Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T00:44:54.972Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - Pharmacology and unique side effects of chemotherapy in older adults

from Part 1 - Key principles in geriatric oncology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2011

By
Hans Wildiers  and
Matti S. Aapro
Edited by
Arti Hurria  and
Harvey Jay Cohen
Arti Hurria
Affiliation:
City of Hope Cancer Center, California
Harvey Jay Cohen
Affiliation:
Duke University Medical Center, Durham
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Practical Geriatric Oncology , pp. 18 - 31
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Vestal, RE.Aging and pharmacology. Cancer 1997;80:1302–1310.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, SL, Mayersohn, M, Conrad, KA. Gastrointestinal absorption as a function of age: xylose absorption in healthy adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;38:331–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skirvin, JA, Lichtman, SM. Pharmacokinetic considerations of oral chemotherapy in elderly patients with cancer. Drugs Aging. 2002;19:25–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, SM, Verbeeck, RK. Plasma protein binding of drugs in the elderly. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;12:41–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuen, GJ.Altered pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 1990;6:257–267.Google ScholarPubMed
Egorin, MJ.Cancer pharmacology in the elderly. Semin Oncol. 1993;20:43–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Balis, FM.Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of commonly used anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986;11:223–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, BM, Meyer, TW, Hostetter, TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:652–659.Google ScholarPubMed
Muss, HB, Woolf, S, Berry, D. Adjuvant chemotherapy in older and younger women with lymph node-positive breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;293:1073–1081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, , Neilan, B, Jones, SE. Effect of age on therapeutic outcome in advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma: the Southwest Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:295–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tirelli, U, Errante, D, Glabbeke, M. CHOP is the standard regimen in patients > or = 70 years of age with intermediate-grade and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonadonna, G, Valagussa, P. Dose-response effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:10–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildiers, H, Highley, MS, Bruijn, EA. Pharmacology of anticancer drugs in the elderly population. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42: 1213–1242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM, Wildiers, H, Chatelut, E. International Society of Geriatric Oncology chemotherapy taskforce: evaluation of chemotherapy in older patients – an analysis of the medical literature. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1832–1843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildiers, H.Mastering chemotherapy dose reduction in elderly cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2235–2241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dees, EC, O';Reilly, S, Goodman, SN. A prospective pharmacologic evaluation of age-related toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. Cancer Invest. 2000;18:521–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, MJ.Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991;20: 194–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudd, GN, Hartley, JA, Souhami, RL. Persistence of cisplatin-induced DNA interstrand crosslinking in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly and young individuals. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1995;35:323–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintzel, PE, Dorr, RT. Anticancer drug renal toxicity and elimination: dosing guidelines for altered renal function. Cancer Treat Rev. 1995;21:33–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, N, Tamura, T, Maeda, M. The influence of ageing on cisplatin pharmacokinetics in lung cancer patients with normal organ function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1995;36:102–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reece, PA, Stafford, I, Russell, J. Creatinine clearance as a predictor of ultrafilterable platinum disposition in cancer patients treated with cisplatin: relationship between peak ultrafilterable platinum plasma levels and nephrotoxicity. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:304–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, SD, Grochow, LB. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy in the older person. Clin Geriatr Med. 1997;13:169–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Calvert, AH, Newell, DR, Gumbrell, . Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1748–1756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Launay-Vacher, V, Chatelut, E, Lichtman, SM. Renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients: International Society of Geriatric Oncology clinical practice recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:1314–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massari, C, Brienza, S, Rotarski, M. Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin in patients with normal versus impaired renal function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;45:157–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, RM, Tabah-Fisch, I, Bleiberg, H. Pooled analysis of safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4085–4091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feliu, J, Salud, A, Escudero, P. XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) as first-line treatment for elderly patients over 70 years of age with advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:969–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comella, P, Natale, D, Farris, A. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for the first-line treatment of elderly patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma: final results of the Southern Italy Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 0108. Cancer. 2005;104:282–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venook, AP, Egorin, MJ, Rosner, GL. Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of paclitaxel in patients with hepatic dysfunction: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9264. