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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Shiran Victoria Shen
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
The Political Regulation Wave
A Case of How Local Incentives Systematically Shape Air Quality in China
, pp. 137 - 142
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

acid deposition, 50
acid rain, 50
aerosol optical depth (AOD), 11
agency dilemma. See principal-agent framework
air pollution
ambiguity in control policies for, 27
health impacts of, 1, 83, 86
in Mexico, 94
mitigation policies for, 15, 6270
Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, 2
air pollution index (API), 8
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, 17, 62
air quality
pollution prevention and control linked to data from, 43
variation over time, 8
Air Quality Act of 1967, 2
air quality index (AQI), 68
ambiguity
in air pollution control policies, 27
in policy implementation, 24
amendment to the Renewable Energy Law, 63
atmospheric modeling, air pollution measurement and, 11, 116
Auditoría Superior de la Federación (Mexico), 96
authoritarian regimes
environmental policy implementation in, 5
incentive-based policy prioritization and, 24
political regulation wave theory and, 14
automobile emissions, Mexican air pollution policies and, 94
binding targets
nomenklatura promotion targets, 27, 36
particulate matter reduction, 44, 62
regulatory stringency and, 59
sulfur dioxide emissions reduction, 51
Blue Sky Day policy, 8
box modeling, 12
bureaucracy
insulation of, 109
local control of, 23, 26
Weberian model of, 21, 103
bureaucratic capture, 7, 78
cadres
nomenklatura targets for promotion of, 27, 36
particulate matter control and evaluation of, 74
performance evaluation of, 26, 27, 38, 56
state retirement policies for, 27
environmentally unsustainable policies promoted by, 7
capacity
fiscal and state capacity, 23
regulatory forbearance and, 14, 46
Carson, Rachel, 2
causal mediation analysis, 73
Central Party School, tenure length linked to attendance at, 37
central-local governance, environmental governance and, 33, 106
China
air pollution management in, 15, 86
environmental monitoring in, 7
global leadership on climate change by, 46
mobilization campaigns in, 22
political structure and environmental governance in, 33
unsustainable environmental planning in, 7
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 36, 51
circular economy initiative, 64
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 and 1990 (USA), 2
Clean Air Act of 1963 (USA), 2
Clean Air Act of 1970 (USA), 2
Clean Air Action Plan (2013–2017), 26, 29, 44, 86, 87
Clean Power Plan (USA), 46
clean production, 64
Clean Production Promotion Law, 64
clean transportation, 66
climate change, Chinese leadership on, 46
coal phaseout program, 63, 89
compliance with environmental regulations, rates of, 54
conflict
in air pollution control policies, 27
in policy implementation, 24
continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS), 28, 69
COVID-19, air pollution and, 1, 15
decentralization, local control of bureaucracy and, 26
democratic regimes
incentive-based policy prioritization and, 24
political regulation wave theory and, 14
ecological and environmental accountability of CCP leaders and government officials, 44
ecological civilization as policy goal, 44, 62
economic growth
Chinese prioritization of, 4046
conflict and ambiguity in pollution control with, 27
electoral politics and, 6
measurement of, 71
Mexican elections and strategic planning of, 99
Mexican voters’ prioritization of, 97
political pollution wave and, 74, 76, 101
pollution and, 6, 26, 31, 81
regulatory forbearance and, 31, 47
strategic planning for, 46
additional pollution without additional, 31
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2
electoral politics
economic policy and, 6
exogenous timing of Mexican elections and, 98
Mexican pollution regulation and, 97
Emission Standard of Air Pollution for Thermal Power Plants, 64
emissions restrictions, 20
environmental impact assessment (EIA), 65
environmental monitoring
China’s police patrol approach, 7
transparency in, 68
environmental policy
as top government priority, 4046
Chinese political structure and, 34
implementation in China, 7, 8, 35, 106
implementation problems, 5
Mexican decentralization of, 96
recommendations for, 108
relevance of, 1516
time horizons for, 7
unsustainability in, 7
environmental protection bureaus (EPBs), 7
complicity with polluting industries, 27, 54
insulation of, 109
local government influence over, 34, 109
