Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-t6hkb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T00:31:21.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Trust and Reciprocity

The Role of Outcome-Based and Belief-Based Motivations

from Part III - Neurocharacteristic Level of Trust

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2021

By
Flora Li ,
Pearl H. Chiu  and
Brooks King-Casas
Edited by
Frank Krueger
Frank Krueger
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Get access

Summary

Trust and reciprocity are two closely linked concepts that are ubiquitous within cooperative exchange. To distinguish the two, we first review potential motivations that drive trusting and reciprocal behavior. Economic theories suggest that both preferences over monetary distributions (outcome-based) as well as considerations about others’ intentions (belief-based) may contribute to decisions to trust and reciprocate. Outcome-based theories suggest that individuals’ internal preferences over monetary distribution influence decision-making. In comparison, belief-based theories assume that individuals’ expectations about themselves and others generate emotions that influence decision-making. Turning to the neuroscience of trust and reciprocity with the trust game, we find that neural activations in insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex are common to belief-based motivations, while neural responses in caudate and amygdala reflect outcome-based motivations. Integrating economic theory with neuroscientific findings, we suggest that reciprocal behavior is primarily driven by belief-based motivations while trust behavior is associated with outcome-based preferences. We propose that future research should examine the potential context-dependent nature of behavioral motivations, investigate both positive and negative reciprocity, and leverage the trust game and related paradigms to parse potential sources of social dysfunction in mental illness.