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1811–1819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wildiers, H, Paridaens, R. Taxanes in elderly breast cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004;30: 333–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, AD, Berry, D, Cirrincione, C. Randomized phase III trial of weekly compared with every-3-weeks paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, with trastuzumab for all HER-2 overexpressors and random assignment to trastuzumab or not in HER-2 nonoverexpressors: final results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocol 9840. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1642–1649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM, Hollis, D, Miller, AA. Prospective evaluation of the relationship of patient age and paclitaxel clinical pharmacology: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 9762). J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1846–1851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smorenburg, CH, ten Tije, AJ, Verweij, J. Altered clearance of unbound paclitaxel in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:196–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirth, J, Watkins, PB, Strawderman, M. The effect of an individual's cytochrome CYP3A4 activity on docetaxel clearance. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:1255–1258.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruno, R, Vivier, N, Veyrat-Follet, C. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for docetaxel. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19:163–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girre, V, Beuzeboc, P, Livartowski, A. Docetaxel in elderly patients: phase I and pharmacokinetic study [abstract number 2113]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY Volume: 23 Issue: 16 Pages: 162S-162S Part: Part 1 Suppl. S Supplement: Part 1 Suppl. S Published: JUN 1 2005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanetta, S, Albrand, G, Bachelot, T. A phase I trial of docetaxel every 21 days in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:XX. ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY Volume: 11 Pages: 73-73 Supplement: Suppl. 4 Meeting Abstract: 322PD Published: 2000Google Scholar
Hainsworth, JD, Burris III, HA, Litchy, S. Weekly docetaxel in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network phase II trial. Cancer. 2000;89:328–333.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tannock, IF, WR, , Berry, WR. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–1512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Souhami, RL, Spiro, SG, Rudd, RM. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:577–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joel, SP, Shah, R, Slevin, ML. Etoposide dosage and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;34(suppl):69–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, AA, Rosner, GL, Ratain, MJ. Pharmacology of 21-day oral etoposide given in combination with I.V. cisplatin in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study (CALGB 9062). Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:719–725.Google Scholar
Fuchs, CS, Moore, MR, Harker, G. Phase III comparison of two irinotecan dosing regimens in second-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:807–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aparicio, T, Desrame, J, Lecomte, T. Oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer in the elderly. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1439–1444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sastre, J, Marcuello, E, Masutti, B. Irinotecan in combination with fluorouracil in a 48-hour continuous infusion as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a Spanish cooperative group for the treatment of digestive tumors study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23: 3545–3551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miya, T, Goya, T, Fujii, H. Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11: the body mass index, age and sex are independent predictors of pharmacokinetic parameters of CPT-11. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19:61–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, I, Norman, AR, Cunningham, D. Elderly patients with fluoropyrimidine and thymidylate synthase inhibitor-resistant advanced colorectal cancer derive similar benefit without excessive toxicity when treated with irinotecan monotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2004;91:1453–1458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herben, VM, Bokkel Huinink, WW, Beijnen, JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of topotecan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;31:85–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O';Reilly, S, Armstrong, DK, Grochow, LB. Life-threatening myelosuppression in patients with occult renal impairment receiving topotecan. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;67:329–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, DK.Topotecan dosing guidelines in ovarian cancer: reduction and management of hematologic toxicity. Oncologist. 2004;9:33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelman, RS, Taylor, SG. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in women more than 65 years old with advanced breast cancer: the elimination of age trends in toxicity by using doses based on creatinine clearance. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:1404–1413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristensen, LO, Weismann, K, Hutters, L. Renal function and the rate of disappearance of methotrexate from serum. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1975;8:439–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Port, RE, Daniel, B, Ding, RW. Relative importance of dose, body surface area, sex, and age for 5-fluorouracil clearance. Oncology. 1991;48:277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milano, G, Etienne, MC, Cassuto-Viguier, E. Influence of sex and age on fluorouracil clearance. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:1171–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, AM, Daryanani, S, Kerr, DJ. Can pharmacokinetic monitoring improve clinical use of fluorouracil?Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;36:391–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, BN, Petrelli, NJ, Douglass, HO. Age and sex are independent predictors of 5-fluorouracil toxicity – analysis of a large-scale phase-III trial. Cancer. 1995;75:11–17.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinerman, B, Rayner, H, Venne, A. Increased incidence and severity of stomatitis in women treated with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin [abstract No 1176]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1998.
