Herbicide resistance has been studied extensively in agronomic crops across North America but is rarely examined in vegetables. It is widely assumed that the limited number of registered herbicides combined with the adoption of diverse weed management strategies in most vegetable crops effectively inhibits the development of resistance. It is difficult to determine if resistance is truly less common in vegetable crops or if the lack of reported cases is due to the lack of resources focused on detection. This review highlights incidences of resistance that are thought to have arisen within vegetable crops. It also includes situations where herbicide-resistant weeds were likely selected for within agronomic crops but became a problem when vegetables were grown in sequence or in adjacent fields. Occurrence of herbicide resistance can have severe consequences for vegetable growers, and resistance management plans should be adopted to limit selection pressure. This review also highlights resistance management techniques that should slow the development and spread of herbicide resistance in vegetable crops.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased rates of psychological distress and burnout in healthcare staff. How can we understand our experiences of the pandemic? We reflect on the experiences of psychiatry trainees in two north London mental health trusts. From a psychoanalytic understanding, states of extreme anxiety can lead to a manic defence and functioning in the paranoid–schizoid position. This position is derived from object relations theory and is characterised by binary thinking, splitting, projection, defensiveness and ‘knee-jerk’ decision-making. This can affect our perceptions, responses to others, relationships and ability to function and, therefore, our clinical practice and well-being. We consider the importance of recognising these processes and of organisational containment and having space to reflect. This supports functioning in the depressive position, a state of mind where we can tolerate anxiety, address difficult realities and develop new ideas. We hope these understandings are helpful to our colleagues in all professions.

Among outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) δ (delta) variant who did and did not receive 2 vaccine doses at 7 days after symptom onset, there was no difference in viral shedding (cycle threshold difference 0.59, 95% CI, −4.68 to 3.50; P = .77) with SARS-CoV-2 cultured from 2 (7%) of 28 and 1 (4%) of 26 outpatients, respectively.

Background:Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast that is transmitted in healthcare facilities and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Environmental contamination is suspected to play an important role in transmission but additional information is needed to inform environmental cleaning recommendations to prevent spread. Methods: We conducted a multiregional (Chicago, IL; Irvine, CA) prospective study of environmental contamination associated with C. auris colonization of patients and residents of 4 long-term care facilities and 1 acute-care hospital. Participants were identified by screening or clinical cultures. Samples were collected from participants’ body sites (eg, nares, axillae, inguinal creases, palms and fingertips, and perianal skin) and their environment before room cleaning. Daily room cleaning and disinfection by facility environmental service workers was followed by targeted cleaning of high-touch surfaces by research staff using hydrogen peroxide wipes (see EPA-approved product for C. auris, List P). Samples were collected immediately after cleaning from high-touch surfaces and repeated at 4-hour intervals up to 12 hours. A pilot phase (n = 12 patients) was conducted to identify the value of testing specific high-touch surfaces to assess environmental contamination. High-yield surfaces were included in the full evaluation phase (n = 20 patients) (Fig. 1). Samples were submitted for semiquantitative culture of C. auris and other multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBLs), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Times to room surface contamination with C. auris and other MDROs after effective cleaning were analyzed. Results:Candida auris colonization was most frequently detected in the nares (72%) and palms and fingertips (72%). Cocolonization of body sites with other MDROs was common (Fig. 2). Surfaces located close to the patient were commonly recontaminated with C. auris by 4 hours after cleaning, including the overbed table (24%), bed handrail (24%), and TV remote or call button (19%). Environmental cocontamination was more common with resistant gram-positive organisms (MRSA and, VRE) than resistant gram-negative organisms (Fig. 3). C. auris was rarely detected on surfaces located outside a patient’s room (1 of 120 swabs; <1%). Conclusions: Environmental surfaces near C. auris–colonized patients were rapidly recontaminated after cleaning and disinfection. Cocolonization of skin and environment with other MDROs was common, with resistant gram-positive organisms predominating over gram-negative organisms on environmental surfaces. Limitations include lack of organism sequencing or typing to confirm environmental contamination was from the room resident. Rapid recontamination of environmental surfaces after manual cleaning and disinfection suggests that alternate mitigation strategies should be evaluated.

Funding: None

Disclosures: None

Background: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is used in the outpatient setting to treat infectious conditions that require a prolonged course of antimicrobials. OPAT has been shown to decrease length of hospital stay and healthcare costs without compromising patient care and has become a widely accepted practice nationally. Due to this trend, the study of OPAT is of vital importance and will continue to be relevant moving forward. Currently, few studies have explored risk factors associated with OPAT complications, and most are limited in their analysis by indication. Further work should be performed to expand upon what is currently known. We characterized factors associated with increased OPAT complication risk. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at 4 sites across NYU Langone Health in patients admitted from 2017 to 2020. We applied the following inclusion criteria: aged ≥18 years and discharged with OPAT. Complications were defined as follows: vascular-access-related (line occlusion, thrombosis, dislodgement, central-line associated bloodstream infection or CLABSI) and antimicrobial-related (laboratory derangement, drug reaction, Clostridioides difficile infection), all-cause 30-day readmission, and OPAT-related readmission. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and the OPAT database. This study was granted a waiver from informed consent by the NYU Institutional Review Board. Multivariate logistic regression was performed, adjusting for confounding variables (sex, age, hospital of admission, history of chronic medical conditions, line type, and line duration). Results: Overall, 1,846 patient encounters of 5,951 reviewed met inclusion criteria. The median age was 66 (IQR, 26), 42.2% were female. Moreover, 810 (44%) received a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and 1,036 (56%) received a midline cathether. Also, 563 (30.5%) were discharged to subacute rehabilitation (SAR). The most frequent complications were line dislodgement (4.2% of all patients), laboratory derangement (3.0%), and drug reaction (2.4%). Furthermore, 27 patients (1.5%) developed CLABSI. Patients discharged to SAR were more likely to develop CLABSI (OR, 4.1l; P = .005), and they had higher rates of OPAT-related 30-day readmissions (OR, 2.675; P = .004) compared to those who were discharged home, after adjusting for key confounders. Conclusions: Discharge to SAR is strongly associated with increased risk of readmission for OPAT-related complications and CLABSI, after adjusting for key confounders. CLABSI prevention during SAR admission is a critically needed public health intervention.

