Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is considered a preventable healthcare-associated infection. Many local and national interventions using multimodal prevention measures have targeted CAUTI incidence as the primary outcome. Other undesirable events related to urinary catheters and infections such as overuse of urine culturing and antimicrobial prescribing for asymptomatic bacteriuria, are not captured by CAUTI surveillance, and may not be the targets of such interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of expanded national surveillance targeting various aspects of urinary tract infections, culturing and treatment practices, and catheter use in internal medicine wards. Methods: The Israeli National Center for Infection Control (NCIC) issued CAUTI prevention guidelines and initiated in 2016 a urinary tract event surveillance system that targets the incidence of CAUTI, urinary catheter utilization ratio, and the proportion of urine cultures sent and patients treated in the absence of symptoms. The surveillance is conducted for 1 month 3 times per year. Hospitals are required to report all positive urine cultures (>100,000 CFU) collected in internal medicine wards, along with the following data: admission date, symptoms of infection, dates of urinary catheter use, and antibiotic treatment. These data enable the NCIC to validate hospital classifications of each event. In addition, during each surveillance month, hospitals conduct point-prevalence surveys of compliance with CAUTI prevention measures. An electronic data collection form with built-in algorithms supports the local teams during the surveillance process. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 3,028 positive urine cultures not present on admission were reported by internal medicine wards in 30 hospitals. A significant decrease was observed in the incidence of CAUTI (from 4.7 to 2.9; P < .001) and in the proportion of asymptomatic bacteriuria treated with antibiotics (from 31% to 20%; P = .02) (Table 1). The catheter utilization ratio decreased from 0.25 to 0.23 (P < .001). The rate of cultures sent from asymptomatic patients decreased from 1.5 to 1.1 (P < .01). Point-prevalence surveys in internal medicine wards detected a significant increase in the use of closed urinary drainage systems (from 79% to 97% in 2018, P < .001) and documentation of a daily nurse assessment of the need for a catheter (from 74% to 81%, P < .001). Conclusions: National surveillance of undesirable urinary tract events resulted in a significant reduction in CAUTI, antibiotic treatment for ASB, and the rate of cultures sent from asymptomatic patients. A small decrease was observed in catheter utilization ratio. CAUTI surveillance programs should include other undesirable urinary tract events.

Funding: None

Disclosures: None

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our goal is to develop a silk fibroin scaffold-based neural tissue construct and characterize it in a rat model of cortical injury. We aim to optimize the construct for transplantation, test pharmacologic interventions that may enhance its survival, and evaluate its integration with the host brain. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To optimize cell density and health, silk fibroin scaffolds varying in porosity and stiffness were seeded with E18 GFP+ rat cortical neurons and imaged at DIV 5. Different seeding methods and loads were similarly tested. Constructs, loaded with an inhibitor of apoptosis (ROCK inhibitor Y-27632) or necroptosis (necrostatin-1) in a fibrin hydrogel, were transplanted into aspiration lesions created in the primary motor cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats, and graft survival was compared to negative control at 2 weeks. Lastly, constructs were transplanted and evaluated via immunohistochemistry at 1, 2, and 4-month time points for survival, differentiation, inflammation, and anatomic integration. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Scaffolds with smaller pore sizes retained more cells after seeding. Softer scaffolds, which enhance hemostasis at transplantation, did not compromise cell health on live/dead assay. We anticipate that seeding concentrated cell suspensions onto multiple surfaces of the construct will produce the most evenly seeded and cell-dense constructs. Based on a prior pilot study, we anticipate that necrostatin-1 will significantly improve intermediate-term construct survival. We have observed up to 15% cell survival at 1 month with retained neuronal identity and abundant axonal projections into the brain despite evidence of persistent inflammation; we anticipate similar outcomes at later time points. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our construct, due to its exceptional longevity in vitro, manipulability, and modularity, is an attractive platform for neural tissue engineering. In the present work, we optimize and validate this technology for transplantation with the goal of addressing the morbidity burden of cortical injury.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer typically have poor outcomes, with a median survival of ~16 months. Novel methods to improve local control are needed. Nab-paclitaxel (abraxane) has shown efficacy in pancreatic cancer and is FDA approved for metastatic disease in combination with gemcitabine. Nab-paclitaxel is also a promising radiosensitizer based on laboratory studies, but it has never been clinically tested with definitive radiotherapy for locally advanced disease. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a phase 1 study using a 3+3 dose-escalation strategy to determine the safety and tolerability of dose escalated nab-paclitaxel with fractionated radiotherapy for patients with unresectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Following induction chemotherapy with 2 cycles of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine, patients were treated with weekly nab-paclitaxel and daily radiotherapy to a dose of 52.5 Gy in 25 fractions. Final dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) determination was performed at day 65 after the start of radiotherapy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Nine patients received nab-paclitaxel at a dose level of either 100 mg/m2 (n=3) or 125 mg/m2 (n=6). One DLT (grade 3 neuropathy) was observed in a patient who received 125 mg/m2 of nab-paclitaxel. Other grade 3 toxicities included fatigue (11%), anemia (11%), and neutropenia (11%). No grade 4 toxicities were observed. With a median follow-up of 8 months (range 5–28 months), median survival was 19 months and median progression-free survival was 10 months. Following chemoradiation, 3 patients underwent surgical resection, all with negative margins and limited tumor viability. Of the 3 patients, 2 initially had borderline resectable tumors and 1 had an unresectable tumor. Tumor (SMAD-4, Caveolin-1) and peripheral (circulating tumor cells and microvesicles) biomarkers were collected and are being analyzed. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The combination of fractionated radiation and weekly nab-paclitaxel was safe and well tolerated. This regimen represents a potentially promising therapy for patients with unresectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer and warrants further investigation.

