Book contents
- Caplan’s Stroke
- Caplan’s Stroke
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I General principles
- Part II Stroke syndromes
- Part III Prevention, complications, and recovery–rehabilitation
- Chapter 18 Stroke prevention
- Chapter 19 Complications in stroke patients
- Chapter 20 Recovery, rehabilitation, and repair
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Chapter 19 - Complications in stroke patients
from Part III - Prevention, complications, and recovery–rehabilitation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2016
Edited by
Book contents
- Caplan’s Stroke
- Caplan’s Stroke
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I General principles
- Part II Stroke syndromes
- Part III Prevention, complications, and recovery–rehabilitation
- Chapter 18 Stroke prevention
- Chapter 19 Complications in stroke patients
- Chapter 20 Recovery, rehabilitation, and repair
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Caplan's StrokeA Clinical Approach, pp. 594 - 607Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
Johnston, KC, Li, JY, Lyden, PD, et al: Medical and neurological complications of ischemic stroke: Experience from the RANTTAS trial. RANTTAS Investigators. Stroke 1998;29:447–453.Google Scholar
Davenport, RJ, Dennis, MS, Wellwood, I, Warlow, CP: Complications after acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:415–420.Google Scholar
Smithard, DG, O’Neill, PA, Park, C, et al: Complications and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:1200–1204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biller, J, Patrick, JT: Management of medical complications of stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1997;6:217–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zorowitz, RD, Tietjen, GE: Medical complications after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;8:192–196.Google Scholar
van der Worp, HB, Kappelle, LJ: Complications of acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:124–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dromerick, A, Reding, M: Medical and neurological complications during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 1994;25:358–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langhorne, P, Stott, DJ, Robertson, L, et al: Medical complications after stroke. Stroke 2000;31:1223–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weimar, C, Roth, M, Zillessen, G, et al: Complications following acute ischaemic stroke. On behalf of the German Stroke Data Bank Collaborators. Eur Neurol 2002;48:133–140.Google Scholar
Kappelle, LJ, van der Worp, HB: Treatment and prevention of complications of acute ischemic stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004;4:36–41.Google Scholar
Kumar, S, Selim, M, Caplan, LR: Medical complications after stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:105–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloway, RG, Tuttle, D, Baird, T, Skeleton, WK: The safety of hospital care. Neurology 2007;68:550–555.Google Scholar
Silver, F, Norris, JW, Lewis, A, Hachinski, V: Early mortality following stroke: A prospective review. Stroke 1984;15:494.Google Scholar
Kaste, M, Palmomaki, H, Sarna, S: Where and how should elderly stroke patients be treated? A randomized trial. Stroke 1995;26:249–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Indredavik, B, Slordahl, SA, Bakke, F, et al: Stroke unit treatment. Long term effects. Stroke 1997;28:1861–1866.Google Scholar
Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration: Collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials of organised in-patient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 1997;314:1151–1159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration: How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke 1997;28:2139–2144.Google Scholar
Diez-Tejedor, E, Fuentes, B: Acute care in stroke: Do stroke units make the difference? Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11(suppl 1):31–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birbeck, GL, Zingmond, DS, Cui, X, Vickrey, BG: Multispecialty stroke services in California hospitals are associated with reduced mortality. Neurology 2006;66:1527–1532.Google Scholar
Toni, D, Fiorelli, M, Gentile, M, et al: Progressing neurological deficit secondary to acute ischemic stroke: a study on predictability, pathogenesis, and prognosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:670–675.Google Scholar