sulfur dioxide emissions reduction and, 54
field interviews, environmental planning research, 10
Fiscal Coordination Law (Mexico), 96
five-year plans, air pollution mitigation and, 2, 2829
flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, 28, 54
Four Pests campaign, 22
General Law on Environmental Protection and Ecological Equilibrium (Mexico), 96
GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, 12
governance
Chinese political structure and, 33
shifts in priorities of, 4046
Great Leap Forward (1958–59), 22
green energy, Chinese government promotion of, 45
high-conflict low-ambiguity policy, 24
Hu Jintao, 2
Huarun Electric Power shutdown, 88
incentives
electoral politics and economics and, 6
local environmental policies and, 20
policy implementation patterns and, 30
policy prioritization and, 24
political behavior and, 16
sulfur dioxide regulation and, 5359
industrialization
economic costs of regulation of, 88
factory air quality monitoring and, 69
fossil fuel consumption and, 25
pollution reduction policies and, 64
infant deaths, air pollution and, 1
infrastructure projects
in Mexico, 96, 100
local control of, 46, 91
particulate matter emissions and, 28
pollution patterns and, 102
visibility of, 7, 82, 99
internal policy documents, Chinese environmental planning, 11
Jing-Jin-Ji region, 29, 44, 62, 63, 66, 68, 87
Li Keqiang, 44
air pollution mitigation leadership of, 2, 4, 44
particulate matter control and, 61, 110
lifelong responsibility system for Chinese local officials, 44
local leadership
binding targets for, 36, 44, 51, 62
biographic dataset of, 11
economic and infrastructure priorities of, 91
economic growth linked to performance evaluation of, 4043, 71
employment and job stability priorities of, 82
local policy waves and, 21, 103
Mexican state governors’ air quality initiatives, 95
promotion obsession of, 39
regulatory forbearance by, 13, 46
strategic planning by, 46
local politics
bureaucratic control and, 23, 26
environmental regulation and, 3
Management for Environmental Protection of Capital Construction Projects, 65
Mao Zedong, 22, 82
Matland, Richard, 24
McCubbins, Mathew, 3, 8
Merton, Robert, 21
Mexico
air quality trends and policies in, 94
economic growth vs. environmental policies in, 97
electoral politics and regulatory forbearance in, 94, 99, 102
human cost of political pollution waves in, 102
spending power of state governors in, 95
state governors’ air quality regulations in, 95
Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), 34
mixed-methods research approach, 913
mobilization campaigns, local policy waves and, 22
morbidity and mortality rates
political environmental wave and, 87
political pollution wave and, 83, 102
socioeconomic status and, 1
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 68
National Environmental Program (1996–2000) (Mexico), 2
natural gas, China’s shift to, 89
natural science, environmental policy and, 109
new energy vehicles (NEVs), 66
news media, environmental planning research and, 11
nighttime luminosity measurement, 71
nitrogen oxide emissions, 21, 50, 116
nomenklatura
incentives provided by, 27
policy implementation patterns induced by, 30
political personnel management system, 36
Olympic Blue, 20
online ethnography, environmental policy research and, 10
ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, 13, 57, 72, 84, 98
overcapacity, curbing of, 67
Pan Yue, 66
particulate matter (PM)
aerosol optical depth (AOD) and, 12
cadre evaluation linked to control of, 74
Chinese local and regional regulation of, 15
Chinese pollution control and, 4
concrete targets for reduction of, 44
conflict in policies for control of, 27
economic costs of regulation of, 88
global annual averages, 92
industrialization and urbanization and rise in, 25
local management of, 103
measurement of, 70
recent research on, 61, 110
tenure length linked to changes in, 114115
party secretaries, governance and role of, 35
Pearl River delta, 29, 44, 62, 66, 69
police-patrol environmental monitoring approach, 7
political environmental protection wave, 30, 58, 59, 8690
political connection and strength of, 77
tradeoffs of, 86, 90
political leaders. See local leadership
political pollution wave, 30
bureaucratic capture and, 78
political connection and strength of, 74
human costs in Mexico of, 102
Mexican electoral politics and, 98
mortality levels and, 83, 102
normative implications of, 107
rent-seeking and, 79
tradeoffs of, 8186
political regulation wave
defined, 3
forging of, 3948
future research involving, 111
high-conflict low-ambiguity policy and, 24
local regulation and, 21, 91
Mexican electoral politics and, 98
particulate matter reduction and, 7277
policy implementation patterns and, 30
sulfur dioxide regulation and, 53
political structure
environmental governance and, 33
promotion within, 39
pollution
components of, 50
economic growth and, 6, 81
levy and fine for discharge of, 7, 28, 52, 54
prefectural leaders, management of, 35
pricing and price reforms, overcapacity reduction and, 68
principal-agent framework
central-local governance and, 106
defined, 13
limits of, 16
Program of Air Quality Management (ProAire) (Mexico), 95
Programa Hoy No Circular (Mexico), 9596
promotion
binding targets linked to, 51
performance evaluation linked to, 42
importance of, 39
public goods provision
air quality as public good, 5
regime type and, 105
Mexican electoral politics linked to, 101
public participation, environmental monitoring and, 70
public policy research
audience and scholarly contributions, 1315
high-conflict low-ambiguity policy, 24
incentive-based policy prioritization, 24
Weberian policy implementation, 21
qualitative research, 1011
quantitative research, 1113
regional supervision centers, 52
regulation
as dominant mechanism, 31
economic costs of, 87
strategic planning and, 46
Weberian, 21
regulatory forbearance
costs of, 82
local politics and, 13
Mexican electoral politics and timing of, 99102
political pollution wave and, 76
pollution patterns and, 31
strategic noncompliance and, 46
regulatory stringency
binding targets and, 59
sulfur dioxide emissions and, 53
regulatory efforts versus, 59, 61
remote sensing, air pollution measurement with, 11
renewable energy, Chinese production of, 63
rent-seeking, political pollution wave and, 79
Sino-African Summit (2006), 20
social benefits and costs of Mexican political pollution wave, 102
social sciences, environmental policy and, 109
social stability
as top government priority, 4043
regulatory forbearance and, 47
socioeconomic status
economic growth in China and, 25
morbidity and mortality from air pollution and, 1
spillover effects
box model, 12, 108, 119
cross-jurisdictional pollution, 11, 118
State Council, 34, 51, 62
State of Global Air (2018), 1
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), regulatory stringency in, 54, 88
strategic planning
economic growth and regulation and, 46
of Mexican economic growth, 99
rent-seeking and, 79
subsidies
Chinese environmental governance and, 35
for natural gas, 89
for renewables, 63
new energy vehicle (NEV) deployment, 67
overcapacity and curbing of, 67
prefectural leaders’ control of, 36
sulfur dioxide emissions
conflicts in regulation of, 27
directives and measures for reduction of, 4952
in China, 50
incentives for reduction of, 5359
industrialization and urbanization and, 25
removal ratio, regulatory stringency of, 54
tenure length
political mobility and, 36
official regulations on, 36, 99
determinants of, 114
thermal power plants, emissions reduction in, 64
time horizon constraint
environmental policy and, 7
policy prioritization and, 24
total emission control (TEC), Chinese concept of, 52
Environmental Protection Law (1979), 52
Tullock, Gordon, 79
Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy, 51
ultralow emissions (ULE) standards, 64
unintended consequences, environmental policy and, 14, 87, 110
United States
economic growth linked to pollution in, 81
trade war with China, 89
withdrawal from Paris Agreement by, 46
unsustainable environmental planning, 7
urbanization
air quality monitoring and, 68
fossil fuel consumption and, 25
US Environmental Protection Agency air quality index, 43
water quality, chemical oxygen demand (COD) as a measure of, 26
Weber, Max, 21, 103
Wen Jiabao, 28
World Health Organization, 1
Xi Jinping, 109, 111
Yangtze River delta, 29, 44, 6263, 68

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  • Index
  • Shiran Victoria Shen, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Political Regulation Wave
  • Online publication: 14 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103664.011
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  • Index
  • Shiran Victoria Shen, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Political Regulation Wave
  • Online publication: 14 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103664.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Shiran Victoria Shen, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Political Regulation Wave
  • Online publication: 14 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009103664.011
Available formats
×