Book contents
- Decision-Making in Orthopedic and Regional AnesthesiologyA Case-Based Approach
- Decision-Making in Orthopedic and Regional Anesthesiology
- Copyright page
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Section 1 General considerations in regional anesthesia
- Section 2 Special patient considerations
- Section 3 Total joint replacements
- Section 4 Orthopedic trauma
- Section 5 Sports medicine and hand surgery
- Index
- References
Section 4 - Orthopedic trauma
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 October 2015
Book contents
- Decision-Making in Orthopedic and Regional AnesthesiologyA Case-Based Approach
- Decision-Making in Orthopedic and Regional Anesthesiology
- Copyright page
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Section 1 General considerations in regional anesthesia
- Section 2 Special patient considerations
- Section 3 Total joint replacements
- Section 4 Orthopedic trauma
- Section 5 Sports medicine and hand surgery
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Decision-Making in Orthopedic and Regional AnesthesiologyA Case-Based Approach, pp. 128 - 162Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015
References
References
Grosu, I. and de Kock, M.. New concepts in acute pain management: strategies to prevent chronic postsurgical pain, opioid induced hyperalgesia and outcome measures. Anesthesiol Clin 2011; 29: 311–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckenmaier, C. III, Mahoney, P. F., Anton, T., et al. Impact of an acute pain service on pain outcomes with combat-injured soldiers at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. Pain Med 2012; 13: 919–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elvir-Lazo, O. and White, P.. The role of multimodal analgesia in pain management after ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2010; 23: 697–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pogatzki-Zahn, E., Chandrasena, C. H., and Schug, S.. Nonopioid analgesics for postoperative pain management. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2014; 27: 513–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geusens, P., Emans, P., De Jong, J., and Van den Bergh, J.. NSAIDs and fracture healing. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25: 524–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memtsoudis, S. G., Sun, X., Chiu, Y. L., et al. Perioperative comparative effectiveness of anesthetic technique in orthopedic patients. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 1046–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisig, F., Neuburger, M., Zausig, Y. A., et al. Successful infection control in regional anesthesia procedures: observational survey after introduction of the DGAI hygiene recommendations. Anaesthesist 2013; 62: 105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L. and Varbanova, M.. Regional anesthesia in trauma. In Advances in Anesthesia, Elsevier, 2009: pp. 191–222.Google Scholar
Benzon, H., Rathmell, J., Wu, C., et al. Practical Management of Pain, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2014.Google Scholar
Mannion, S. and Capdevila, X.. Acute compartment syndrome and the role of regional anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2010; 48: 85–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konstantakos, E. K., Dalstrom, D. J., Nelles, M. E., et al. Diagnosis and management of extremity compartment syndromes: an orthopaedic perspective. Am Surg 2007; 73: 1199–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J. T.. Compartment syndromes: concepts and perspectives for the anesthesiologist. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 275–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mar, G. J., Barrington, M. J., and McGuirk, B. R.. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower limb and the effect of postoperative analgesia on diagnosis. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clasper, J. C. and Aldington, D. J.. Regional anaesthesia, ballistic limb trauma and acute compartment syndrome. J R Army Med Corps 2010; 156: 77–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cometa, M. A., Esch, A. T., and Boezaart, A. P.. Did continuous femoral and sciatic nerve block obscure the diagnosis or delay the treatment of acute lower leg compartment syndrome? A case report. Pain Med 2011; 12: 823–828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kucera, T. J. and Boezaart, A. P.. Regional anesthesia does not consistently block ischemic pain: two further cases and a review of the literature. Pain Med 2014; 15: 316–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R. D.. Miller's Anesthesia, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier 2010: pp. 799–809.Google ScholarPubMed
Bell, R., Dahl, J., Moore, R., and Kalso, E.. Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitive and qualitive systematic review (Cochrane review). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1405–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicol, E., Schumann, R., and Haroutounian, S.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine for the prevention of persistent post-surgical pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 1199–1213.Google Scholar
Kosten, T. R. and O’Connor, P. G.. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1786–1795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, D. M. and Myer-Witting, M.. High-dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and management strategies. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 33: 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Maxwell, L. and White, S.. Anaesthetic management of patients with hip fractures: an update. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2013; 13: 179–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcantonio, E. R., Flacker, J. M., Wright, R. J., et al. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 516–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, R. B., Pullenayegum, E, Goeree, R, et al. Estimation of the lifetime risk of hip fracture for women and men in Canada. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 921–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T., Pelpola, K., Ball, M., et al. Pre-operative indicators for mortality following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2014; 43: 464–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haentjens, P., Magaziner, J., Colon-Emeric, C., et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 380–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simunovic, N., Devereaux, P. J., Sprague, S., et al. Effect of early surgery after hip fracture on mortality and complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2010; 182: 1609–1616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roche, J. J., Wenn, R. T., Sahota, O., et al. Effects of comorbidities and postoperative complications on mortality after hip fracture in elderly people. BMJ 2005; 331: 1374–1379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magaziner, J., Fredman, L., Hawkes, W., et al. Changes in functional status attributable to hip fracture: a comparison of hip fracture patients to community-dwelling aged. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1023–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertram, M., Norman, R., Kemp, L., et al. Review of the long-term disability associated with hip fractures. Inj Prev 2011; 17: 365–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braithwaite, R. S., Nananda, F., and Wong, J. B.. Estimating hip fracture morbidity, mortality and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 364–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urwin, S. C., Parker, M. J., and Griffiths, R.. General versus regional anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 450–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuman, M. D., Silber, J. H., Elkassabany, N. M., et al. Comparative effectiveness of regional versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Anesthesiology 2012; 117: 72–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regan, E. A., Radcliff, T. A., Henderson, W. G., et al. Improving hip fractures outcomes for COPD patients. COPD 2013; 10: 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuman, M. D., Rosenbaum, P. R., Ludwig, J. M., et al. Anesthesia technique, mortality, and length of stay after hip fracture surgery. JAMA 2014; 311: 2508–2517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, A., Walker, N., Schug, S., et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaethesia: results from overview of randomized study. BMJ 2000; 321: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, S. M., Moppett, I. K., and Griffiths, R.. Outcome by mode of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. An observational audit of 65,535 patients in a national dataset. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 224–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halm, E. A., Wang, J. J., Boockvar, K., et al. The effect of perioperative anemia on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma 2004; 18: 369–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, J. L., Terrin, M. L., Noveck, H., et al. Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2453–2462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Marcantonio, E., Orwig, D., et al. Delirium outcomes in a randomized trial of blood transfusion thresholds in hospitalized older adults with hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61: 1286–1295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deiner, S. and Silverstein, J. H.. Postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 141–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, R. S., Magaziner, J., Gilbert, M., et al. Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol 2003; 58A: 76–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foss, N. B., Kristensen, B. B., Bundgaar, M., et al. Fascia iliaca compartment blockade for acute pain control in hip fracture patients. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 773–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, A. K., Rigby, A. S., and Heyes, F. L.. Three-in-one femoral nerve block as analgesia for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 227–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouzopoulos, G., Vasiliadis, G., and Lasanianos, N.. Fascia iliaca block prophylaxis for hip fracture patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Orthop Traumatol 2009; 10: 127–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, J. T., Cluitmans, P., Rasmussen, L. S., et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: ISPOCD1 study. Lancet 1998; 351: 857–861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H., Lu, Y., Liu, M., et al. Strategies for prevention of postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 2013; 17: R47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sieber, F. E., Zakriya, K. J., Gottschalk, A., et al. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 18–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trzepacz, P. T.. Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000; 5: 132–148.Google Scholar
Marcantonio, E. R., Juarez, G., Goldman, L., et al. The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 1994; 272: 1518–1522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersens, S., Borgbjerg, F. M., Shousboe, B., et al. A comprehensive hip fracture program reduces complication rates and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 1831–1838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-David, B., Frankel, R., Arzumonov, T, et al. Minidose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the aged. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 6–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olofsson, C., Nygard, E. B., Bjersten, A. B., et al. Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 1240–1244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamashita, K., Fukusaki, M., Ando, Y., et al. Postoperative analgesia with minidose intrathecal morphine for bipolar prosthesis in extremely elderly patients. J Anesth 2009; 23: 504–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeets, S. J., Poeze, M., and Verbruggen, J. P.. Preoperative cardiac evaluation of geriatric patients with hip fracture. Injury 2012; 43: 2146–2151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juliebø, V., Krogseth, M., Skovlund, E., et al. Medical management predicts mortality after hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65: 442–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Stawicki, S. P., Grossman, M. D., Hoey, B. A., et al. Rib fractures in the elderly: a marker of injury severity. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 805–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nirula, R. and Mayberry, J. C.. Rib fracture fixation: controversies and technical challenges. Am Surg 2010; 76: 793–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotfipour, S., Kaku, S. K., Vaca, F. E., et al. Factors associated with complications in older adults with isolated blunt chest trauma. West J Emerg Med 2009; 10: 79–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerr-Valentic, M. A., Arthur, M., Mullins, R. J., et al. Rib fracture pain and disability: can we do better? J Trauma 2003; 54: 1058–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, D. G., Plaisier, B. R., Barie, P. S., et al. Practice management guidelines for geriatric trauma: the EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. J Trauma 2003; 54: 391–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrier, F. M., Turgeon, A. F., Nicole, P. C., et al. Effect of epidural analgesia in patients with traumatic rib fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: 230–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenquist, R. W. and Birnbach, D. J.. Epidural insertion in anesthetized adults: will your patients thank you? Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1545–1546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vila, H., Liu, J., and Kavasmaneck, D.. Paravertebral block: new benefits from an old procedure. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007; 20: 316–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmakar, M. K. and Ho, A. M.. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma 2003; 54: 615–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riain, S. C. O., Donnell, B. O., Cuffe, T., et al. Thoracic paravertebral block using real-time ultrasound guidance. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:248–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. M., Nielsen, K. C., Ahmed, N., et al. In situ images of the thoracic paravertebral space. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29: 596–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmakar, M. K.. Thoracic paravertebral block. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 771–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohta, M., Verma, P., Saxena, A. K., et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of continuous thoracic epidural and thoracic paravertebral infusion in patients with unilateral multiple fractured ribs— a pilot study. J Trauma 2009; 66: 1096–1101.Google ScholarPubMed
Richardson, J., Lönnqvist, P. A., and Naja, Z.. Bilateral thoracic paravertebral block: potential and practice. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 164–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardhan, R.. Assessment and management of rib fracture pain in geriatric population: an ode to old age. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26: 626–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjoro, K. and Herr, K.. Assessment of pain in the nonverbal or cognitively impaired older adult. Clin Geriatr Med 2008; 24: 237–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakhos, C., O’Connor, J., Kyriakides, T., et al. Vital capacity as a predictor of outcome in elderly patients with rib fractures. J Trauma 2006; 61: 131–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierson, D. J.. Foundations of Respiratory Care. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.Google Scholar
Todd, S. R., McNally, M. M., Holcomb, J. B., et al. A multidisciplinary clinical pathway decreases rib fracture-associated infectious morbidity and mortality in high-risk trauma patients. Am J Surg 2006; 192: 806–811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pintaric, T. S., Potocnik, I., Hadzic, A., et al. Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural with paravertebral block on perioperative analgesia and hemodynamic stability in patients having open lung surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36: 256–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElwain, J., Freir, N. M., Burlacu, C. L., et al. The feasibility of patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia for major breast cancer surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of two regimens. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 665–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Kim, S. H., Szabo, R. M.. Marder, R. A.. Epidemiology of humerus fractures in the United States: nationwide emergency department sample, 2008. Arthritis Care Res 2012; 64: 407–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Court-Brown, C. M., Garg, A., and McQueen, M. M.. The epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72: 365–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neer, C. S. 2nd. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970; 52: 1077–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallo, R. A., Sciulli, R., Daffner, R., et al. Defining the relationship between rotator cuff injury and proximal humerus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 458: 70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaty, J. H.. Humeral shaft fractures. In Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999: pp. 278–286.Google Scholar
Tytherleigh-Strong, G., Walls, N., and McQueen, M. M.. The epidemiology of humeral shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998; 80: 249–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jupiter, J. B. and Morrey, B. F.. Fractures of the distal humerus in the adult. In Morrey, B. F. (ed) The Elbow and its Disorders, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993: pp. 328–366.Google Scholar
Fletcher, N., Schiller, J. R., Sumeet, G., et al. Increased severity of type III supracondylar humeral fractures in preteen population. J Pediatr 2012; 32: 567–572.Google ScholarPubMed
Visser, C. P., Coene, L. N., Brand, R., et al. Nerve lesions in proximal humerus fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001; 10: 421–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shao, Y. C., Harwood, P., Grotz, M. R. W., et al. Radial nerve palsy associated with fractures of the shaft of the humerus. A systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005, 87: 1647–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, S., Woolridge, D. P., Colletti, J., et al. Pediatric upper extremity injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006: 53: 41–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, I. C. and Zinar, D. M.. Traumatic and iatrogenic neurological complications after supracondylar humerus fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15: 440–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitman, M. I., Nainzadeh, N., Ergas, E., et al. The use of somatosensory evoked potentials for detection of neuropraxia during shoulder arthroscopy. Arthroscopy 1988; 4: 250–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, J. and Jeong, S. Y.. Complications and outcomes of minimally invasive percutaneous plating for proximal humeral fractures. Clin Orthop Surg 2014; 6: 146–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boardman, N. D. and Colfield, R. H.. Neurologic complications of shoulder surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999; 368: 44–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worden, A. and Ilyas, A. M.. Ulnar neuropathy following distal humerus fracture fixation. Orthop Clin North Am 2012; 43: 509–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peruto, C. M., Ciccotti, M. G., and Cohen, S. B.. Shoulder arthroscopy positioning: lateral decubitus versus beach chair. Arthroscopy 2009; 25: 891–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pohl, A. and Cullen, D. J.. Cerebral ischemia during shoulder surgery in the upright position: a case series. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17: 463–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhatti, M. T. and Enneking, F. K.. Visual loss and ophthalmoplegia after shoulder surgery. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 899–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, G. S., Szokol, J. W., Avram, M. J., et al. Effect of ventilation on cerebral oxygenation in patients undergoing surgery in the beach chair position: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2014: 113: 618–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, A. H., France, J. C., Mutschler, T. A., et al. Measurement of brachial plexus strain in arthroscopy of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 1987; 3: 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelberman, R. H., Yamaguchi, K., Hollstien, S. B., et al. Changes in interstitial pressure and cross-sectional area of the cubital tunnel and of the ulnar nerve with flexion of the elbow. An experimental study in human cadavera. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80: 492–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, T. S. and Kim, Y. S.. Neuropraxia of the cutaneous nerve of the cervical plexus after shoulder arthoscopy. Arthoscopy 2005; 21: 631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fournier, J. H. and Velis, E.. Visual loss after shoulder surgery under general anesthesia diagnosed as caused by ocular compression with electroretinography testing: case report and review of the literature. Int Surg 2004; 89: 209–211.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhatti, M. T. and Enneking, F. K.: Visual loss and ophthalmoplegia after shoulder surgery. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 899–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilfeld, B. M., Wright, T. W., Enneking, F. K., et al. Joint range of motion after total shoulder arthroplasty with and without a continuous interscalene nerve block: a retrospective, case-control study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30: 429–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Aguirre, J., Borgeat, A., Trachsel, T., et al. Cerebral oxygenation in patients undergoing shoulder surgery in beach chair position: comparing general to regional anesthesia and the impact on neurobehavioral outcome. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2014; 61: 64–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riazi, S., Carmichael, N., Awad, I., et al. Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 ml) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 549–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitombo, P. F., Meira Barros, R., Matos, M. A., et al. Selective suprascapular and axillary nerve block provides adequate analgesia and minimal motor block. Comparison with interscalene block. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2013; 63: 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, J., Sala-Blanch, X., Ramos, I., et al. Combined infraclavicular plexus block with suprascapular nerve block for humeral head surgery in a patient with respiratory failure: an alternative approach. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 784–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falyar, C. R. and Grossman, E. C.. Ultrasound-guided interscalene-supraclavicular block for an intramedullary nailing of a pathologic humeral fracture: practical application of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. AANA J 2014; 82: 219–222.Google ScholarPubMed
References
Raj, P. P., Parks, R. I., and Watson, T. D.. A new single-position supine approach to sciatic-femoral nerve block. Anesth Analg 1975; 54: 489–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbona, F., Khabiri, B., Norton, J. A., et al. Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia. A Practical Approach to Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Perineural Catheters. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011: pp. 89–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labat, G.. Regional Anesthesia: Its Technique and Clinical Application. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1922.Google Scholar
Ben-Ari, A. Y., Joshi, R., Uskova, A., et al. Ultrasound localization of the sacral plexus using a parasacral approach. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 1977–1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franco, C. D., Choksi, N., Rahman, A., et al. A subgluteal approach to the sciatic nerve in adults at 10 cm from the midline. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31: 215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmakar, M. K., Kwok, W. H., Ho, A. M., et al. Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block: description of a new approach at the subgluteal space. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 390–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chelly, J. E. and Delaunay, L.. A new anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 1655–1660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbero, C., Fuzier, R., and Samii, K.. Anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block: adaption to patient's height. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 1785–1788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atchabahian, A.. Sciatic nerve block (anterior approach using neurostimulation without ultrasound guidance). J New York School Reg Anesth 2009; 12: 24–27.Google Scholar
