Rutebeuf's Miracle de Théophile is a work connected to translation on a number of different levels. As the essays in this collection attest, translatio (and its vernacular cognates) had a broad range of meanings in the Middle Ages that could be used to refer to textual or linguistic translation but that also denoted non-textual forms of movement, relocation and transfiguration. Rutebeuf's play, in addition to translating and adapting other versions of the Theophilus legend, participates in this expanded notion of translatio; along with other religious or moralizing works examined in this volume, this text also demonstrates the close relationship between such notions of translation and the sacred. Commissioned by the bishop of Paris and thought to have been performed in 1263 (or 1264) as part of the festivities for the Nativity of the Virgin, Rutebeuf's play, like other religious works, aims to translate between the human and the divine for the benefit of the author's and the community's souls. Translatio in Rutebeuf's text – insofar as it is related to the mediation between human subjects inclined towards sin and the divine forces that might save them – is thus inevitably related to Christian ethics.