Davalos, A, Cendra, E, Teruel, J, et al: Deteriorating ischemic stroke: risk factors and prognosis. Neurology 1990;40:1865–1869.Google Scholar
Kelly, R, Bryer, JR, Scheinberg, P, Stokes, IV: Active bleeding in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: Computed tomography. Neurology 1982;32:852–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broderick, JP, Brott, TG, Tomsick, T, et al: Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1990;72:195–199.Google Scholar
Fujii, Y, Tanaka, R, Takeuchi, S, et al: Hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1994;80:51–57.Google Scholar
Kazui, S, Naritomi, H, Yamamoto, H, et al: Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Incidence and time course. Stroke 1996;27:1783–1787.Google Scholar
Sacco, RL, Foulkes, MA, Mohr, JP, et al: Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction. The Stroke Data Bank. Stroke 1989;20:983–989.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, H, Bogousslavsky, J: Mechanisms of second and further strokes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:771–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caplan, LR: Brain embolism. In Caplan, LR, Hurst, JW, Chimowitz, MI (eds): Clinical Neurocardiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 35–185.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR, Manning, W (eds): Brain Embolism. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2006, pp 129–186.Google Scholar
White, DB, Norris, JW, Hachinski, VC, et al: Death in early stroke: Causes and mechanisms. Stroke 1979;10:743.Google Scholar
O’Brien, MD: Ischemic cerebral edema. In Caplan, LR (ed): Brain Ischemia. Basic Concepts and Clinical Relevance. London: Springer, 1995, pp 43–50.Google Scholar
Hacke, W, Schwab, S, Horn, M, et al: “Malignant” middle cerebral artery territory infarction: Clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 1996;53:309–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huttner, HB, Schwab, S: Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: Clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:949–958.Google Scholar
Plum, F, Posner, JB: Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma (3rd ed). Philadelphia: Davis, 1980.Google Scholar
Barber, PA, Demchuk, AM, Zhang, J, et al: Computed tomographic parameters predicting fatal outcome in large middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:230–235.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR: Posterior Circulation Disease: Clinical findings, Diagnosis, and Management. Boston: Blackwell, 1996.Google Scholar
Savitz, SI, Caplan, LR, Edlow, JA: Pitfalls in the diagnosis of cerebellar infarction. Acad Emerg Med 2007;14:63–68.Google Scholar
Rieke, K, Krieger, D, Adams, H-P, et al: Therapeutic strategies in space-occupying cerebellar infarction based on clinical, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological data. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortazavi, MM, Romeo, AK, Deep, A, et al: Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: Literature review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 2012:116:210–221.Google Scholar
Ropper, A: Hyperosmolar therapy for raised intracranial pressure. N Engl J Med 2012;367:746–752.Google Scholar
von Rosen, F, Guazzo, EP: Increased intracranial pressure. In Brandt, T, Caplan, LR, Dichgans, J, et al. (eds): Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment. San Diego: Academic, 1996, pp 521–529.Google Scholar
Norris, JW: Steroid therapy in acute cerebral infarction. Arch Neurol 1976;33:69–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ottonello, GA, Primavera, A: Gastrointestinal complications of high dose corticosteroid therapy in acute cerebrovascular patients. Stroke 1979;10:208–210.Google Scholar
Gupta, R, Connolly, ES, Mayer, S, Elkind, MS: Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: a systematic review. Stroke 2004; 35: 539–43.Google Scholar
Vahedi, K, Hofmeijer, J, Juettler, E, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: A pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:215–222.Google Scholar
Taylor, J: Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson on Epilepsy and Epileptiform Convulsions, Vol. 1. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1931, pp 230–235.Google Scholar