In this paper, a novel set of macros with line/space width from 128nm/128nm, 64nm/64nm to 32nm/32nm was designed and installed on 20nm technology-node hardware. The pitch-dependent pad erosion post Cu CMP was studied by atomic-force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) quantitatively on these macros. Two methods were investigated to reduce the difference between pitch- and density-induced CMP non-uniformity. The first is using new scheme of partial Cu plating process followed by SiCNH insulator deposition and then CMP. The second is through the selection of slurries and pads. Both results are discussed in this paper.

Innovative printing technology enables fine feature deposition (below 10μm) of electronic materials onto low-temperature, non-planar substrates without masks. This could be a promising technology to meet the requirements of present and future microelectronic systems. Silver nanoparticles (NP) ink is widely used for printed electronics; however, its electrical conductivity is low compared to bulk materials. In order to improve the electrical conductivity of printed tracks for the aerosol printing technique, we developed a novel carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/silver NP ink by mechanical stirring and sonication. The produced sample inks with different concentration of CNTs that were printed with Aerosol Jet® printing system. We found that the CNTs bridged the defects in some printed silver lines, thereby lowering the electrical resistivity by 38%. However, no further improvements were observed with a higher CNT concentration in the silver NP ink samples. We hypothesize that CNT bridges connects the defects thus decreasing the resistivity of printed silver lines when CNT concentration is under the percolation level. However, when it is above a concentration threshold, the resistivity of printed silver lines stops decreasing and even increases because of Schottky barrier effect.

The challenges associated with meeting 20nm technology requirements for better Cu CMP process uniformity and lower defectivity have been studied. Required improvements in uniformity were obtained through platen process optimization along with evaluation & selection of specific Cu slurries and pads and their performance reported. The principal factors influencing defect formation, including Cu barrier metallurgy, interconnect pattern density and process queue times were studied. Specific new post CMP clean chemistries were evaluated to assess their capability to suppress defect formation and their performance reported. The trade off between uniformity and defect suppression as a function slurry, pad and post Cu CMP clean chemistry is described.

Polyimide (PI)-matrix composite films containing inorganic nanoparticles (nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2) have been fabricated. A proposed model is used to explain different structures of the (Al2O3–TiO2)/PI (ATP) films synthesized by employing in situ polymerization. Dependences of dielectric permittivities of the ATP films on frequency and temperature were studied. Results show the breakdown strength of the films decreases with prolonging the corona aging time. The incorporation of the nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2 particles significantly improves the corona resistance of the films. The corona aging also influences the infrared absorbance, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and loss factor (tanδ) of the ATP films.

Simple sequence repeats (SSR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 80 isolates of Phytophthora infestans in potato (Solanum tuberosum) from Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Provinces in China. Polymorphism was identified by 13 SSR primers and 14 RAPD primers in the isolates of P. infestans in potato. A total of 76 bands were amplified by SSRs, with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) being 78.9% and the similarity coefficient ranging between 0.00 and 0.42. A total of 189 bands were amplified by RAPDs, with the percentage of polymorphic bands being 95.2% and the similarity coefficient ranging between 0.04 and 0.66. Analysis of genetic diversity showed that there exists higher genetic variation in the Fujian population in comparison to the populations of Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. Nei's genetic identity analysis indicates that the genetic similarity between populations of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia is the highest and that between Fujian and Hebei is the lowest. A cluster analysis revealed that isolates from Fujian, in the south of China, are distantly related to those from Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia in the north, and the Fujian population is distributed among more groups than the other three, exhibiting a higher genetic diversity.

We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of bounded or summable solutions to systems of linear equations associated with Markov chains. This substantially extends a famous result of G. E. H. Reuter, which provides a convenient means of checking various uniqueness criteria for birth-death processes. Our result allows chains with much more general transition structures to be accommodated. One application is to give a new proof of an important result of M. F. Chen concerning upwardly skip-free processes. We then use our generalization of Reuter's lemma to prove new results for downwardly skip-free chains, such as the Markov branching process and several of its many generalizations. This permits us to establish uniqueness criteria for several models, including the general birth, death, and catastrophe process, extended branching processes, and asymptotic birth-death processes, the latter being neither upwardly skip-free nor downwardly skip-free.