Keywords

trustreciprocityfmrineurosciencecooperationinequalityguiltbetrayalrisk
Type
Chapter
Information
The Neurobiology of Trust , pp. 236 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aimone, J., Ball, S., & King-Casas, B. (2015). The betrayal aversion elicitation task: An individual level betrayal aversion measure. PLoS ONE, 10(9), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137491Google Scholar
Aimone, J. A., & Houser, D. (2012). What you don’t know won’t hurt you: A laboratory analysis of betrayal aversion. Experimental Economics, 15(4), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-012-9314-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aimone, J. A., & Houser, D. (2013). Harnessing the benefits of betrayal aversion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 89, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aimone, J. A., Houser, D., & Weber, B. (2014). Neural signatures of betrayal aversion: An fMRI study of trust. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1782), Article 20132127. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2127Google ScholarPubMed
Anderl, C., Steil, R., Hahn, T., Hitzeroth, P., Reif, A., & Windmann, S. (2018). Reduced reciprocal giving in social anxiety: Evidence from the trust game. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.10.005Google Scholar
Argiolas, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1991). Central functions of oxytocin. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 15(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80002-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrow, K. J. (1965). Aspects of the theory of risk-bearing: Yrjö Jahnsson Saatio.Google Scholar
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011). Social effects of oxytocin in humans: Context and person matter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(7), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002Google Scholar
Battigalli, P., & Dufwenberg, M. (2007). Guilt in games. American Economic Review, 97(2), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battigalli, P., Dufwenberg, M., & Smith, A. (2019). Frustration, aggression, and anger in leader-follower games. Games and Economic Behavior, 117, 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2019.06.001Google Scholar
Bellemare, C., Sebald, A., & Suetens, S. (2019). Guilt aversion in economics and psychology. Journal of Economic Psychology, 73, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2019.05.002Google Scholar
Bellucci, G., Chernyak, S. V., Goodyear, K., Eickhoff, S. B., & Krueger, F. (2017). Neural signatures of trust in reciprocity: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 38(3), 1233–1248. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23451CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellucci, G., Hahn, T., Deshpande, G., & Krueger, F. (2019). Functional connectivity of specific resting-state networks predicts trust and reciprocity in the trust game. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-00654-3Google Scholar
Bereczkei, T., Deak, A., Papp, P., Perlaki, G., & Orsi, G. (2013). Neural correlates of Machiavellian strategies in a social dilemma task. Brain and Cognition, 82(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.02.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1995.1027Google Scholar
Bernoulli, D. (1954). Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk. Econometrica, 22(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909829Google Scholar
Bohnet, I., Greig, F., Herrmann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2008). Betrayal aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States. American Economic Review, 98(1), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.1.294Google Scholar
Bohnet, I., & Zeckhauser, R. (2004). Trust, risk and betrayal. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 55(4), 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.11.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boksem, M. A., Mehta, P. H., Van den Bergh, B., et al. (2013). Testosterone inhibits trust but promotes reciprocity. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2306–2314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613495063Google Scholar
Bolton, G. E., & Ockenfels, A. (2000). ERC: A theory of equity, reciprocity, and competition. American Economic Review, 90(1), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.166Google Scholar
Booth, A., Granger, D. A., Mazur, A., & Kivlighan, K. T. (2006). Testosterone and social behavior. Social Forces, 85(1), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, P. A., Terburg, D., & Van Honk, J. (2010). Testosterone decreases trust in socially naive humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 9991–9995. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911700107Google Scholar
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In Lewis, M. & Rosenblum, L. A. (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76). Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Buchan, N. R., Croson, R. T., & Dawes, R. M. (2002). Swift neighbors and persistent strangers: A cross-cultural investigation of trust and reciprocity in social exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 108(1), 168–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/344546Google Scholar
Cáceda, R., James, G. A., Gutman, D. A., & Kilts, C. D. (2015). Organization of intrinsic functional brain connectivity predicts decisions to reciprocate social behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 292, 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.008Google Scholar
Cáceda, R., Moskovciak, T., Prendes-Alvarez, S., et al. (2014). Gender-specific effects of depression and suicidal ideation in prosocial behaviors. PLoS ONE, 9(9), Article e108733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108733CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cáceda, R., Prendes-Alvarez, S., Hsu, J.-J., Tripathi, S. P., Kilts, C. D., & James, G. A. (2017). The neural correlates of reciprocity are sensitive to prior experience of reciprocity. Behavioural Brain Research, 332, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.030Google Scholar
Canessa, N., Crespi, C., Motterlini, M., et al. (2013). The functional and structural neural basis of individual differences in loss aversion. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(36), 14307–14317. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0497-13.2013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardenas, J. C., & Carpenter, J. (2008). Behavioural development economics: Lessons from field labs in the developing world. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(3), 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380701848327Google Scholar
Carter, C. S. (1992). Oxytocin and sexual behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 16(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80176-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartwright, E. (2019). A survey of belief-based guilt aversion in trust and dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 167, 430–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.04.019Google Scholar
Chang, L. J., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). Great expectations: Neural computations underlying the use of social norms in decision making. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience, 8(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr094Google Scholar
