Firms are not organized in a monolithic way; their organizations include checks and balances imposed by various sources. Separation of powers may be used, by analogy, in antitrust matters, especially to define organizational remedies or commitments. The search for an analogy between separation of powers and antitrust starts intuitively with the power of an agency or court to break up or unbundle a firm and naturally follows with merger control. A more promising avenue for analogy, though, resides in the fact that firms sometimes possess, de facto, regulatory powers in an industry, raising concerns inter alia on their organization. The reflection on organizational remedies or commitments is premised on the need for additional checks and balances within or on dominant firms whose platforms have a significant impact on society or democracy. It may ultimately lead to the creation of platform assemblies or parliaments. Finally, antitrust may also be raised as an argument or a defense to avoid or reduce sanctions and to get a merger approved.

This chapter examines the regulation of renewable energy in Australia, with a specific focus on wind energy. Renewable energy is rapidly progressing and evolving and represents a crucial component of our approach to greenhouse gas reduction and the transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon society. The chapter examines the broader regulatory frameworks for renewable energy at both the state and federal levels. It reviews how the legal system supports the development of renewable energy as well as a transitioning energy framework. To this extent, the chapter examines the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth), the operation of the renewable energy target and the role that the various clean energy bodies have assumed in implementing this framework. It considers some of the economic implications for the energy transition. The nature of wind farming and the regulatory principles and best practices standards for South Australia and Victoria are reviewed.

The imperatives of climate change have accelerated the importance of technologies focused on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been recognised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as an essential part of cost-effectively reducing the GHG emissions connected with fossil fuel energy production. Captured carbon is transported, by ship or pipeline, to its storage location deep underground within naturally occurring geological formations. Domestically, CCS has gained increasing support. Currently, the only commercial CCS facility in Australia is the Gorgon Project in Western Australia. More are expected to follow after the implementation of the Climate Change Act 2022 (Cth), entered into between Australia and the United States with the aim of promoting the joint development of low-emissions technology solutions such as CCS via collaboration with industry and the private sector.

The terminology of an ‘economic constitution’ is little used in the UK, and coverage of the constitutional aspects of economic management finds only limited (and diminishing) space in the standard constitutional law texts. This is in marked contrast to other European jurisdictions, where the economic constitution is a familiar analytical concept for both domestic and EU law.

This chapter analyses how the American Petroleum Institute (API) adapted to the post-Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill era despite the criticisms from investigation reports that brought into question its role as private standard-setter in the oil and gas industry and the reliance of federal regulations on the API’s standards. Grounded on the theory of regulation, investigation reports, and documents from the Bureau for Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and the Center for Offshore Safety (COS), this chapter examines the organizational response of the API and how BSEE, as the federal regulator, endorsed it. It proposes a definition of what a regulatory crisis is, and argues that despite the regulatory crisis created by the DWH accident, the API increased its influence in offshore oil and gas regulations in the US not only as rule-maker but also as supervisor. The chapter identifies the gaps in transparency and regulatory practices that may undermine the effectiveness of the new regulatory scheme. By presenting a case from the oil and gas industry, this research aims to contribute to the broader scholarship on the responses of transnational private regulators in times of crisis.

More and more donor-conceived people are interested in, and in contact with, same-donor offspring. Moreover, donor-conceived people can find large numbers of same-donor offspring, enabled by more openness regarding donor conception, social media, donor registers and (online) DNA testing. The impact of meeting large numbers of same-donor offspring has not yet been explored. At Fiom, a Dutch organisation providing independent support in the search for biographical information, we conducted a qualitative study interviewing 19 donor-conceived people who participated in same-donor offspring group meetings. Data showed that while relationships between same-donor offspring are commonly experienced as more beneficial than connecting with the donor, they also come with challenges such as how to integrate these new relations into their lives, how to manage group dynamics and a continuously growing network. Data revealed a need for counselling tailored to the context of multiple same-donor offspring contact. Lastly, challenges for regulators are discussed.

Information on genetic relations, gamete donors and donor-related siblings, can now be located within two very different systems: ‘official’ regulatory systems; and emerging digital online systems, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTCGT), ancestry sites and internet groups. The possibilities of finding genetic relatives through these online systems has risen dramatically in recent years, leading to claims that donor anonymity is dead regardless of which jurisdiction you live in. In this chapter, we explore how online systems have impacted on donor conception. We use UK examples to explore the social-cultural contexts, including the activism of donor-conceived people, which have shaped, and continue to shape, both systems. We consider the ethical, legal and social-emotional challenges for donor-conceived people in these new landscapes, especially in relation to their agency, as these different systems collide and interact, creating new spaces of sociality and challenges to existing power structures.

This chapter offers an overview of research on the socialization of coping and emotion-related regulation. We begin the review with our conceptualization of coping and regulation. We then provide an overview of research on the socialization of coping and regulation. Specifically, we cover the role of the quality of the parent–child relationship, parental disciplinary practices, and emotion-related socialization practices on children’s coping and emotion-related regulation. We next consider applications of this research to interventions. We conclude with a discussion of complexities in this research, with a particular focus on the cultural context, bidirectional/interactional relations, and methodological factors.

One of the foundational claims of attachment theory is that an important function of early relationships is to support a child’s use of an adult to appropriately regulate emotions in times of stress (Ainsworth et al., 1978/2015). In this chapter, we review evidence that attachment behavior in infancy, and attachment security in adolescence and adulthood, are associated with adaptive coping, defined as volitional strategies for managing stress. Overall, it appears that more secure attachments are associated with more adaptive coping behaviors. However, this review of the literature suggests that various forms of insecure attachment do not appear to differentially predict maladaptive coping behaviors. Furthermore, although some limited research shows that infant attachment is associated with coping behaviors, it is unclear whether the constructs of attachment behavior and coping in infancy and early childhood are truly distinct. Implications for future research and the importance of theoretical refinement are discussed.

We explain how a systems conceptualization scaffolds our understanding of the development of coping. First, we describe five developmental systems ideas that open pathways for examining age-graded changes and transformations in coping from infancy through adolescence. A systems conceptualization: (1) defines coping as action regulation under stress; (2) ties coping to basic adaptive tasks; (3) locates the study of coping between regulation and resilience; (4) views coping as hierarchically structured families of action types; and (5) holds that coping comprises an integrated multi-level system that emerges on the levels of action but incorporates both underlying neurophysiological and psychological subsystems and overarching interpersonal and societal contexts. Second, we describe six ways the coping system undergoes successive reorganizations as the coping equipment available to individuals changes with age. We show how children are active participants in the construction of coping tools, the emergence and consolidation of which depend on social partners and encounters with stressors. At every age, qualitative developmental shifts allow coping appraisals and actions to become more effectively calibrated to internal capacities and external affordances, better coordinated with other people, and guided by increasingly autonomous values and goals. We end with implications of this view for translation to practice.