Sargent, DJ, Goldberg, RM, Jacobson, SD. A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balducci, L.The geriatric cancer patient: equal benefit from equal treatment. Cancer Control. 2001;8:1–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Poole, C, Gardiner, J, Twelves, C. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002;49:225–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J, Twelves, C, Cameron, D. Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and exploration of age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance as factors influencing systemic exposure in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;44:453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajetta, E, Procopio, G, Celio, L. Safety and efficacy of two different doses of capecitabine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in older women. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2155–2161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venook, AP, Egorin, MJ, Rosner, GL. Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of gemcitabine in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9565. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2780–2787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM, Skirvin, JA. Pharmacology of antineoplastic agents in older cancer patients. Oncology. 2000;14:1743–1755.Google ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, FA, Abratt, RP, Anderson, H. Gemcitabine in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1997;24:S7-50–S7-55.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, C, Ardizzoni, A, Rosso, R. Gemcitabine: safety profile and efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer unaffected by age. Aging. 1997;9:297–303.Google Scholar
Martoni, A, Di Fabio, F, Guaraldi, M. Prospective phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in untreated elderly patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2001;24:614–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robert, J, Hoerni, B. Age dependence of the early-phase pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. Cancer Res. 1983;43:4467–4469.Google ScholarPubMed
Legha, SS, Benjamin, RS, Mackay, B. Reduction of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:133–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinder, MC, Duan, Z, Goodwin, JS. Congestive heart failure in older women treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3808–3815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonneveld, P, Deridder, M, Vanderlelie, H. Comparison of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced diffuse non-Hodgkins-lymphoma using CHOP versus CNOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2530–2539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coiffier, B, Lepage, E, Briere, J. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:235–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slamon, DJ, Leyland-Jones, B, Shak, S. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:783–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, SM, Whaley, FS, Gerber, MC. Cardioprotection with dexrazoxane for doxorubicin-containing therapy in advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1318–1332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, L, Batist, G, Belt, R. Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin compared with conventional doxorubicin in a randomized multicenter trial as first-line therapy of metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;94:25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzdar, AU, Marcus, C, Smith, TL. Early and delayed clinical cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Cancer. 1985;55:2761–2765.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelman, RS, Taylor, SG. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in women more than 65 years old with advanced breast cancer: the elimination of age trends in toxicity by using doses based on creatinine clearance. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:1404–1413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, NK, Frye, DK, Buzdar, AU. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer: tolerance and outcome. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:882–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begg, CB, Carbone, PP. Clinical trials and drug toxicity in the elderly: the experience of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer. 1983;52:1986–1992.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovanazzi-Bannon, S, Rademaker, A, Lai, G. Treatment tolerance of elderly cancer patients entered onto phase II clinical trials: an Illinois Cancer Center study. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2447–2452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bastion, Y, Blay, JY, Divine, M. Elderly patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: disease presentation, response to treatment, and survival – a Groupe d';Etude des Lymphomes de l';Adulte study on 453 patients older than 69 years. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2945–2953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertini, M, Freilone, R, Vitolo, U. P-VEBEC: a new 8-weekly schedule with or without rG-CSF for elderly patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Ann Oncol. 1994;5:895–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez, H, Mas, L, Casanova, L. Elderly patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with CHOP chemotherapy plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: identification of two age subgroups with differing hematologic toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2352–2358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O';Reilly, SE, Connors, JM, Howdle, S. In search of an optimal regimen for elderly patients with advanced-stage diffuse large-cell lymphoma: results of a phase II study of P/DOCE chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:2250– 2257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonneveld, P, Deridder, M, Vanderlelie, H. Comparison of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced diffuse non-Hodgkins-lymphoma using CHOP versus CNOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2530–2539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tirelli, U, Zagonel, V, Serraino, D. Non-Hodgkins lymphomas in 137 patients aged 70 years or older – a retrospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer lymphoma group-study. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6:1708–1713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinzani, PL, Storti, S, Zaccaria, A. Elderly aggressive-histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: first-line VNCOP-B regimen experience on 350 patients. Blood. 1999;94:33–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Morrison, VA, Picozzi, V, Scott, S. The impact of age on delivered dose intensity and hospitalizations for febrile neutropenia in patients with intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving initial CHOP chemotherapy: a risk factor analysis. Clin Lymphoma. 2001;2:47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez, H, Hidalgo, M, Casanova, L. Risk factors for treatment-related death in elderly patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of a multivariate analysis. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2065–2069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zinzani, PL, Pavone, E, Storti, S. Randomized trial with or without granulocyte colonystimulating factor as adjunct to induction VNCOP-B treatment of elderly high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood. 1997;89: 3974–3979.Google ScholarPubMed
Balducci, L, Repetto, L. Increased risk of myelotoxicity in elderly patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma – the case for routine prophylaxis with colony-stimulating factor beginning in the first cycle of chemotherapy. Cancer. 2004;100:6–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balducci, L, Corcoran, MB. Antineoplastic chemotherapy of the older cancer patient. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2000;14:193–212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crivellari, D, Bonetti, M, Castiglione-Gertsch, M. Burdens and benefits of adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil and tamoxifen for elderly patients with breast cancer: the International Breast Cancer Study Group trial VII. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1412– 1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, BN, Petrelli, NJ, Douglass, HO. Age and sex are independent predictors of 5-fluorouracil toxicity – analysis of a large-scale phase-III trial. Cancer. 1995;75:11–17.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popescu, RA, Norman, A, Ross, PJ. Adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy for colorectal cancer in patients 70 years or older. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2412–2418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Extermann, M, Aapro, M, Bernabei, RB. Use of comprehensive geriatric assessment in older cancer patients: recommendations from the task force on CGA of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;55:241–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aapro, MS, Cameron, DA, Pettengell, R. EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphomas and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42: 2433–2453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loadman, PM, Bibby, MC. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1994;26:486–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman, SM, Wildiers, H, Launay-Vacher, V. International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) recommendations for the adjustment of dosing in elderly cancer patients with renal insufficiency. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:14–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildiers, H, Highley, MS, Bruijn, EA. Pharmacology of anticancer drugs in the elderly population. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42:1213–1242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×