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  • 16 - The October Revolution and the American Left
  • from Part II - Competing Perspectives
  • Edited by Brooke L. Blower, Boston University, Andrew Preston, University of Cambridge
  • Book: The Cambridge History of America and the World
  • Published online: 12 November 2021
  • Print publication: 03 March 2022, pp 381-403
  • View extract

    Summary

    During the decades separating the two world wars, Americans often defined themselves politically in reference to the Soviet Union. For most individuals, this meant eyeing Moscow with suspicion or hostility. A significant number of reformers and radicals, however, drew inspiration from the October Revolution. They viewed the Soviet Union as a vast, daring experiment that wedded scientific planning with ideals of equality in all areas of human endeavor: economics, statecraft, nation-building, gender relations, and so on. The most devoted enthusiasts joined the American Communist Party (CP), which, since its founding in 1919, committed itself to establishing a Soviet-style “dictatorship of the proletariat” in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of individuals belonged to the party, affiliated “front-groups,” and allied organizations, for greater or lesser periods of time, between the 1920s and 1940s. Always plagued by high turnover within its ranks, the CP never came close to achieving its ultimate goal. Still, it exerted a profound influence on the American left by transmitting ideas and policies formulated in Moscow to the United States.

  • Influences of reopening businesses and social venues: COVID-19 incidence rate in East Texas county
  • Tuan D. Le, Michele Bosworth, Gerald Ledlow, Tony T. Le, Jeffrey Bell, Karan P. Singh
  • Journal: Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 149 / 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 January 2021, e28
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    As the on-going severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, we aimed to understand whether economic reopening (EROP) significantly influenced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence. COVID-19 data from Texas Health and Human Services between March and August 2020 were analysed. COVID-19 incidence rate (cases per 100 000 population) was compared to statewide for selected urban and rural counties. We used joinpoint regression analysis to identify changes in trends of COVID-19 incidence and interrupted time-series analyses for potential impact of state EROP orders on COVID-19 incidence. We found that the incidence rate increased to 145.1% (95% CI 8.4–454.5%) through 4th April, decreased by 15.5% (95% CI −24.4 −5.9%) between 5th April and 30th May, increased by 93.1% (95% CI 60.9–131.8%) between 31st May and 11th July and decreased by 13.2% (95% CI −22.2 −3.2%) after 12 July 2020. The study demonstrates the EROP policies significantly impacted trends in COVID-19 incidence rates and accounted for increases of 129.9 and 164.6 cases per 100 000 populations for the 24- or 17-week model, respectively, along with other county and state reopening ordinances. The incidence rate decreased sharply after 12th July considering the emphasis on a facemask or covering requirement in business and social settings.

  • Exploring healthcare professionals’ views of the acceptability of delivering interventions to promote healthy infant feeding practices within primary care: a qualitative interview study
  • Elaine Toomey, Caragh Flannery, Karen Matvienko-Sikar, Ellinor K Olander, Catherine Hayes, Tony Heffernan, Marita Hennessy, Sheena McHugh, Michelle Queally, Patricia M Kearney, Molly Byrne, Caroline Heary
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 10 / July 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 December 2020, pp. 2889-2899
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    Objective:

    Early-life nutrition plays a key role in establishing healthy lifestyles and preventing chronic disease. This study aimed to (1) explore healthcare professionals’ (HCP) opinions on the acceptability of and factors influencing the delivery of interventions to promote healthy infant feeding behaviours within primary care and (2) identify proposed barriers/enablers to delivering such interventions during vaccination visits, to inform the development of a childhood obesity prevention intervention.

    Design:

    A qualitative study design was employed using semi-structured telephone interviews. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis; findings were also mapped to the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA).

    Setting:

    Primary care in Ireland

    Participants:

    Twenty-one primary care-based HCP: five practice nurses, seven general practitioners, three public health nurses, three community dietitians and three community medical officers.

    Results:

    The acceptability of delivering interventions to promote healthy infant feeding within primary care is influenced by the availability of resources, HCP’s roles and priorities, and factors relating to communication and relationships between HCP and parents. Proposed barriers and enablers to delivering interventions within vaccination visits include time constraints v. opportunistic access, existing relationships and trust between parents and practice nurses, and potential communication issues. Barriers/enablers mapped to TFA constructs of Affective Attitude, Perceived Effectiveness and Self-Efficacy.

    Conclusions:

    This study provides a valuable insight into HCP perspectives of delivering prevention-focused infant feeding interventions within primary care settings. While promising, factors such as coordination and clarity of HCP roles and resource allocation need to be addressed to ensure acceptability of interventions to HCP involved in delivery.

