increased number of admissions.

To study demographic and clinical characteristics of frequent and non-frequent users of a psychiatric inpatient unit.

Retrospective data of all the patients admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit from January 2004 to December 2008 were reviewed. Frequent-users were defined as patients with 3 or more admissions over that period of time, and non-frequent users as those with less than 3 admissions. The two groups were compared in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, psychiatric diagnosis and compulsory admissions

In a total of 2018 admissions and 1348 patients, the frequent-user group represented 10.2% (n = 137) of the patients and 28.9%(n = 584) of the admissions. Frequent-users were significantly younger (39.5 vs. 44.5 years, p = .001), more frequently black (22.6 vs. 19.4%, p < .001) and compulsorily admitted (27.7 vs. 14%, p < .001) than non-frequent users. Patients with bipolar disorder (p = .001), schizophrenia (p = .003) belonged significantly more to frequent-users group, while unipolar depressive patients (p = .016) and other diagnosis (p = .011) was more significantly represented in the non-frequent users group. Frequency of admission did not differ with gender.

The results concerning age and psychiatric diagnosis are consistent with previous studies. Compulsory admissions and black ethnicity were significantly higher among frequent- users.

The purpose of this study was to predict quality of life (QoL) and associated factors in patients with chronic mental illness (CMI) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Patients (N = 2,023; 52.9% male, 47.1% female) were recruited using cross-sectional and convenience sampling. Structured questionnaires, including a living conditions questionnaire, a psychotic symptom assessment scale, the Caregiver Burden Scale, the 5-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5), and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (MOS SF-12) were used to collect data.

Single-factor analyses showed that those who were single, employed, and younger had better QoL. Additionally, patients who had fewer psychological problems and lower levels of psychological distress reported better QoL. Current psychotic symptoms, especially positive symptoms, were negatively correlated with QoL. For disease factors, schizophrenic patients and hospitalized patients reported better QoL than both bipolar patients and community patients. For family factors, caregiver's attitude and caregiver's burden were negatively correlated with QoL. For social factors, unstable housing and community social dysfunction were negatively correlated with QoL. The results showed that all four dimensions (social, family, disease and personal factors) were significant predictors of the mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) dimensions of QoL.

Personal factors and disease factors were the most important predictors of QoL in CMI patients of this sample. Family factors were more important than social factors in the MCS dimension, but social factors were more important than family factors in the PCS dimension.

World studies show associations between social consequences of carers’ involvement and level of individuals’ met and unmet needs.

In Poland not much interest has been put to studies of psychiatric patients’ needs and carers’ burden. Due to this fact most of care programmes have been developed on the basis of authors’ personal experiences or academic knowledge.

To obtain data regarding met and unmet patients’ needs and the impact on carers’ burden in Polish socioeconomic reality.

60 psychotic inpatients were examined with CSHI, BPRS and CANSAS. Their 60 direct carers’ personally completed IEQ, GHQ-12 and assessed own opinions about patients’ needs with CANSAS questionnaire. Patients unable to give informed consent, alcohol/drug dependent, mentally retarded/demented or with personality disorder were excluded along with patients below 18 and over 65 years of age.

The Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Kendall’s tau coefficient.

Results show significant relation between duration of the disorder and number of unmet needs assessed by individuals. Patients’ met needs are positively associated with carers IEQ results - subscales tension and worrying. Carers evaluation of patients’ unmet needs correlates with their IEQ results - subscales tension, worrying and urging. Overall number of patients’ needs indicated by carers correlates positively with carers’ results of IEQ subscale - urging.

The higher rate of patients’ unmet needs the higher burden they are imposed to. Results of the study are important in planning of interventions towards psychiatric patients and their direct carers.

The most frequently psychiatric ailments in Europe are anxiety disorders

The goal of our study is to estimate the prevalence of general anxiety. disorder (GAD) and other anxiety disorders.

Personal interviews were conducted with a sample of 3,244 Czech citizens (between 18–64 years old). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) had been used to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric conditions in respondents.

In sum, 8.3% (95% CI: 7.6 - 9.0) of the respondents fulfilled the criteria for current anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most prevalent of all anxiety disorders; comprising 3.6% (3.0% in males and 4.2% in females). The current prevalence for other anxiety disorders are: panic disorder 1.6%, social anxiety disorder 2.1%, OCD 2.2%, and PTSD 1.4%. Prevalence of anxiety disorders is higher in females compared to males (10.3% to 6.1%). Approximately 44% of respondents with anxiety disorders reported psychiatric treatment during their lifetime (4.9% inpatient treatment) in comparison to 13% without diagnosis of any anxiety disorder.

The results confirmed the extent of anxiety disorders in the adult population of Czech Republic. The fact that a majority of individuals who receive a diagnosis are never treated for mental health disorder denotes that early identification in a primary care level should be improved.