Chang, L. J., Smith, A., Dufwenberg, M., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). Triangulating the neural, psychological, and economic bases of guilt aversion. Neuron, 70(3), 560–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charness, G., & Dufwenberg, M. (2006). Promises and partnership. Econometrica, 74(6), 1579–1601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00719.xGoogle Scholar
Charness, G., & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817–869. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiu, P. H., Kayali, M. A., Kishida, K. T., et al. (2008). Self responses along cingulate cortex reveal quantitative neural phenotype for high-functioning autism. Neuron, 57(3), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christopoulos, G. I., Tobler, P. N., Bossaerts, P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009). Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(40), 12574–12583. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2614-09.2009Google Scholar
Cisler, J. M., Bush, K., Steele, J. S., Lenow, J. K., Smitherman, S., & Kilts, C. D. (2015). Brain and behavioral evidence for altered social learning mechanisms among women with assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 63, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.014Google Scholar
Clark, C. B., Thorne, C. B., Hardy, S., & Cropsey, K. L. (2013). Cooperation and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 1184–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.011Google Scholar
Cox, J. C. (2004). How to identify trust and reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 46(2), 260–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00119-2Google Scholar
Cubitt, R., Gächter, S., & Quercia, S. (2017). Conditional cooperation and betrayal aversion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 141, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.013Google Scholar
Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R., & Smirnov, O. (2007). Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature, 446(7137), 794–796. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delgado, M. R., Frank, R. H., & Phelps, E. A. (2005). Perceptions of moral character modulate the neural systems of reward during the trust game. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1611–1618. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1575Google Scholar
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science, 322(5903), 900–904. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158668Google Scholar
Edwards, D. A., Wetzel, K., & Wyner, D. R. (2006). Intercollegiate soccer: Saliva cortisol and testosterone are elevated during competition, and testosterone is related to status and social connectedness with teammates. Physiology & Behavior, 87(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.09.007Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1998). Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1), 47–74. www.jstor.org/stable/2564951Google Scholar
Engelmann, J. B., Meyer, F., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2019). The neural circuitry of affect-induced distortions of trust. Science Advances, 5(3), Article eaau3413. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3413Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425(6960), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02043CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415(6868), 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/415137aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556151Google Scholar
Fett, A.-K. J., Shergill, S. S., Joyce, D. W., et al. (2012). To trust or not to trust: The dynamics of social interaction in psychosis. Brain, 135(3), 976–984. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr359Google Scholar
Fett, A.-K., Shergill, S., Korver-Nieberg, N., Yakub, F., Gromann, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2016). Learning to trust: Trust and attachment in early psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 46(7), 1437–1447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000015Google Scholar
Gordon, E. M., Laumann, T. O., Gilmore, A. W., et al. (2017). Precision functional mapping of individual human brains. Neuron, 95(4), 791–807, e797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.011Google Scholar
Gromann, P. M., Heslenfeld, D. J., Fett, A.-K., Joyce, D. W., Shergill, S. S., & Krabbendam, L. (2013). Trust versus paranoia: Abnormal response to social reward in psychotic illness. Brain, 136(6), 1968–1975. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt076Google Scholar
Guerra, G., & Zizzo, D. J. (2004). Trust responsiveness and beliefs. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 55(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.03.003Google Scholar
Hahn, T., Notebaert, K., Anderl, C., et al. (2015). Reliance on functional resting-state network for stable task control predicts behavioral tendency for cooperation. NeuroImage, 118, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.093Google Scholar
Harrison, G. W., List, J. A., & Towe, C. (2007). Naturally occurring preferences and exogenous laboratory experiments: A case study of risk aversion. Econometrica, 75(2), 433–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00753.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005Google Scholar
Holt, C. A., & Laury, S. K. (2002). Risk aversion and incentive effects. American Economic Review, 92(5), 1644–1655. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024700Google Scholar
Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Camerer, C. F. (2005). Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision making. Science, 310(5754), 1680–1683. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1115327Google Scholar
Huettel, S. A., Stowe, C. J., Gordon, E. M., Warner, B. T., & Platt, M. L. (2006). Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. Neuron, 49(5), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutcherson, C. A., Bushong, B., & Rangel, A. (2015). A neurocomputational model of altruistic choice and its implications. Neuron, 87(2), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, N. D., & Mislin, A. A. (2011). Trust games: A meta-analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(5), 865–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.05.007Google Scholar
King-Casas, B., & Chiu, P. H. (2012). Understanding interpersonal function in psychiatric illness through multiplayer economic games. Biological Psychiatry, 72(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.033Google Scholar
King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321(5890), 806–810. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156902Google Scholar
King-Casas, B., Tomlin, D., Anen, C., Camerer, C. F., Quartz, S. R., & Montague, P. R. (2005). Getting to know you: Reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange. Science, 308(5718), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108062Google Scholar
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03701CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krajbich, I., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Denburg, N. L., & Camerer, C. F. (2009). Economic games quantify diminished sense of guilt in patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(7), 2188–2192. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5086-08.2009Google Scholar
Krueger, F., Grafman, J., & McCabe, K. (2008). Neural correlates of economic game playing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1511), 3859–3874. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0165Google Scholar