  • The impact of nutrient and health claims on perceived healthiness and the amount of food eaten: An experimental breakfast study
  • Sinead Watson, Tony Benson, Michelle Spence, Moira Dean, Jayne Woodside
  • Journal: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2020, E543
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    A previous study has demonstrated that when people thought they were eating a low-calorie milkshake (versus a high-calorie labelled equivalent though same product) their physiological satiety, as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin, was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional content (Crum et al., 2011). If replicated and shown for different food types, this finding could have implications for nutrient and health claims labelling and advertising. The aim of the study was to examine whether satiation (self-reported and physiological) varies depending on the mindset in which one approaches food consumption. On two separate visits (1 week between), participants (n = 50) were asked to consume a 380-calorie yoghurt and granola breakfast product under the pretence that it was either a 500-calorie ‘indulgent’ breakfast (high in fat and sugar) or a 250-calorie ‘sensible’ breakfast (low in fat and sugar). At each visit blood samples were collected at three timepoints to measure acylated ghrelin: after a 20-minute rest period (baseline), after 60-minutes (pre-consumption) and after 90-minutes (post-consumption). Self-reported appetite scales were completed 10 minutes prior to each blood sample. During the first interval (between 20 and 60 minutes) participants rated the breakfast label's appearance and perceived healthiness, and during the second interval (between 60 and 90 minutes) participants consumed the breakfast product while rating its sensory appeal. Participants (mean [SD]: 30.1 [10.4] yrs.) rated the ‘indulgent’ breakfast as more appealing than the ‘sensible’ breakfast (mean difference: 5.00 [95% CI: 0.71, 9.30]; P = 0.024), but felt less healthy when consuming the ‘indulgent’ breakfast (mean difference: -13.17 [95% CI: -18.75, -7.60]; P < 0.001). The breakfasts were not rated differently according to their taste, smell, overall palatability and enjoyment. Participants reported a higher mean change in self-reported fullness for the ‘indulgent’ breakfast than the ‘sensible’ breakfast from pre-consumption to post-consumption (mean difference: 7.19 [95% CI: -0.73, 13.6]; P = 0.030). This relationship was not observed between baseline and post-consumption, or for the other self-reported appetite measures (hunger, satiety, quantity and desire to eat). Mean change in acylated ghrelin was not significantly different between the breakfasts at any timepoint. This study demonstrated an increase in self-reported fullness after consuming the ‘indulgent’ breakfast compared to the ‘sensible’ breakfast despite the fact the two breakfast products were identical. A physiological response, however, was not observed.

  • Genetic stratification of depression by neuroticism: revisiting a diagnostic tradition
  • Mark J. Adams, David M. Howard, Michelle Luciano, Toni-Kim Clarke, Gail Davies, W. David Hill, 23andMe Research Team, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Daniel Smith, Ian J. Deary, David J. Porteous, Andrew M. McIntosh
  • Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 15 / November 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 October 2019, pp. 2526-2535
  • Print publication: November 2020
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    Background

    Major depressive disorder and neuroticism (Neu) share a large genetic basis. We sought to determine whether this shared basis could be decomposed to identify genetic factors that are specific to depression.

    Methods

    We analysed summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression (from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe and UK Biobank) and compared them with GWAS of Neu (from UK Biobank). First, we used a pairwise GWAS analysis to classify variants as associated with only depression, with only Neu or with both. Second, we estimated partial genetic correlations to test whether the depression's genetic link with other phenotypes was explained by shared overlap with Neu.

    Results

    We found evidence that most genomic regions (25/37) associated with depression are likely to be shared with Neu. The overlapping common genetic variance of depression and Neu was genetically correlated primarily with psychiatric disorders. We found that the genetic contributions to depression, that were not shared with Neu, were positively correlated with metabolic phenotypes and cardiovascular disease, and negatively correlated with the personality trait conscientiousness. After removing shared genetic overlap with Neu, depression still had a specific association with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, coronary artery disease and age of first birth. Independent of depression, Neu had specific genetic correlates in ulcerative colitis, pubertal growth, anorexia and education.

    Conclusion

    Our findings demonstrate that, while genetic risk factors for depression are largely shared with Neu, there are also non-Neu-related features of depression that may be useful for further patient or phenotypic stratification.

  • Structure–property relationships for 3D-printed PEEK intervertebral lumbar cages produced using fused filament fabrication
  • Cemile Basgul, Tony Yu, Daniel W. MacDonald, Ryan Siskey, Michele Marcolongo, Steven M. Kurtz
  • Journal: Journal of Materials Research / Volume 33 / Issue 14 / 27 July 2018
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 June 2018, pp. 2040-2051
  • Print publication: 27 July 2018
  • View abstract

    Recent advances in the additive manufacturing technology now enable fused filament fabrication of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). A standardized lumbar fusion cage design was 3D printed with different speeds of the printhead nozzle to investigate whether 3D-printed PEEK cages exhibit sufficient material properties for lumbar fusion applications. It was observed that the compressive and shear strength of the 3D-printed cages were 63–71% of the machined cages, whereas the torsion strength was 92%. The printing speed is an important printing parameter for 3D-printed PEEK, which resulted in up to 20% porosity at the highest speed of 3000 mm/min, leading to reduced cage strength. Printing speeds below 1500 mm/min can be chosen as the optimal printing speed for this printer to reduce the printing time while maintaining strength. The crystallinity of printed PEEK did not differ significantly from the as-machined PEEK cages from extruded rods, indicating that the processing provides similar microstructure.