Davalos, A, de Cendra, E, Molins, A, et al: Epileptic seizures at the onset of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992;2:327–331.Google Scholar
Bogousslavsky, J, van Melle, G, Regli, F: The Lausanne Stroke Registry: Analysis of 1000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988;19:1083–1092.Google Scholar
Mohr, JP, Caplan, LR, Melski, JW, et al: The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A prospective registry. Neurology 1978;28:754–762.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR: General symptoms and signs. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds): Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Boston: Butterworth–Heinemann, 1994, pp 31–43.Google Scholar
Bladin, CF: Seizures after Stroke, MD thesis. University of Melbourne, Australia, 1997.Google Scholar
Heuts-van Rank, EPM: Seizures Following a First Cerebral Infarct. Risk Factors and Prognosis, thesis. Rijksuniversiteit Limberg, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 1996.Google Scholar
Olsen, TS, Hogenhaven, H, Thage, O: Epilepsy after stroke. Neurology 1987;37:1209–1211.Google Scholar
Bogousslavsky, J, Martin, R, Regli, F, et al: Persistent worsening of stroke sequelae after delayed seizures. Arch Neurol 1992;49:385–388.Google Scholar
Arboix, A, Comes, E, Massons, J, et al: Relevance of early seizures for in-hospital mortality in acute cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1996;47:1429–1435.Google Scholar
Bladin, CF, Johnston, PJ, Smuraloska, L, et al: What causes seizures after stroke? Stroke 1994;25:245.Google Scholar
Gupta, SR, Naheedey, MH, Elias, D, Rubino, F: Postinfarction seizures: A clinical study. Stroke 1988;19:1477–1481.Google Scholar
Holmes, GL: The electroencephalogram as a predictor of seizures following cerebral infarction. Clin Electroencephalogr 1980;11:83–86.Google Scholar
Diaz, JM, Schiffman, JS, Urban, ES: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a syndrome rediscovered. Acta Neurol Scand 1992;86:390–396.Google Scholar
Sandercock, PAG, van den Belt, AGM, Lindley, RI, Slattery, J: Antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: an overview of the completed randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:17–25.Google Scholar
Warlow, C, Ogston, D, Douglas, AS: Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after stroke. BMJ 1976;1:1178–1183.Google Scholar
Kearon, C, Julian, JA, Math, JM, et al: Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:663–677.Google Scholar
Landi, G, D’Angelo, A, Boccardi, E, Candelise, L, et al: Venous thromboembolism in acute stroke: prognostic importance of hypercoagulability. Arch Neurol 1992;49:279–283.Google Scholar
Noel, P, Gregoire, F, Capon, A, Lehrert, P: Atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in stroke patients. Stroke 1991;22:760–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wijdicks, EFM, Scott, JP: Pulmonary embolism associated with acute stroke. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:297–300.Google Scholar
Kamran, SI, Downey, D, Ruff, RL: Pneumatic sequential compression reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients. Neurology 1998;50:1683–1688.Google Scholar
Kamphulsen, PW, Agnelli, G, Sebastianelli, M: Prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1187–1194.Google Scholar
Mazzone, C, Chiodo, GF, Sandercock, P, Miccio, M, Salvi, R: Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;18:CD001922.Google Scholar
Andre, C, de Freitas, GR, Fukujima, MM: Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following stroke: A systematic review of published articles. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:21–32.Google Scholar
Muir, KW, Baxter, G, Grosset, DG, Lees, KR: Randomized trial of graded compression stockings for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after acute stroke. Quart J Med 2000;93:359–364.Google Scholar
Kamphulsen, PW, Agnelli, G: What is the optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Thromb Res 2007;119:265–274.Google Scholar
Sherman, DG, Albers, GW, Bladin, C, et al. for the PREVAIL Investigators: The efficacy and safety of enoxyparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL study): An open-label randomized comparison. Lancet 2007;369:1347–1355.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR, Hurst, JW: Cardiac and cardiovascular findings in patients with nervous system diseases–brain diseases–stroke. In Caplan, LR, Hurst, JW, Chimowitz, MI (eds): Clinical Neurocardiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 303–312.Google Scholar
