Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ph5wq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T23:25:10.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Angiogenesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2017

Hossein Jadvar
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Hossein Jadvar
Affiliation:
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
Heather Jacene
Affiliation:
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
Michael Graham
Affiliation:
University of Iowa
Get access

Summary

Angiogenesis plays an important role both physiologically and pathologically and relates to the process of hypoxia-induced formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. It can be useful in some conditions such as collateralization in ischemic myocardium but it is also associated with pathologic conditions such as chronic inflammatory diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and cancer. Tumor growth beyond 1–2 mm is angiogenesis-dependent, which is induced by complex multistep interactions between the tumor and the host (angiogenic switch). Inhibition of angiogenesis may inhibit tumor growth (cytostatic rather than cytotoxic). Early anti-angiogenesis treatment strategies generally resulted in disappointing results which may have been due to flaws in clinical trial design and choice of outcome measures. However, a new generation of anti-angiogenic agents has shown promising results in combination with chemoradiation therapy.

Imaging angiogenesis is critical for the timing of anti-angiogenesis therapy and for the assessment of therapy efficacy. Angiogenesis is a complex biological process and is regulated by abundant molecular pathways including, but not limited to, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), integrins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs). All major imaging modalities (optical imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography) may be employed for imaging some particular feature of angiogenesis indirectly (e.g. perfusion) or directly (e.g. targeted to biologically relevant molecules).

Ultrasound may be used with nontargeted or targeted (to angiogenic markers) microbubble contrast agents for assessment of tumor vascularity and monitoring response to treatment. It is a widely available, relatively low-cost imaging modality that allows portable real-time imaging without ionizing radiation. Computed tomography (CT) with iodinated contrast agents may be employed to assess vascular enhancement over time and diffusion of the contrast material into the extravascular interstitial space. The tissue distribution of contrast material may be modeled to measure such parameters as tissue blood flow, blood volume, and capillary permeability surface area. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast without ionizing radiation. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) imaging can provide indirect information about vascularity without the use of contrast agents. However, macromolecular contrast material in conjunction with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI can be used to assess tumor vascularity and permeability. Research is underway to design and synthesize targeted MR contrast agents that provide direct information about biomarkers involved in angiogenesis such as the VEGF receptor and integrins.

Type
Chapter
Information
Molecular Imaging
An Introduction
, pp. 52 - 54
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Pircher, A, Hilbe, W, Heidegger, I, Drevs J, Tichelli, Medinger M. Biomarkers in tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7077–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Zhu, L, Niu, G, Fang, X, Chen X. Preclinical molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 54:291–308.Google ScholarPubMed
3. Kiessling, F, Razansky, D, Alves, F. Anatomical and microstructural imaging of angiogenesis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37 Suppl 1:S4–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Naumov, GN, Akslen, LA, Folkman, J. Role of angiogenesis in human tumor dormancy: animal models of the angiogenic switch. Cell Cycle 2006; 5:1779–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Medina, MA, Munoz-Chapuli, R, Quesada, AR. Challenges of antiangiogenic cancer therapy: trials and errors, and renewed hope. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:374–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. McDonald, DM, Choyke, PL. Imaging of angiogenesis: from microscope to clinic. Nat Med 2003; 9:713–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Iagaru, A, Gambhir, SS. Imaging tumor angiogenesis: the road to clinical utility. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201:W183–W191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Zhu, L, Niu, G, Fang, X, Chen X. Preclinical molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193:304–13.Google Scholar
9. Charnley, N, Donalson, S, Price, P. Imaging angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 467:25–51.Google ScholarPubMed
10. Cai, W, Chen, X. Multimodality molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:113S-28S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Provenzale, JM. Imaging of angiogenesis: clinical techniques and novel imaging methods. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Neeman, M, Gilad, AA, Dafni, H, Cohen B. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Miller, JC, Pien, HH, Sahani, D, Sorensen AG, Thrall JH. Imaging angiogenesis: applications and potential for drug development. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:172–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Schirner, M, Menrad, A, Stephens, A, Frenzel T, Hauff P, Licha K. Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1014:67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Brack, SS, Dinkelborg, LM, Neri, D. Molecular targeting of angiogenesis for imaging and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:1327–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Patel, N, Harris, AL, Gleeson, FV, Vallis KA. Clinical imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Future Oncol 2012; 81:1443–59.Google Scholar
17. Stacey, MR, Maxfield, MW, Sinusas, AJ. Targeted molecular imaging of angiogenesis in PET and SPECT: a review. Yale J Biol Med 2012; 85:75–86.Google Scholar
18. Dikgraaf, I, Boeman, OC. Radionuclide imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:637–47.Google Scholar
19. Dijkgraaf, I, Boerman, OC. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis with SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37 Suppl 1:S104–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Mulder, WJ, Strijkers, GJ, Nicolay, K, Griffioen AW. Quantum dots for multimodal molecular imaging of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:131–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Snoeks, TJ, Lowik, CW, Kaijzel, EL. In vivo optical approaches to angiogenesis imaging. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:135–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Dobrucki, LW, Muinck, ED de, Lndner, JR, Sinusas AJ. Approaches to multimodality imaging of angiogenesis. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 Suppl 1:66S–79S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Barrett, T, Brechbiel, M, Bernardo, M, Choyke PL. MRI of tumor angiogenesis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:235–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Daldrup-Link, HE, Simon, GH, Brasch, RC. Imaging of tumor angiogenesis: current approaches and future prospects. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:2661–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Laking, GR, Price, PM. Positron emission tomographic imaging of angiogenesis and vascular function. Br J Radiol 2003; 76 Spec No 1:S50–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Wiele, C Van De, Oltenfreiter, R, Winter, O De, Signore A, Siegers G, Dierckx RA. Tumor angiogenesis pathways: related clinical issues and implications for nuclear medicine imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29:699–709.Google Scholar
27. Lee, TY, Purdie, TG, Stewart, E. CT imaging of angiogenesis. Q J Nucl Med 2003; 47:171–87.Google ScholarPubMed
28. Deshpande, N, Pysz, MA, Willmann, JK. Molecular ultrasound assessment of tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:175–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Eisenbrey, JR, Forsberg, F. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for molecular imaging of angiogenesis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; Suppl 1:S138–46.Google Scholar
30. Liu, Y, Yang, Y, Zhang, C. A concise review of magnetic resonance molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis by targeting integrin avb3 with magnetic probes. Int J Nanomedicien 2013; 8:1083–93.Google Scholar
31. Danhier, F, Breton, A Le, Preat, V. RGD-based strategies to target alpha(v) beta(3) integrin in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Mol pharm 2012; 9:2961–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Gaertner, FC, Schwaiger, M, Beer, AJ. Molecular imaging of avb3 expression in cancer patients. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 54:309–26.Google Scholar
33. Contois, L, Akalu, A, Brooks, PC. Integrins as “functional hubs” in the regulation of pathological angiogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:318–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Liu, Z, Wang, F. Development of RGD-based radiotracers for tumor imaging and therapy: translating from bench to bedside. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:1487–1505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. Beer, AJ, Schwaiger, M. Imaging of integrin alphavbeta3 expression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:631–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×