Funding: None

Disclosures: None

This study reports water capacity estimates for four reservoirs within the Classic Maya city of El Perú-Waka’, Guatemala. Combining field survey, soil analysis, and a variety of GIS interpolation methods, it illustrates ways to more fully quantify a challenging resource—water—and its availability using an interdisciplinary approach. This is accomplished by comparing surface interpolation methods for estimating reservoir capacities to demonstrate that most provide reliable estimates. Reported estimates are further enhanced by analyzing internal reservoir soil morphology to better understand and quantify formation processes and refine estimates from field survey. These analyses document a multiscalar organization to water management within the Waka’ urban core that likely ran the gamut from individuals up to civic and state institutions. Although intricacies remain to be fully elucidated, this example offers an alternate path to theorizing about water management practices from traditional binary approaches.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In a familial case where 10 of 17 members inherited EA/LVNC in an autosomal dominant pattern, we discovered a novel, damaging missense variant in the gene KLHL26 that segregates with disease and comprises an altered electrostatic surface profile, likely decoupling the CUL3-interactome. We hypothesize that this KLHL26 variant is etiologic of EA/LVNC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We differentiated a family trio (a heart-healthy daughter and EA/LVNC-affected mother and daughter) of induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in a blinded manner on three iPSC clones per subject. Using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical, electrophysiological, and automated contraction methods, we investigated iPSC-CM differentiation efficiency between D10-20, contractility analysis and cell cycle regulation at D20, and sarcomere organization at D60. We further conducted differential analyses following label-free protein and RNA-Seq quantification at D20. Via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we plan to characterize KLHL26 variant-specific iPSC-CM alterations and connect findings to discoveries from patient-specific studies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: All iPSC lines differentiated into CMs with an increased percentage of cTnT+ cells in the affected daughter line. In comparison to the unaffected, affected iPSC-CMs had fewer contractions per minute and altered calcium transients, mainly a higher amount of total calcium release, faster rate of rise and faster rate of fall. The affected daughter line further had shorter shortening and relaxation times, higher proliferation, lower apoptosis, and a smaller cell surface area per cardiac nucleus. The affected mother line trended in a similar direction to the affected daughter line. There were no gross differences in sarcomere organization between the lines. We also discovered differential expression of candidate proteins such as kinase VRK1 and collagen COL5A1 from proteomic profiling. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These discoveries suggest that EA/LVNC characteristics or pathogenesis may result from decreased contractile ability, altered calcium transients, and cell cycle dysregulation. Through the KLHL26 variant correction and introduction in the daughter lines, we will build upon this understanding to inform exploration of critical clinical targets.

We consider the near-critical Erdős–Rényi random graph G(n, p) and provide a new probabilistic proof of the fact that, when p is of the form $p=p(n)=1/n+\lambda/n^{4/3}$ and A is large,

\begin{equation*}\mathbb{P}(|\mathcal{C}_{\max}|>An^{2/3})\asymp A^{-3/2}e^{-\frac{A^3}{8}+\frac{\lambda A^2}{2}-\frac{\lambda^2A}{2}},\end{equation*}

$\mathcal{C}_{\max}$

$\lambda$

Let T be the regular tree in which every vertex has exactly $d\ge 3$ neighbours. Run a branching random walk on T, in which at each time step every particle gives birth to a random number of children with mean d and finite variance, and each of these children moves independently to a uniformly chosen neighbour of its parent. We show that, starting with one particle at some vertex 0 and conditionally on survival of the process, the time it takes for every vertex within distance r of 0 to be hit by a particle of the branching random walk is $r + ({2}/{\log(3/2)})\log\log r + {\mathrm{o}}(\log\log r)$ .

From 2014 to 2020, we compiled radiocarbon ages from the lower 48 states, creating a database of more than 100,000 archaeological, geological, and paleontological ages that will be freely available to researchers through the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database. Here, we discuss the process used to compile ages, general characteristics of the database, and lessons learned from this exercise in “big data” compilation.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities are greater in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) than in MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease (MCI-AD) and may anticipate the onset of dementia. We aimed to assess whether quantitative EEG (qEEG) slowing would predict a higher annual hazard of dementia in MCI across these etiologies. MCI patients (n = 92) and healthy comparators (n = 31) provided qEEG recording and underwent longitudinal clinical and cognitive follow-up. Associations between qEEG slowing, measured by increased theta/alpha ratio, and clinical progression from MCI to dementia were estimated with a multistate transition model to account for death as a competing risk, while controlling for age, cognitive function, and etiology classified by an expert consensus panel.

Over a mean follow-up of 1.5 years (SD = 0.5), 14 cases of incident dementia and 5 deaths were observed. Increased theta/alpha ratio on qEEG was associated with increased annual hazard of dementia (hazard ratio = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.01–3.35). This extends previous findings that MCI-LB features early functional changes, showing that qEEG slowing may anticipate the onset of dementia in prospectively identified MCI.