1 b compound: two independent clauses connected by and; the first clause is an exception to the rule that all clauses must have subjects, since the verb is in the imperative form: leave

c complex: who lived in a shoe is a dependent clause

d complex: when the pie was opened is a dependent clause

e compound

f simple

g complex: when she was bad is a dependent clause

h compound: but is a coordinating conjunction

i complex: as I was going to St Ives is a dependent clause

j simple

k compound

l complex: eating a Christmas pie is a non-finite dependent clause – for more on non-finite

clauses, see the next task.

2 a non-finite (the verb in the clause is an infinitive)

b non-finite (the verb in the clause is a present participle)

c finite

d finite

e finite

f non-finite (the verb in the clause is a present participle)

g non-finite (the verb in the clause is a past participle)

h finite

i finite

j non-finite (the verb in the clause is an infinitive)

Note that non-finite clauses often postmodify nouns: an old man clothed all in leather. They are like a reduced relative clause: an old man [who was] clothed all in leather. (See Unit 24 for more on noun postmodification.) Also, non-finite clauses often provide supplementary information about the situation in the main clause, and are separated from that clause with a comma: The maid was in the garden, hanging out the clothes. For this reason, these clauses are sometimes called supplement clauses.

3 The noun clauses and their functions are as follows:

b what’s going to happen: complement

c what the day after tomorrow is: object

d killing people: object

e what she likes; what I like: both objects

f All I did: subject; stand up to blackmail: complement

g What I’m saying: subject; we’re trying to keep this in the family: complement

h what he wants: object

i what you think: object (of know); you’re doing: object (of think)

j I steal things: object

4 a Other words that could substitute for belief include view; for clear include obvious, evident, true, inarguable, well-known, likely, probable; for believe include think, assume, suppose, argue, contend.