Benzon, H. T., Sharma, S., and Calimaran, A.. Comparison of the different approaches to saphenous nerve block. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 633–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouaziz, H., Narchi, P., Zetlaoni, P. J., et al. Lateral approach to the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa combined with saphenous nerve block. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag 1999; 3: 19–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, J., Pitsch, T., and Salinas, F.. Anatomic basis to the ultrasound-guided approach for saphenous nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34: 486–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. L., Kopp, S. L., and Hebl, J. R.. Falls and major orthopedic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2013; 100: 518–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilfeld, B. M., Duke, K. B., and Donohue, M. C.. The association between lower extremity continuous peripheral nerve blocks and patient falls after knee and hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1552–1554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chelly, J. E., Ghisi, D., and Fanelli, A.. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in acute pain management. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 186–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joseph, J., Giannoudis, P. V., Hinsche, A., et al. Compartment syndrome following isolated ankle fracture. Int Orthop 2000; 24: 173–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, B. J., Noonan, K. J., and Bosenberg, A. T.. Evolving compartment syndrome not masked by a continuous peripheral nerve block: evidence-based case management. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 393–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Aulivola, B., Hile, C. N., Hamdan, A. D., et al. Major lower extremity amputation: outcome of a modern series. Arch Surg 2004; 139: 395–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, S. A., Qianyi, R. L., Liu, C., et al. Effect of anaesthetic technique on mortality following major lower extremity amputation: a propensity score-matched observational study. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 612–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chery, J., Semaan, E., Darji, S., et al. Impact of regional versus general anesthesia on the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing major lower extremity amputation. Ann Vasc Surg 2014; 28: 1149–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, T. H., Marcantonio, E. R., Mangione, C. M., et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999; 100: 1043–1049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellard, L., Katznelson, R., Wasowicz, M., et al. Type of anesthesia and postoperative delirium after vascular surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28: 458–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, A., Walker, N., Schug, S., et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ 2000; 321: 1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horlocker, T. T., Wedel, D. J., Rowlingson, J. C., et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (third edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35: 64–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tessler, M. J. and Kleiman, S. J.. Spinal anaesthesia for patients with previous lower limb amputations. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 439–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiddler, D. S. and Hindman, B. J.. Intravenous calcitonin alleviates spinal anesthesia-induced phantom limb pain. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 187–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, C. J., Liu, K., and Wang, Y. M.. Midazolam as an effective drug for severe phantom limb pain in a patient after undergoing spinal anesthesia for two consecutive surgeries in the contralateral lower limb. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2009; 47: 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marhofer, P., Nasel, C., Sitzwohl, C., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the distribution of local anesthetic during the three-in-one block. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 119–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borghi, B., D’Addabbo, M., White, P. F., et al. The use of prolonged peripheral neural blockade after lower extremity amputation: the effect on symptoms associated with phantom limb syndrome. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1308–1315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knotkova, H., Cruciani, R. A., Tronnier, V. M., et al. Current and future options for the management of phantom-limb pain. J Pain Res 2012; 5: 39–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kehlet, H., Edwards, R., and Buvanendran, A.. Persistent postoperative pain: pathogenic mechanisms and preventive strategies. In Tracey, I. (ed) Pain 2012: Refresher Courses, 14th World Congress on Pain. Milan, Italy: IASP Press; 2012. pp. 133–143.Google Scholar
Grant, A. J. and Wood, C.. The effect of intra-neural local anaesthetic infusion on pain following major lower limb amputation. Scott Med J 2008; 53: 4–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ephraim, P. L., Wegener, S. T., MacKenzie, E. J., et al. Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1910–1919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kehlet, H., Jensen, T. S., and Woolf, C. J.. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 2006; 367: 1618–1625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halbert, J., Crotty, M., and Cameron, I. D.. Evidence for the optimal management of acute and chronic phantom pain: a systematic review. Clin J Pain 2002; 18: 84–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coughlin, M. J., Saltzman, C. L., Anderson, R. B.. Mann's Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 9th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2013.Google Scholar
Green, D. P.. Green's Operative Hand Surgery, 5th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2005. pp. 1075–1112.Google Scholar
Lambert, A. W., Dashfield, A. K., Cosgrove, C., et al. Randomized prospective study comparing preoperative epidural and intraoperative perineural analgesia for the prevention of postoperative stump and phantom limb pain following major amputation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26: 316–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morey, T. E., Giannoni, J., Duncan, E., et al. Nerve sheath catheter analgesia after amputation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002; 397: 281–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar