Lozano, R, Naghavi, M, Foreman, K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095–2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mozaffarian, D, Benjamin, EJ, Go, AS, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):447–454.Google ScholarPubMed

Wolfe, CD, Rudd, AG, Howard, R, et al. Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;72(2):211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Owolabi, MO, Ugoya, S, Platz, T. Racial disparity in stroke risk factors: the Berlin-Ibadan experience; a retrospective study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009 Feb;119(2):81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sacco, RL, Kargman, DE, Gu, Q, Zamanillo, MC. Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995 Jan;26(1):14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hajat, C, Dundas, R, Stewart, JA, et al. Cerebrovascular risk factors and stroke subtypes: differences between ethnic groups. Stroke. 2001 Jan;32(1):37–42.Google Scholar

Bejot, Y, Caillier, M, Ben Salem, D, et al. Ischaemic stroke subtypes and associated risk factors: a French population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;79(12):1344–1348.Google Scholar

Gutierrez, J, Koch, S, Dong, C, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in stroke subtypes: a multiethnic sample of patients with stroke. Neurol Sci. 2014 Apr;35(4):577–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rincon, F, Sacco, RL, Kranwinkel, G, et al. Incidence and risk factors of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(1):65–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, MY, Mimran, R, Mohit, A, et al. Carotid stenosis in a multiethnic population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000 Mar–Apr;9(2):64–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ryoo, S, Park, JH, Kim, SJ, et al. Branch occlusive disease: clinical and magnetic resonance angiography findings. Neurology. 2012 Mar 20;78(12):888–896.Google Scholar

Karino, T, Goldsmith, HL. Particle flow behavior in models of branching vessels. II. Effects of branching angle and diameter ratio on flow patterns. Biorheology. 1985;22(2):87–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stary, HC, Chandler, AB, Glagov, S, et al. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1994 May;89(5):2462–2478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ciriaco, JGM, da Costa Leite, C, da Graça Morais Martin, M, et al. Basilar artery occlusive disease in stroke survivors in a multiethnic population. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 Apr;112(3):233–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turan, TN, Makki, AA, Tsappidi, S, et al. Risk factors associated with severity and location of intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke. 2010 Aug;41(8):1636–1640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Markus, HS, Khan, U, Birns, J, et al. Differences in stroke subtypes between black and white patients with stroke: the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study. Circulation. 2007 Nov 6;116(19):2157–2164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wolma, J, Nederkoorn, PJ, Goossens, A, et al. Ethnicity a risk factor? The relation between ethnicity and large- and small-vessel disease in White people, Black people, and Asians within a hospital-based population. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Apr;16(4):522–527.Google Scholar

Cao, JJ, Arnold, AM, Manolio, TA, et al. Association of carotid artery intima-media thickness, plaques, and C-reactive protein with future cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2007 Jul 3;116(1):32–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Keo, HH, Baumgartner, I, Hirsch, AT, et al. Carotid plaque and intima-media thickness and the incidence of ischemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Vasc Med. 2011 Oct;16(5):323–330.Google Scholar

Hassler, O, Larsson, SE. The external elastic layer of the cerebral arteries in different age-groups. Acta Anat (Basel). 1962;48:1–6.Google Scholar

Lee, RM. Morphology of cerebral arteries. Pharmacol Ther. 1995 Apr;66(1):149–173.Google Scholar

Nichols, WW, O’Rourke, MF, McDonald, DA. Special circulations. In: Nichols, WW, O’Rourke, MF, McDonald, DA, eds. McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles, 6th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2011, 397–410.Google Scholar

Stary, HC, Blankenhorn, DH, Chandler, AB, et al. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis-prone regions. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1992 Jan;85(1):391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sorbara, R. Étude comparative du vieillissement des artères du polygone de Willis. Toulouse: Université Paul-Sabatier; 1972.Google Scholar

Dobrin, PB. Mechanical properties of arteries. Physiol Rev. 1978 Apr;58(2):397–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stary, HC, Chandler, AB, Dinsmore, RE, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 Sep;15(9):1512–1531.Google Scholar

Burke, AP, Kolodgie, FD, Farb, A, Weber, D, Virmani, R. Morphological predictors of arterial remodeling in coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002 Jan 22;105(3):297–303.Google Scholar

Virmani, R, Kolodgie, FD, Burke, AP, Farb, A, Schwartz, SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 May;20(5):1262–1275.Google Scholar

Ambrose, JA, Winters, SL, Arora, RR, et al. Angiographic evolution of coronary artery morphology in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Mar;7(3):472–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Little, WC, Constantinescu, M, Applegate, RJ, et al. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease? Circulation. 1988 Nov;78(5 Pt 1):1157–1166.Google Scholar

Petty, GW, Brown, RD, Jr., Whisnant, JP, et al. Ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study of incidence and risk factors. Stroke. 1999 Dec;30(12):2513–2516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Turin, TC, Kita, Y, Rumana, N, et al. Ischemic stroke subtypes in a Japanese population: Takashima Stroke Registry, 1988–2004. Stroke. 2010 Sep;41(9):1871–1876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feigin, V, Carter, K, Hackett, M, et al. Ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke subtypes: Auckland Regional Community Stroke Study, 2002–2003. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Feb;5(2):130–139.Google Scholar

De Silva, DA, Woon, FP, Lee, MP, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with intracranial large artery disease among ethnic Chinese patients with stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009 Nov–Dec;18(6):424–427.Google Scholar

Bang, OY, Saver, JL, Liebeskind, DS, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome on distribution of cervicocephalic atherosclerosis: data from a diverse race-ethnic group. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Sep 15;284(1–2):40–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arning, C, Eckert, B. The diagnostic relevance of colour Doppler artefacts in carotid artery examinations. Eur J Radiol. 2004 Sep;51(3):246–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schreuder, FH, Graf, M, Hameleers, JM, et al. Measurement of common carotid artery intima-media thickness in clinical practice: comparison of B-mode and RF-based technique. Ultraschall Med. 2009 Oct;30(5):459–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zagzebski, JA. Essentials of Ultrasound Physics. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1996.Google Scholar

Hangiandreou, NJ. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Topics in US: B-mode US: basic concepts and new technology. Radiographics. 2003 Jul–Aug;23(4):1019–1033.Google Scholar

Kagawa, R, Moritake, K, Shima, T, Okada, Y. Validity of B-mode ultrasonographic findings in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in comparison with angiographic and clinicopathologic features. Stroke. 1996 April 1;27(4):700–705.Google Scholar

Touboul, PJ, Hennerici, MG, Meairs, S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(1):75–80.Google Scholar

Wong, M, Edelstein, J, Wollman, J, Bond, MG. Ultrasonic-pathological comparison of the human arterial wall. Verification of intima-media thickness. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 Apr;13(4):482–486.Google Scholar

Gamble, G, Beaumont, B, Smith, H, et al. B-mode ultrasound images of the carotid artery wall: correlation of ultrasound with histological measurements. Atherosclerosis. 1993 Sep;102(2):163–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feinstein, SB. Contrast ultrasound imaging of the carotid artery vasa vasorum and atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jul 18;48(2):236–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lammie, GA, Wardlaw, J, Allan, P, et al. What pathological components indicate carotid atheroma activity and can these be identified reliably using ultrasound? Eur J Ultrasound. 2000 May;11(2):77–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Finn, AV, Kolodgie, FD, Virmani, R. Correlation between carotid intimal/medial thickness and atherosclerosis: a point of view from pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Feb;30(2):177–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Touboul, PJ, Hennerici, MG, Meairs, S, et al. Mannheim intima-media thickness consensus. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18(4):346–349.Google Scholar

Rundek, T, Elkind, MS, Pittman, J, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness is associated with allelic variants of stromelysin-1, interleukin-6, and hepatic lipase genes: the Northern Manhattan Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1420–1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lorenz, MW, Markus, HS, Bots, ML, Rosvall, M, Sitzer, M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007 Jan 30;115(4):459–467.Google Scholar

Liviakis, L, Pogue, B, Paramsothy, P, Bourne, A, Gill, EA. Carotid intima-media thickness for the practicing lipidologist. J Clin Lipidol. Jan-Feb;4(1):24–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenland, P, Alpert, JS, Beller, GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 14;56(25):e50–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Using nontraditional risk factors in coronary heart disease risk assessment: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 6;151(7):474–482.Google Scholar

Stein, JH, Korcarz, CE, Hurst, RT, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008 Feb;21(2):93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spence, JD. Technology insight: ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque – patient management, genetic research, and therapy evaluation. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006 Nov;2(11):611–619.Google Scholar

Landry, A, Fenster, A. Theoretical and experimental quantification of carotid plaque volume measurements made by three-dimensional ultrasound using test phantoms. Med Phys. 2002 Oct;29(10):2319–2327.Google Scholar

Fenster, A, Landry, A, Downey, DB, Hegele, RA, Spence, JD. 3D ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord. 2004 Jun;4(2):161–175.Google Scholar

Landry, A, Spence, JD, Fenster, A. Measurement of carotid plaque volume by 3-dimensional ultrasound. Stroke. 2004 Apr;35(4):864–869.Google Scholar

Spence, JD. Measurement of intima-media thickness vs. carotid plaque: uses in patient care, genetic research and evaluation of new therapies. Int J Stroke. 2006 Nov;1(4):216–221.Google Scholar

Kremkau, FW, Taylor, KJ. Artifacts in ultrasound imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 1986 Apr;5(4):227–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abu-Zidan, FM, Hefny, AF, Corr, P. Clinical ultrasound physics. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011 Oct;4(4):501–503.Google Scholar

Liasis, N, Klonaris, C, Katsargyris, A, et al. The use of speckle reduction imaging (SRI) ultrasound in the characterization of carotid artery plaques. Eu J Radiol. 2008 Mar;65(3):427–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bushberg, JT. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.Google Scholar

Trelles, M, Eberhardt, KM, Buchholz, M, et al. CTA for screening of complicated atherosclerotic carotid plaque – American Heart Association type VI lesions as defined by MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Dec;34(12):2331–2337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Wijk, DF, Strang, AC, Duivenvoorden, R, et al. Increasing spatial resolution of 3T MRI scanning improves reproducibility of carotid arterial wall dimension measurements. MAGMA. 2014 Jun;27(3):219–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Makowski, MR, Botnar, RM. MR imaging of the arterial vessel wall: molecular imaging from bench to bedside. Radiology. 2013 Oct;269(1):34–51.Google Scholar

Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Mar;69(3):89–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pignoli, P, Tremoli, E, Poli, A, Oreste, P, Paoletti, R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986 Dec;74(6):1399–1406.Google Scholar

Wikstrand, J, Wendelhag, I. Methodological considerations of ultrasound investigation of intima-media thickness and lumen diameter. J Intern Med. 1994 Nov;236(5):555–559.Google Scholar

Sass, C, Herbeth, B, Chapet, O, et al. Intima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: effect of age, sex, anthropometry and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1998 Nov;16(11):1593–1602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Della-Morte, D, Guadagni, F, Palmirotta, R, et al. Genetics of ischemic stroke, stroke-related risk factors, stroke precursors and treatments. Pharmacogenomics. Apr;13(5):595–613.Google Scholar

O’Leary, DH, Polak, JF, Kronmal, RA, et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 7;340(1):14–22.Google Scholar

Howard, G, Sharrett, AR, Heiss, G, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. Stroke. 1993 Sep;24(9):1297–1304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tzou, WS, Douglas, PS, Srinivasan, SR, et al. Distribution and predictors of carotid intima-media thickness in young adults. Prev Cardiol. 2007 Fall;10(4):181–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Folsom, AR, Kronmal, RA, Detrano, RC, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 23;168(12):1333–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sacco, RL, Blanton, SH, Slifer, S, et al. Heritability and linkage analysis for carotid intima-media thickness: the family study of stroke risk and carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2009 Jul;40(7):2307–2312.Google Scholar

Wang, L, Beecham, A, Zhuo, D, et al. Fine mapping study reveals novel candidate genes for carotid intima-media thickness in dominican republican families. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Apr 1;5(2):234–241.Google Scholar

Liao, YC, Lin, HF, Rundek, T, et al. Segment-specific genetic effects on carotid intima-media thickness: the Northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 2008 Dec;39(12):3159–3165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mathiesen, EB, Johnsen, SH, Wilsgaard, T, et al. Carotid plaque area and intima-media thickness in prediction of first-ever ischemic stroke: a 10-year follow-up of 6584 men and women: the Tromso Study. Stroke. Apr;42(4):972–978.Google Scholar

Carotid artery plaque composition – relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound B-mode imaging. European Carotid Plaque Study Group. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995 Jul;10(1):23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reilly, LM, Lusby, RJ, Hughes, L, et al. Carotid plaque histology using real-time ultrasonography. Clinical and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg. 1983 Aug;146(2):188–193.Google Scholar

Della-Morte, D, Moussa, I, Elkind, MS, Sacco, RL, Rundek, T. The short-term effect of atorvastatin on carotid plaque morphology assessed by computer-assisted gray-scale densitometry: a pilot study. Neurol Res. Nov;33(9):991–994.Google Scholar

Dong, C, Beecham, A, Slifer, S, et al. Genomewide linkage and peakwide association analyses of carotid plaque in Caribbean Hispanics. Stroke. Dec;41(12):2750–2756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pankow, JS, Heiss, G, Evans, GW, et al. Familial aggregation and genome-wide linkage analysis of carotid artery plaque: the NHLBI family heart study. Hum Hered. 2004;57(2):80–89.Google Scholar

Wang, L, Yanuck, D, Beecham, A, et al. A candidate gene study revealed sex-specific association between the OLR1 gene and carotid plaque. Stroke. Mar;42(3):588–592.Google Scholar

Romero, JR, Beiser, A, Seshadri, S, et al. Carotid artery atherosclerosis, MRI indices of brain ischemia, aging, and cognitive impairment: the Framingham study. Stroke. 2009 May;40(5):1590–1596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lorenz, MW, von Kegler, S, Steinmetz, H, Markus, HS, Sitzer, M. Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke. 2006 Jan;37(1):87–92.Google Scholar

Simon, A, Megnien, JL, Chironi, G. The value of carotid intima-media thickness for predicting cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Feb;30(2):182–185.Google Scholar

Costanzo, P, Perrone-Filardi, P, Vassallo, E, et al. Does carotid intima-media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Dec 7;56(24):2006–2020.Google Scholar

Chambless, LE, Folsom, AR, Clegg, LX, et al. Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Mar 1;151(5):478–487.Google Scholar

Ohira, T, Shahar, E, Iso, H, et al. Carotid artery wall thickness and risk of stroke subtypes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 2011 Feb;42(2):397–403.Google Scholar

Lorenz, MW, Polak, JF, Kavousi, M, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2012 Jun 2;379(9831):2053–2062.Google Scholar

Mughal, MM, Khan, MK, DeMarco, JK, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery plaque. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. Oct;9(10):1315–1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bock, RW, Gray-Weale, AC, Mock, PA, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Jan;17(1):160–169.Google Scholar

Stary, HC. Natural history and histological classification of atherosclerotic lesions: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 May;20(5):1177–1178.Google Scholar

Abe, Y, Rundek, T, Sciacca, RR, et al. Ultrasound assessment of subclinical cardiovascular disease in a community-based multiethnic population and comparison to the Framingham score. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Nov 15;98(10):1374–1378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hollander, M, Bots, ML, Del Sol, AI, et al. Carotid plaques increase the risk of stroke and subtypes of cerebral infarction in asymptomatic elderly: the Rotterdam study. Circulation. 2002 Jun 18;105(24):2872–2877.Google Scholar

Hunt, KJ, Evans, GW, Folsom, AR, et al. Acoustic shadowing on B-mode ultrasound of the carotid artery predicts ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 2001 May;32(5):1120–1126.Google Scholar

Rundek, T, Arif, H, Boden-Albala, B, et al. Carotid plaque, a subclinical precursor of vascular events: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2008 Apr 1;70(14):1200–1207.Google Scholar

Clarkson, TB, Prichard, RW, Morgan, TM, Petrick, GS, Klein, KP. Remodeling of coronary arteries in human and nonhuman primates. JAMA. 1994 Jan 26;271(4):289–294.Google Scholar

Pollex, RL, Hegele, R. Genetic determinants of carotid ultrasound traits. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2006 May;8(3):206–215.Google Scholar

O’Leary, DH, Polak, JF, Kronmal, RA, et al. Thickening of the carotid wall. A marker for atherosclerosis in the elderly? Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Stroke. 1996 Feb;27(2):224–231.Google Scholar

Al-Shali, K, House, AA, Hanley, AJ, et al. Differences between carotid wall morphological phenotypes measured by ultrasound in one, two and three dimensions. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Feb;178(2):319–325.Google Scholar

Spence, JD, Barnett, PA, Bulman, DE, Hegele, RA. An approach to ascertain probands with a non-traditional risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Jun;144(2):429–434.Google Scholar

Spence, JD, Eliasziw, M, DiCicco, M, et al. Carotid plaque area: a tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy. Stroke. 2002 Dec;33(12):2916–2922.Google Scholar

D’Agostino, RB, Sr., Vasan, RS, Pencina, MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008 Feb 12;117(6):743–753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143–3421.Google Scholar

Nambi, V, Chambless, L, Folsom, AR, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 13;55(15):1600–1607.Google Scholar

Stone, NJ, Robinson, J, Lichtenstein, AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. Jul 1;63(25 Pt B):2889–2934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuller, L, Borhani, N, Furberg, C, et al. Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and association with risk factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jun 15;139(12):1164–1179.Google Scholar

Fox, CS, Cupples, LA, Chazaro, I, et al. Genomewide linkage analysis for internal carotid artery intimal medial thickness: evidence for linkage to chromosome 12. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Feb;74(2):253–261.Google Scholar

Bis, JC, Kavousi, M, Franceschini, N, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE consortium identifies common variants associated with carotid intima media thickness and plaque. Nat Genet. Oct;43(10):940–947.Google Scholar

Meschia, JF, Worrall, BB, Rich, SS. Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. Jul;7(7):369–378.Google Scholar