Lauharatanahirun, N., Christopoulos, G. I., & King-Casas, B. (2012). Neural computations underlying social risk sensitivity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, Article 213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00213Google Scholar
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L., Fett, A.-K. J., Hanssen, E., Veltman, D. J., & Krabbendam, L. (2019). Learning to trust: Social feedback normalizes trust behavior in first-episode psychosis and clinical high risk. Psychological Medicine, 49(5), 780–790. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171800140XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L., Krabbendam, L., Veltman, D. J., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2017). Boys vs. girls: Gender differences in the neural development of trust and reciprocity depend on social context. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.001Google Scholar
Leng, G., & Ludwig, M. (2016). Intranasal oxytocin: Myths and delusions. Biological Psychiatry, 79(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.003Google Scholar
Li, J., Xiao, E., Houser, D., & Montague, P. R. (2009). Neural responses to sanction threats in two-party economic exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(39), 16835–16840. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908855106Google Scholar
McCabe, K., Houser, D., Ryan, L., Smith, V., & Trouard, T. (2001). A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(20), 11832–11835. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211415698Google Scholar
McCabe, K. A., Rigdon, M. L., & Smith, V. L. (2003). Positive reciprocity and intentions in trust games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 52(2), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(03)00003-9Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. P. (2007). Activity in right temporo-parietal junction is not selective for theory-of-mind. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm051Google Scholar
Morishima, Y., Schunk, D., Bruhin, A., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2012). Linking brain structure and activation in temporoparietal junction to explain the neurobiology of human altruism. Neuron, 75(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.021Google Scholar
Nave, G., Camerer, C., & McCullough, M. (2015). Does oxytocin increase trust in humans? A critical review of research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 772–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615600138Google Scholar
Nihonsugi, T., Ihara, A., & Haruno, M. (2015). Selective increase of intention-based economic decisions by noninvasive brain stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(8), 3412–3419. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3885-14.2015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ong, D. C., Zaki, J., & Gruber, J. (2017). Increased cooperative behavior across remitted bipolar I disorder and major depression: Insights utilizing a behavioral economic trust game. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000239Google Scholar
Pratt, J. W. (1978). Risk aversion in the small and in the large. In Diamond, P. & Rothschild, M. (Eds.), Uncertainty in economics (pp. 59–79). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Preuschoff, K., Bossaerts, P., & Quartz, S. R. (2006). Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures. Neuron, 51(3), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.024Google Scholar
Riedl, R., Mohr, P. N., Kenning, P. H., Davis, F. D., & Heekeren, H. R. (2014). Trusting humans and avatars: A brain imaging study based on evolution theory. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(4), 83–114. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222300404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robson, S. E., Repetto, L., Gountouna, V.-E., & Nicodemus, K. K. (2020). A review of neuroeconomic gameplay in psychiatric disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0405-5Google Scholar
Ross, H. E., & Young, L. J. (2009). Oxytocin and the neural mechanisms regulating social cognition and affiliative behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.004Google Scholar
Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617Google Scholar
Schultz, W., Preuschoff, K., Camerer, C., et al. (2008). Explicit neural signals reflecting reward uncertainty. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1511), 3801–3811. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schurz, M., Radua, J., Aichhorn, M., Richlan, F., & Perner, J. (2014). Fractionating theory of mind: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 9–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009Google Scholar
Sripada, C. S., Angstadt, M., Banks, S., Nathan, P. J., Liberzon, I., & Phan, K. L. (2009). Functional neuroimaging of mentalizing during the trust game in social anxiety disorder. Neuroreport, 20(11), 984–989. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32832d0a67Google Scholar
Sripada, C., Angstadt, M., Liberzon, I., McCabe, K., & Phan, K. L. (2013). Aberrant reward center response to partner reputation during a social exchange game in generalized social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 30(4), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22091Google Scholar
Stanley, D. A., Sokol-Hessner, P., Fareri, D. S., et al. (2012). Race and reputation: Perceived racial group trustworthiness influences the neural correlates of trust decisions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1589), 744–753. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0300Google Scholar
Tisserand, J.-C. (2014). Ultimatum game: A meta-analysis of the past three decades of experimental research. Proceedings of the International Academic Conferences, Antibes, France, 13, 609–609.Google Scholar
Tricomi, E., Rangel, A., Camerer, C. F., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2010). Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences. Nature, 463(7284), 1089–1091. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08785CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185Google Scholar
Tzieropoulos, H. (2013). The trust game in neuroscience: A short review. Social Neuroscience, 8(5), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.832375Google Scholar
Unoka, Z., Seres, I., Aspan, N., Bódi, N., & Kéri, S. (2009). Trust game reveals restricted interpersonal transactions in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(4), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.4.399Google Scholar
Van den Bos, W., Van Dijk, E., Westenberg, M., Rombouts, S. A., & Crone, E. A. (2009). What motivates repayment? Neural correlates of reciprocity in the trust game. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(3), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp009Google Scholar
Van den Bos, W., Van Dijk, E., Westenberg, M., Rombouts, S. A., & Crone, E. A. (2011). Changing brains, changing perspectives: The neurocognitive development of reciprocity. Psychological Science, 22(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610391102Google Scholar
Zethraeus, N., Kocoska-Maras, L., Ellingsen, T., Von Schoultz, B., Hirschberg, A. L., & Johannesson, M. (2009). A randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on economic behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6535–6538. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812757106Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×