Prosser, J, MacGregor, L, Lees, KR et al. on behalf of the VISTA Investigators: Predictors of early cardiac morbidity and mortality after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2007;38:2295–2302.Google Scholar
Norris, JW, Kolin, A, Hachinski, VC: Focal myocardial lesions in stroke. Stroke 1980;11:130.Google Scholar
Connor, RC: Focal myocytolysis and fuchsinophilic degeneration of the myocardium of patients dying with various brain lesions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969;156:261–270.Google Scholar
Samuels, M: “Voodoo” death revisited: The modern lessons of neurocardiology. Neurologist 1997;3:293–304.Google Scholar
Ali, AS, Levine, SR: Heart and brain relationships. In Caplan, LR (ed): Brain Ischemia, Basic Concepts and Clinical Relevance. London: Springer, 1995, pp 317–328.Google Scholar
Rolak, LA, Rokey, R: Electrocardiographic features. In Rolak, LA, Rokey, R (eds): Coronary and Cerebrovascular Disease. A Practical Guide. Mt Kisco, NY: Futura, 1990, pp 139–197.Google Scholar
Puleo, P: Cardiac enzyme assessment. In Rolak, LA, Rokey, R (eds): Coronary and Cerebrovascular Disease. A Practical Guide. Mt Kisco, NY: Futura, 1990, pp 199–216.Google Scholar
Myers, MG, Norris, JW, Hachinski, VC, et al: Cardiac sequelae of acute stroke. Stroke 1982;13:838–842.Google Scholar
Mikolich, JR, Jacobs, WC, Fletcher, GF: Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. JAMA 1981;246:1314–1317.Google Scholar
Vingerhoets, F, Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Van Melle, G: Atrial fibrillation after acute stroke. Stroke 1993;24:26–30.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, SM, Gelb, A, Given, JP, Hachinski, VC: Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992;42:1727–1732.Google Scholar
Benarroch, EE: The central autonomic network: Functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:988–1001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talman, WT: Cardiovascular regulation and lesions of the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 1985;18:1–12.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, SM, Cechetto, DF, Hachinski, VC: Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias. Cerebral electrocardiographic influences and their role in sudden death. Arch Neurol 1990;47:513–519.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, SM, Hopkins, DA: Suprabulbar neural regulation of the heart. In Armour, JA, Ardell, JL (eds): Neurocardiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 309–341.Google Scholar
Fink, JN, Selim, MH, Kumar, S, Voetsch, B, Fong, WC, Caplan, LR: Insular cortex infarction in acute middle cerebral artery territory stroke: predictor of stroke severity and vascular lesion. Arch Neurol 2005;62:1081–1085.Google Scholar
Myers, MS, Norris, JW, Hachinski, VC, et al: Plasma norepinephrine in stroke. Stroke 1981;12:200–204.Google Scholar
Weir, BK: Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysmal rupture. J Neurosurg 1978;49:502–507.Google Scholar
Hoff, JT, Nishimura, M: Experimental neurogenic pulmonary edema in cats. J Neurosurg 1978;18:383–389.Google Scholar
Mayer, SA, Lin, J, Homma, S, et al: Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1999;30:780–786.Google Scholar
Gongora-Rivera, F, Labreuche, J, Jaramillo, A, et al: Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2007;38:1203–1210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korpelainen, JT, Sotaniemi, KA, Makkallio, A, et al: Dynamic behavior of heart rate in ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999;30:1008–1013.Google Scholar
Weidler, DJ, Das, SK, Sodeman, TM: Cardiac arrhythmias secondary to acute cerebral ischemia: Prevention by autonomic blockade. Circulation 1976;53(Suppl 2):102.Google Scholar
Groher, ME, Bukatman, R: The prevalence of swallowing disorders in two teaching hospitals. Dysphagia 1986;1:3–6.Google Scholar
Horner, J, Massey, EW, Brazer, SR: Aspiration in bilateral stroke patients. Neurology 1990;40:1686–1688.Google Scholar
Alberts, MJ, Horner, J: Dysphagia and aspiration syndromes. In Bogousslavsky, J, Caplan, LR (eds): Stroke Syndromes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp 213–222.Google Scholar
Ramsey, DJ, Smithard, DG, Kaira, L: Can pulse oximetry or a bedside swallowing assessment be used to detect aspiration after stroke? Stroke 2006;37:2984–2988.Google Scholar
