Negotiating the boundaries of the secular and of the religious is a core aspect of modern experience. In mid-nineteenth-century Germany, secularism emerged to oppose church establishment, conservative orthodoxy, and national division between Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. Yet, as historian Todd H. Weir argues in this provocative book, early secularism was not the opposite of religion. It developed in the rationalist dissent of Free Religion and, even as secularism took more atheistic forms in Freethought and Monism, it was subject to the forces of the confessional system it sought to dismantle. Similar to its religious competitors, it elaborated a clear worldview, sustained social milieus, and was integrated into the political system. Secularism was, in many ways, Germany's fourth confession. While challenging assumptions about the causes and course of the Kulturkampf and modern antisemitism, this study casts new light on the history of popular science, radical politics, and social reform.

Winner, 2016 Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History, American Philosophical Society

'Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany is a highly original, deeply researched, elegantly argued, and very significant contribution to modern German history. Crossing virtually all of the topics of recent interest in the field, including secularization, anti-Semitism, the Kulturkampf, monism, the history of Berlin, and esoteric religious pursuits, Todd Weir blends recent research with older debates concerning Bismarck’s policies, the Strange Death of German Liberalism, and the problem of Jewish assimilation. Readers will surely be impressed by the depth of Weir’s research and the subtlety of his argumentation, and even subjects they thought they knew well will look different on viewing them from the perspective of ‘the fourth confession'.'

Suzanne L. Marchand - Louisiana State University

'Todd H. Weir’s book is a social and political history of organized secularism in nineteenth-century Berlin as it unfolded in the context of the German confessional system. Rather than simply providing a conventional intellectual history of secularist ideas, this study focuses on the organizations that promoted ‘free religious’ or secularist worldviews, the sociological composition of their memberships, and the legal and political parameters in which they operated. The result is a tour de force of historical research and argumentation. Deeply grounded in archival sources and relevant social theory, Weir’s study will force scholars to rethink how they approach the entire religious history of nineteenth-century Germany.'

George S. Williamson - Florida State University

'Weir has produced an impressive study about a subject that belongs to a still largely unexplored territory … From the perspective of the twenty-first century the author is certainly correct: secularism has become an important voice in the concert of worldviews, even if today among [a] differentiated field of confessions and world religions.'

Joachim Schmiedl Source: translated from Sehepunkte (sehepunkte.de)

'… fascinating …'

Marshall Poe Source: New Books in History (newbooksinhistory.com)

'By considering the interplay of secularism and confessionalism in nineteenth-century Germany, Weir has obliged historians of German religion and society to rethink both secularism and confession. [He] deftly shows how secularism existed not merely in conflict with the traditional confessions and state churches, but also how it was inextricably linked to them. Confessional structures regulated not only confessing members of the churches and their congregations, but religious dissidents and those outside of the traditional confessions as well. Most importantly, Weir has provided historians of German religion and society [with] a compelling case for how the apparently disparate histories of increasing secularization and renewed sectarianism coexisted during the nineteenth century.'

Stan M. Landry Source: German History

'Future scholars will have to contend with Weir’s argument that secularism needs to stand alongside Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism as a 'fourth confession' in nineteenth-century Germany. His study forcefully demonstrates that it was not simply the opposite of religion or the absence of religion, but rather that secularism articulated its own philosophical position, worked hard to create and maintain social and cultural communities that acknowledged and subscribed to this vision, and had a sizeable impact on modern Central European developments well into the twentieth century.'

Source: Central European History

'Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany leaves an indelible impression as one of the most original, stimulating, and transformative contributions to a dynamic field that now, thanks to Weir’s bold historiographical enlargement, offers the empirical rationale, theoretical flexibility, and explanatory range for clarifying the cultural experience of nearly every German.'

Jeffrey T. Zalar Source: The Journal of Modern History

'Weir’s attempt to replace the structural-historical term ‘secularization’ with the actor-centred concept of ‘secularism’ is also worth noting. … Weir convincingly distinguishes his use of the term ‘secularism’ from Talal Asad’s use of the same term. In the dichotomous view of global history put forward by Asad and other post-colonial thinkers, ‘secularism’ essentially stands for the subjugation of subaltern religious and political arrangements by Western liberals. Weir, by contrast, rightly shows how deeply ‘secularism’ was contested in the West itself, and that it was anything but a hegemonic concept. In its conceptual structure, therefore, the book goes far beyond the history of ‘peripatetic religiosity’ in nineteenth-century Germany.'

Klaus Große Kracht Source: Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, London

'Weir demonstrates that despite their claim to have escaped the competition of worldviews, in the end the secularists always operated as confessional actors in the religious field.'

Katharina Neef Source: translated from H-Soz-Kult (www.hsozkult.de)

'… [Weir's] well-argued study is creative and repays careful reading. It is also highly topical … The fact that church and state in Germany are still so enmeshed makes Weir’s book that much more significant; his analytical prism of 'secularism' will certainly invigorate the study of the German 'confessional' state.'

Robert Beachy Source: The American Historical Review

'This is a book that seeks continually to undercut the binaries that structure the way in which historians have considered these issues. Secularism, in this reading, appears both inside and outside confession. Anti-clericalism was a force not just against but also within the religious sphere. Kulturkampf legislation proved as destabilising for protestant churches as for German catholics. … There is intellectual history here, and social history too. But the core of Weir’s book is the political meaning of secularism in the Prussian nineteenth century. For this is a study of how the constraints imposed by confessionalism and the Prussian state shaped secularism as a spiritual current and a political community. While secularism itself was never a mainstream movement, Weir argues persuasively that it punched above its weight politically and was symbiotically linked first to radical democratic associational life and politics, and then to the sub-culture that was Prussian socialism.'

Abigail Green Source: English Historical Review