The Cambridge History of Judaism
  • The Cambridge History of Judaism
  • Volume 8, The Modern World, 1815–2000
  • Edited by Mitchell B. Hart, Tony Michels
  • Published online: 21 September 2017
  • Print publication: 28 September 2017
  • View description
    The eighth and final volume of The Cambridge History of Judaism covers the period from roughly 1815–2000. Exploring the breadth and depth of Jewish societies and their manifold engagements with aspects of the modern world, it offers overviews of modern Jewish history, as well as more focused essays on political, social, economic, intellectual and cultural developments. The first part presents a series of interlocking surveys that address the history of diverse areas of Jewish settlement. The second part is organized around the emancipation. Here, chapter themes are grouped around the challenges posed by and to this elemental feature of Jewish life in the modern period. The third part adopts a thematic approach organized around the category 'culture', with the goal of casting a wide net in terms of perspectives, concepts and topics. The final part then focuses on the twentieth century, offering readers a sense of the dynamic nature of Judaism and Jewish identities and affiliations.
  • An Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Based on Systematic Infectious Disease Consultation in a Rehabilitation Facility
  • Sara Tedeschi, Filippo Trapani, Maddalena Giannella, Francesco Cristini, Fabio Tumietto, Michele Bartoletti, Annalisa Liverani, Salvatore Pignanelli, Luisa Toni, Roberto Pederzini, Augusto Cavina, Pierluigi Viale
  • Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / January 2017
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 October 2016, pp. 76-82
  • Print publication: January 2017
  • View abstract
    OBJECTIVE

    To assess the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) on antibiotic consumption, Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.

    DESIGN

    Quasi-experimental study of the periods before (from January 2011 to June 2012) and after (from July 2012 to December 2014) ASP implementation.

    SETTING

    150-bed rehabilitation hospital dedicated to patients with spinal-cord injuries.

    INTERVENTION

    Beginning in July 2012, an ASP was implemented based on systematic bedside infectious disease (ID) consultation and structural interventions (ie, revision of protocols for antibiotic prophylaxis and education focused on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions). Antibiotic consumption, occurrence of CDI, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of selected microorganisms were compared between periods before and after the ASP implementation.

    RESULTS

    Antibiotic consumption decreased from 42 to 22 defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 patient days (P<.001). The main reductions involved carbapenems (from 13 to 0.4 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.01) and fluoroquinolones (from 11.8 to 0.99 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.006), with no increases in mortality or length of stay. The incidence of CDI decreased from 3.6 to 1.2 cases per 10,000 patient days (P=.001). Between 2011 and 2014, the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains decreased from 55% to 12% in P. aeruginosa (P<.001) and from 96% to 73% in A. baumannii (P=.03). The prevalence of ESBL-producing strains decreased from 42% to 17% in E. coli (P=.0007) and from 62% to 15% in P. mirabilis (P=.0001). In K. pneumoniae, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains decreased from 42% to 17% (P=.005), and the prevalence of in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains decreased from 77% to 40% (P<.0008).

    CONCLUSIONS

    An ASP based on ID consultation was effective in reducing antibiotic consumption without affecting patient outcomes and in improving antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;1–7

  • 8 - Health care and health
  • Toni Schofield, University of Sydney
  • Book: A Sociological Approach to Health Determinants
  • Published online: 06 August 2018
  • Print publication: 03 February 2015, pp 148-176
  • View extract

    Summary

    Overview

  • What is the globally dominant form of health care organisation? How does it work?

  • What is the most effective form of health care in terms of advancing the health of most of the world’s peoples? How does it work?

  • What are the major social dynamics responsible for the prevailing patterns of health care both within and between countries globally?

    • Iraq, 1950s

    In the 1950s, archaeologists found a traumatised Neanderthal skeleton in northern Iraq in the Shanidar caves. Their examination of the remains showed that it was the skeleton of a man who had lived between 40 000 and 115 000 years ago and who had begun life with a stunted arm, a large part of it which he had lost some time later. It is likely that without the use of both arms the man had used his mouth for some tasks, such as scraping or cutting – because his teeth were very severely ground down. He had also lost two front teeth, probably in another accident. At some point in this life from thousands of millennia ago, something or somebody had delivered a sharp blow to the top of the man’s head … This was accompanied by another, harder blow that had caused the left side of his face to be shattered, most probably destroying his sight on this side as well. Somehow, he had struggled on long enough to develop severe and crippling arthritis. ‘[A]round his fortieth birthday the roof over his cave hearth collapsed, ending his saga and his troubles.’ (Wood: 1979: 22)

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