This article is the first in a series of two in which we study the vanishing cycles of curves in toric surfaces. We give a list of possible obstructions to contract vanishing cycles within a given complete linear system. Using tropical means, we show that any non-separating simple closed curve is a vanishing cycle whenever none of the listed obstructions appears.

For an optimal modular parametrization $J_{0}(n){\twoheadrightarrow}E$ of an elliptic curve $E$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ of conductor $n$, Manin conjectured the agreement of two natural $\mathbb{Z}$-lattices in the $\mathbb{Q}$-vector space $H^{0}(E,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}^{1})$. Multiple authors generalized his conjecture to higher-dimensional newform quotients. We prove the Manin conjecture for semistable $E$, give counterexamples to all the proposed generalizations, and prove several semistable special cases of these generalizations. The proofs establish general relations between the integral $p$-adic étale and de Rham cohomologies of abelian varieties over $p$-adic fields and exhibit a new exactness result for Néron models.

Given a global field $K$ and a positive integer $n$, we present a diophantine criterion for a polynomial in one variable of degree $n$ over $K$ not to have a root in $K$. This strengthens a result by Colliot-Thélène and Van Geel [Compositio Math. 151 (2015), 1965–1980] stating that the set of non-$n$th powers in a number field $K$ is diophantine. We also deduce a diophantine criterion for a polynomial over $K$ of given degree in a given number of variables to be irreducible. Our approach is based on a generalisation of the quaternion method used by Poonen and Koenigsmann for first-order definitions of $\mathbb{Z}$ in $\mathbb{Q}$.

We propose here a generalization of the problem addressed by the SHGH conjecture. The SHGH conjecture posits a solution to the question of how many conditions a general union $X$ of fat points imposes on the complete linear system of curves in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ of fixed degree $d$, in terms of the occurrence of certain rational curves in the base locus of the linear subsystem defined by $X$. As a first step towards a new theory, we show that rational curves play a similar role in a special case of a generalized problem, which asks how many conditions are imposed by a general union of fat points on linear subsystems defined by imposed base points. Moreover, motivated by work of Di Gennaro, Ilardi and Vallès and of Faenzi and Vallès, we relate our results to the failure of a strong Lefschetz property, and we give a Lefschetz-like criterion for Terao’s conjecture on the freeness of line arrangements.

Sen attached to each $p$-adic Galois representation of a $p$-adic field a multiset of numbers called generalized Hodge–Tate weights. In this paper, we discuss a rigidity of these numbers in a geometric family. More precisely, we consider a $p$-adic local system on a rigid analytic variety over a $p$-adic field and show that the multiset of generalized Hodge–Tate weights of the local system is constant. The proof uses the $p$-adic Riemann–Hilbert correspondence by Liu and Zhu, a Sen–Fontaine decompletion theory in the relative setting, and the theory of formal connections. We also discuss basic properties of Hodge–Tate sheaves on a rigid analytic variety.

In this paper we establish Springer correspondence for the symmetric pair $(\text{SL}(N),\text{SO}(N))$ using Fourier transform, parabolic induction functor, and a nearby cycle sheaf construction. As an application of our results we see that the cohomology of Hessenberg varieties can be expressed in terms of irreducible representations of Hecke algebras of symmetric groups at $q=-1$. Conversely, we see that the irreducible representations of Hecke algebras of symmetric groups at $q=-1$ arise in geometry.

It is an open question whether the fractional parts of non-linear polynomials at integers have the same fine-scale statistics as a Poisson point process. Most results towards an affirmative answer have so far been restricted to almost sure convergence in the space of polynomials of a given degree. We will here provide explicit Diophantine conditions on the coefficients of polynomials of degree two, under which the convergence of an averaged pair correlation density can be established. The limit is consistent with the Poisson distribution. Since quadratic polynomials at integers represent the energy levels of a class of integrable quantum systems, our findings provide further evidence for the Berry–Tabor conjecture in the theory of quantum chaos.

We establish a combinatorial realization of continued fractions as quotients of cardinalities of sets. These sets are sets of perfect matchings of certain graphs, the snake graphs, that appear naturally in the theory of cluster algebras. To a continued fraction $[a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}]$ we associate a snake graph ${\mathcal{G}}[a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}]$ such that the continued fraction is the quotient of the number of perfect matchings of ${\mathcal{G}}[a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}]$ and ${\mathcal{G}}[a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}]$. We also show that snake graphs are in bijection with continued fractions. We then apply this connection between cluster algebras and continued fractions in two directions. First we use results from snake graph calculus to obtain new identities for the continuants of continued fractions. Then we apply the machinery of continued fractions to cluster algebras and obtain explicit direct formulas for quotients of elements of the cluster algebra as continued fractions of Laurent polynomials in the initial variables. Building on this formula, and using classical methods for infinite periodic continued fractions, we also study the asymptotic behavior of quotients of elements of the cluster algebra.

Let $f$ be a quasi-homogeneous polynomial with an isolated singularity in $\mathbf{C}^{n}$. We compute the length of the ${\mathcal{D}}$-modules ${\mathcal{D}}f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}/{\mathcal{D}}f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}+1}$ generated by complex powers of $f$ in terms of the Hodge filtration on the top cohomology of the Milnor fiber. When $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=-1$ we obtain one more than the reduced genus of the singularity ($\dim H^{n-2}(Z,{\mathcal{O}}_{Z})$ for $Z$ the exceptional fiber of a resolution of singularities). We conjecture that this holds without the quasi-homogeneous assumption. We also deduce that the quotient ${\mathcal{D}}f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}/{\mathcal{D}}f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}+1}$ is nonzero when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ is a root of the $b$-function of $f$ (which Saito recently showed fails to hold in the inhomogeneous case). We obtain these results by comparing these ${\mathcal{D}}$-modules to those defined by Etingof and the second author which represent invariants under Hamiltonian flow.

Let $G$ be a $p$ -adic group that splits over an unramified extension. We decompose $\text{Rep}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}^{0}(G)$ , the abelian category of smooth level $0$ representations of $G$ with coefficients in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=\overline{\mathbb{Q}}_{\ell }$ or $\overline{\mathbb{Z}}_{\ell }$ , into a product of subcategories indexed by inertial Langlands parameters. We construct these categories via systems of idempotents on the Bruhat–Tits building and Deligne–Lusztig theory. Then, we prove compatibilities with parabolic induction and restriction functors and the local Langlands correspondence.

Let $X$ be a compact Kähler manifold and $\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\}$ be a big cohomology class. We prove several results about the singularity type of full mass currents, answering a number of open questions in the field. First, we show that the Lelong numbers and multiplier ideal sheaves of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$-plurisubharmonic functions with full mass are the same as those of a current with minimal singularities. Second, given another big and nef class $\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\}$, we show the inclusion ${\mathcal{E}}(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D702})\cap \operatorname{PSH}(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})\subset {\mathcal{E}}(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$. Third, we characterize big classes whose full mass currents are ‘additive’. Our techniques make use of a characterization of full mass currents in terms of the envelope of their singularity type. As an essential ingredient we also develop the theory of weak geodesics in big cohomology classes. Numerous applications of our results to complex geometry are also given.

Let $G$ be a connected linear algebraic group over a number field $k$. Let $U{\hookrightarrow}X$ be a $G$-equivariant open embedding of a $G$-homogeneous space $U$ with connected stabilizers into a smooth $G$-variety $X$. We prove that $X$ satisfies strong approximation with Brauer–Manin condition off a set $S$ of places of $k$ under either of the following hypotheses:

1. (i) $S$ is the set of archimedean places;

2. (ii) $S$ is a non-empty finite set and $\bar{k}^{\times }=\bar{k}[X]^{\times }$.

The proof builds upon the case $X=U$, which has been the object of several works.

This paper studies the combinatorics of lattice congruences of the weak order on a finite Weyl group $W$, using representation theory of the corresponding preprojective algebra $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$. Natural bijections are constructed between important objects including join-irreducible congruences, join-irreducible (respectively, meet-irreducible) elements of $W$, indecomposable $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$-rigid (respectively, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}^{-}$-rigid) modules and layers of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$. The lattice-theoretically natural labelling of the Hasse quiver by join-irreducible elements of $W$ is shown to coincide with the algebraically natural labelling by layers of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$. We show that layers of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F1}$ are nothing but bricks (or equivalently stones, or 2-spherical modules). The forcing order on join-irreducible elements of $W$ (arising from the study of lattice congruences) is described algebraically in terms of the doubleton extension order. We give a combinatorial description of indecomposable $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}^{-}$-rigid modules for type $A$ and $D$.

In this paper, we consider the family of hyperelliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ having a fixed genus $n$ and a marked rational non-Weierstrass point. We show that when $n\geqslant 9$, a positive proportion of these curves have exactly two rational points, and that this proportion tends to one as $n$ tends to infinity. We study rational points on these curves by first obtaining results on the 2-Selmer groups of their Jacobians. In this direction, we prove that the average size of the 2-Selmer groups of the Jacobians of curves in our family is bounded above by 6, which implies a bound of $5/2$ on the average rank of these Jacobians. Our results are natural extensions of Poonen and Stoll [Most odd degree hyperelliptic curves have only one rational point, Ann. of Math. (2) 180 (2014), 1137–1166] and Bhargava and Gross [The average size of the 2-Selmer group of Jacobians of hyperelliptic curves having a rational Weierstrass point, in Automorphic representations and$L$-functions, Tata Inst. Fundam. Res. Stud. Math., vol. 22 (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 2013), 23–91], where the analogous results are proved for the family of hyperelliptic curves with a marked rational Weierstrass point.

We construct a dynamically convex contact form on the three-sphere whose systolic ratio is arbitrarily close to 2. This example is related to a conjecture of Viterbo, whose validity would imply that the systolic ratio of a convex contact form does not exceed 1. We also construct, for every integer $n\geqslant 2$, a tight contact form with systolic ratio arbitrarily close to $n$ and with suitable bounds on the mean rotation number of all the closed orbits of the induced Reeb flow.

In this paper, we develop a new necessary and sufficient condition for the vanishing of $4$-Massey products of elements in the modulo-$2$ Galois cohomology of a field. This new description allows us to define a splitting variety for $4$-Massey products, which is shown in the appendix to satisfy a local-to-global principle over number fields. As a consequence, we prove that, for a number field, all such $4$-Massey products vanish whenever they are defined. This provides new explicit restrictions on the structure of absolute Galois groups of number fields.

For a prime $p$, let $\hat{F}_{p}$ be a finitely generated free pro-$p$-group of rank at least $2$. We show that the second discrete homology group $H_{2}(\hat{F}_{p},\mathbb{Z}/p)$ is an uncountable $\mathbb{Z}/p$-vector space. This answers a problem of A. K. Bousfield.

We relate the brace construction introduced by Calaque and Willwacher to an additivity functor. That is, we construct a functor from brace algebras associated to an operad ${\mathcal{O}}$ to associative algebras in the category of homotopy ${\mathcal{O}}$-algebras. As an example, we identify the category of $\mathbb{P}_{n+1}$-algebras with the category of associative algebras in $\mathbb{P}_{n}$-algebras. We also show that under this identification there is an equivalence of two definitions of derived coisotropic structures in the literature.

We realize O’Grady’s six-dimensional example of an irreducible holomorphic symplectic (IHS) manifold as a quotient of an IHS manifold of $\text{K3}^{[3]}$ type by a birational involution, thereby computing its Hodge numbers.