Leder, SB, Espinosa, JF: Aspiration risk after stroke: comparison of clinical examination and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Dysphagia 2002;17:214–218.Google Scholar
Horner, J, Massey, EW, Risler, JE, et al: Aspiration following stroke: Clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 1988;38:1359–1362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, G, Dip, PG, Hankey, GJ, Cameron, D: Swallowing function after stroke. Prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 1999;30:744–748.Google Scholar
Ramsey, DJ, Smithard, DG, Kaira, L: Early assessment of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke 2003;34:1252–1257.Google Scholar
Sellars, C, Bowie, L, Bagg, J et al: Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke: A prospective cohort study. Stroke 2007;38:2284–2291.Google Scholar
Przedborski, S, Brunko, E, Hubert, M, et al: The effect of acute hemiplegia on intercostal muscle activity. Neurology 1988;38:1882–1884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dirnagl, U, Klehmet, J, Braun, , et al: Stroke-induced immunodepression. Experimental evidence and clinical relevance. Stroke 2007;38(part 2):770–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamorro, A, Urra, X, Planas, AM: Infection after acute ischemic stroke. A manifestation of brain-induced immunodepression. Stroke 2007;38:1097–1103.Google Scholar
Emsley, HCA, Hopkins, SJ: Acute ischaemic stroke and infection: Recent and emerging concepts. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:341–353.Google Scholar
Dziewas, R, Ritter, M, Schilling, M, et al: Pneumonia in acute stroke patients fed by nasogastric tube. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:852–856.Google Scholar
Yoo, S-H, Kim, JS, Kwon, SU, et al: Undernutrition as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Arch Neurol 2008;65:39–43.Google Scholar
Finestone, HM, Green-Finestone, LS, Wilson, ES, Teasell, RW: Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up. Prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995;76:310–316.Google Scholar
Aptaker, RI, Roth, EJ, Reichhardt, G, et al: Serum albumin level as a predictor of geriatric stroke rehabilitation outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:80–84.Google Scholar
Dennis, MS, Lewis, SC, Warlow, C; FOOD Trial Collaboration: Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:764–772.Google Scholar
Norton, B, Homer-Ward, M, Donnelly, MT, et al: A randomized prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feedings after acute dysphagic stroke. BMJ 1996;312:13–16.Google Scholar
Wijdicks, EFM, McMahon, MM: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy after acute stroke: complications and outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:109–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joynt, RJ, Feibel, JH, Sladek, CM: Antidiuretic hormone levels in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 1981;9:182–184.Google Scholar
Tsuchida, S, Noto, H, Yamaguchi, D, et al: Urodynamic studies on hemiplegia patients after cerebrovascular accident. Urology 1983;21:315–318.Google Scholar
Davenport, RJ, Dennis, MS, Warlow, CP: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:421–424.Google Scholar
Herzig, SJ, Howell, MD, Ngo, LH, Marcantonio, ER: Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 2009;301:2120–2128.Google Scholar
Camara-Lemarroy, CR, Ibarra-Yruegas, BE, Gongora-Rivera, F: Gastrointestinal complications after ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2014;346:20–25.Google Scholar
Lindgren, I, Jonsson, A-C, Norrving, B, Lindgren, A: Shoulder pain after stroke. Stroke 2007;38:343–348.Google Scholar
Braus, DF, Krauss, JK, Strobel, J: The shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: A prospective clinical trial. Ann Neurol 1994;36:728–733.Google Scholar
Sato, Y, Kuno, H, Kaji, M, et al: Increased bone resorption during the first year after stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1373–1377.Google Scholar
Sato, Y, Maruoka, H, Oizumi, K: Amelioration of hemiplegia-associated osteopenia more than 4 years after stroke by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium supplementation. Stroke 1997;28:736–739.Google Scholar
Sato, Y, Fujimatsu, Y, Honda, Y, et al: Accelerated bone remodeling in patients with poststroke hemiplegia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;7:58–62.Google Scholar
Ramnemark, A, Nyberg, L, Lorentzon, R, et al: Hemiosteoporosis after severe stroke, independent of changes in body composition and weight. Stroke 1999;30:755–760.Google Scholar
Poole, KES, Loveridge, N, Rose, CM, Warburton, EA, Reeve, J: A single infusion of Zoledronate prevents bone loss after stroke. Stroke 2007;38:1519–1525.Google Scholar
van der Werf, SP, van den Broek, HLP, Anten, HWM, Bleijenberg, G: Experience of severe fatigue long after stroke and its relation to depressive symptoms and disease characteristics. Eur Neurol 2001;45:28–33.Google Scholar
Ingles, JL, Eskes, GA, Phillips, SJ: Fatigue after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:173–178.Google Scholar
Feibel, JH, Springer, CJ: Depression and failure to resume social activities after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;63:276–277.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Szetela, B: Mood change following left hemisphere brain injury. Ann Neurol 1981;9:447–453.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, S, Benowitz, LI, Baldessarini, RJ, et al: Mood, vegetative disturbances, and dexamethasone suppression test after stroke. Ann Neurol 1982;12:463–468.Google Scholar
Astrom, M, Adolfdon, R, Asplund, K: Major depression in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1993;24:976–982.Google Scholar
Pohjasvaara, T, Leppavuori, A, Siira, I, et al: Frequency and clinical determinants of post-stroke depression. Stroke 1998;29:2311–2317.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Price, TR: Post-stroke depressive disorders: A follow-up study of 103 patients. Stroke 1982;13:635–641.Google Scholar
Verdelho, A, Henon, H, Lebert, F, Pasquier, F, Leys, D: Depressive symptoms after stroke and relationship with dementia. A three-year follow-up study. Neurology 2004;62:905–911.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Starr, LB, Price, TR: A two-year longitudinal study of mood disorders following stroke. Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:256–262.Google Scholar
Ghika-Schmid, F, Bogousslavsky, J: Affective disorders following stroke. Eur Neurol 1997;38:75–81.Google Scholar
Ross, ED, Rush, AJ: Diagnosis and neuroanatomical correlates of depression in brain-damaged patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:1344–1354.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Starr, LB, Kubos, K, et al: A two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation. Stroke 1983;14:736–741.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Kubos, KL, Starr, LB, et al: Mood disorders in stroke patients: Importance of location of lesion. Brain 1984;107:81–93.Google Scholar
Robinson, RG, Kubos, KL, Starr, LB, et al: Mood changes in stroke patients: Relationship to lesion location. Compr Psychiatry 1983;24:555–566.Google Scholar
Herrmann, M, Bartels, C, Schumacher, M, Wallesch, C-W: Poststroke depression. Is there a pathoanatomic correlate for depression in the postacute stage of stroke? Stroke 1995;26:850–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsey, JR, Robinson, RG, Pearlson, GD, et al: Nortriptyline treatment of poststroke depression: A double-blind study. Lancet 1984;1:297–300.Google Scholar
Reding, JJ, Orto, LA, Winter, SW, et al: Antidepressant therapy after stroke: A double blind trial. Arch Neurol 1986;43:763–765.Google Scholar
Andersen, G, Vestergaard, K, Lauritzen, L: Effective treatment of post-stroke depression with the selective reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Stroke 1994;25:1099–1104.Google Scholar
Wade, DT, Legh-Smith, J, Langton-Hewer, R: Effects of living with and looking after survivors of a stroke. BMJ 1986;293:418–420.Google Scholar
Anderson, CS, Linto, J, Stewart-Wynne, EG: A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1995;26:843–849.Google Scholar
Scholte, OP, Reimer, WJ, de Haan, RJ, Rijnders, PT, Limburg, M, van den Bos, GA: The burden of caregiving in partners of long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1998;29:1605–1611.Google Scholar
Dennis, M, O’Rourke, S, Lewis, S, et al: A quantitative study of the emotional outcome of people caring for stroke survivors. Stroke 1998;29:1867–1872.Google Scholar
van Exel, NJ, Koopmanschap, MA, van den Berg, B, Brouwer, WB, van den Bos, GA: Burden of informal caregiving for stroke patients. Identification of caregivers at risk of adverse health effects. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19:11–17.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by