The experiments with warble-fly larvae, taken in conjunction with the evidence of Carpenter and Gläser, lend support to the view that they gain an entrance through the skin.

The hypothesis is advanced that the larvae select the gullet for reasons connected with their development and growth. These may be: a freer supply of oxygen, and a loose areolar tissue which offers comparatively little resistance to them.

The position of the larva under the hide is horizontal. In this position the skin movements affect it but slightly, or less than if the position were perpendicular.

H. lineatum does not terrify cattle as does H. bovis, the fly was seen ovipositing and the animals showed little uneasiness during the process.

The seasonal activity of H. lineatum is earlier than that of H. bovis.

Observations were made on oviposition which confirmed those of Riley and Gläser.

Two experiments were tried with larvae, to see if they would penetrate the hide, but no definite results were obtained.

Further proof is afforded of the terror which H. bovis inspires in cattle. It was observed that animals, exhausted by running, occasionally lay down and became more or less indifferent to the attacks of the fly. On these occasions the eggs were laid higher up on the host's body.

The following work was done chiefly on material collected during a month's stay at Millport in August 1913 whilst working at the Marine Station. I have to thank Mr Elmhirst for much help in obtaining material and also for giving me the first specimens of the larval Maritrema encysted in Ligia oceanica which he discovered in the genital ducts of that Isopod. This is specially interesting as it is the first undoubted Maritrema larva known.

While examining the strongyles of the fourth stomach of an ewe belonging to the Cambridge University Farm, which had been slaughtered for post-mortem examination, numerous male and female Ostertagia circumcincta (Strongylus cervicornis of MacFadyean) were found. A few specimens of Haemonchus contortus were also present.

In the first part of this paper fifteen species were described, eight of which were from birds. In the present part an additional fifteen are dealt with.

Habitat. This marine leech, a member of the Rhyncobdellida, or jawless leeches, is parasitic on the angler, Lophius piscatorius, and, in my experience, attaches itself to the skin of the fish on the ventrolateral surface indiscriminately; it is not found near the vent, as is usually the case with Pontobdella, which occurs frequently attached near the cloaca of the skate.

The larva of Leicester's bamboo-breeding anopheline “asiatica” as Stanton says (1912) has not, been previously described, although Leicester himself mentioned in his monograph that it was characterised by the possession of a very conspicuous black marking on the thorax shaped like a Maltese Cross; so having recently obtained a batch of seven of these creatures from a cut-bamboo at Ginting Simpah, the pass between the Native Malay States of Selangor and Pahang which is at an altitude of 1500 feet, I will attempt to fill the deficiency in our knowledge, adding as well a few notes on the biological side of the subject.

In a recent paper (Nicoll, 1914) an account was given of the Trematode parasites occurring in the fishes of the English Channel, and at the same time an attempt was made to compare the records found in that locality with those in other British areas.

The recent note by Shipley (Parasitology, vi. 351–352) on the passage of a slug, Limax marginatus Müll., through the human digestive tract prompts me to place on record a similar case which came under my notice last summer.

During an investigation, extending over several years, of the blood of numerous animals found locally, I have met with numerous parasites most of which are well known, but some, at least to me, are new.

My studies on the distribution of filariasis in the Fiji Islands demonstrated the intimate relationship between the elephantiasis rate of a district and the microfilaria rate of the inhabitants, an observation in agreement with the previous work of Low and Daniels on the same subject. In Ceylon I resolved to again investigate this subject in order to ascertain whether in this island also a similar result could be obtained.

This peculiar larval form of cestode, parasitic in man, was first discovered in a Japanese woman (Case I) on 9. vii. 1904, and described by Prof. Ijima in 1905. Subsequently it was found in an American by Dr H. Gates, of Manatee, Florida, in June, 1907, and described by Dr Charles Stiles, who had received Gates' specimens for identification on 25. v. 1908. In the same year in which Gates' case was recorded, we observed a second case (Case II) in Japan. In this case an enormous number of worms were present and they were generally larger than those from the former Japanese and American cases. Recently a patient suffering from the same form of cestode larva (Case III) was found in the Dermatological Institute of the Imperial University of Kyoto.

On examining fresh specimens of white rats' blood containing numerous trypanosomes of a strain (T. brucei group), for which I am indebted to Dr J. W. Scott Macfie and with which I was experimenting at the Medical Research Institute at Yaba, Nigeria, I was struck by the energetic way in which the parasites attacked the red blood corpuscles. They sometimes adhered to the corpuscles for a long time, moving them about in different ways, and sometimes appeared to pierce their membrane, now in one place, now in another, penetrating more or less deeply into their substance. A careful search of a number of stained films revealed in some the presence of very interesting appearances which seem to establish the important fact that these trypanosomes are capable of ingesting and digesting erythrocytes. The accompanying figures, which are all from one and the same specimen taken six days after intraperitoneal infection, show that the parasite encircles the erythrocyte, which gradually becomes enclosed in its protoplasm, probably in a sort of vacuole which develops between the two nuclei. The erythrocyte becomes more or less disintegrated and gradually reduced in size; its characteristic staining remains for a long time recognizable, but the final result is a vacuole with homogeneous, almost unstained contents, between trophonucleus and kinetonucleus.

For the purpose of present study, Ceylon may be regarded as presenting two definite climatic zones—the hot low plains and the damp cool tea-bearing area of the central provinces, a district lying between the isothermal lines of 70–75° F. (vide map 1); these two zones are probably the main factors in influencing the distribution of malaria in the island.

The following brief notes on the above subject are the outcome of the writer's experience in the use of Trypanblue in cases of piroplasmosis in animals. The inoculations were undertaken under strictly practical conditions in up country districts, and whilst no new discoveries are claimed, it was thought that this short description of the purely utilitarian employment of the drug might prove of interest.

The class Insecta has existed from early Palaeozoic times, developing through the course of the ages into a numerical aggregate of species unknown and unparalleled in any other group of the animal kingdom. At the present day, there is every reason to believe that insect life is more abundant and luxurious than during any pre-existing epoch. With their remarkable adaptations to almost every conceivable environment, their still lengthier persistence on our planet is a matter of the greatest probability. Dr Holland has predicted in a word-picture how the class is destined to be the last to survive when all other forms of animal life have died out. He writes: “When the moon shall have faded from the sky and the sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry red, and the seas shall be frozen over and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the equator from either pole, and no keel shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in the mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the last verge of extinction on this globe, then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this, our earth,—a melancholy ‘bug’."

The results of the above described experiments suggest that Abderhalden's reaction may be of use in the study of protozoal diseases.

In the case of East Coast Fever it is seen that in early stages of the disease only the lymphatic and suprarenal glands seem to be affected, whilst in later stages destruction of tissue takes place in practically all the organs, and this corresponds with the results of microscopical examinations of the various tissues.

Various experiments were performed with dogs infected with Babesia canis, but in most cases, owing to the presence of haemoglobin in the serum, the controls gave positive results as well as the organs + serum. The blood of a dog taken at the commencement of the infection was found to contain substances having a destroying action on liver tissue, but not on the other organs employed, whilst in later stages of the disease practically all the organs were affected.

Fleas are insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis in the course of their development from egg to adult. The eggs laid by the mother are not, as are the eggs of lice, attached in any way to the skin, fur or feathers of the animal on which the parents are parasitic. They fall into the nest, or drop to the ground within the lair or “ run ” of the host. Hatching takes from three to ten days according to the temperature. The larvae are active, whitish maggots, eyeless and legless, which are not parasitic, but feed on organic matter in the host's bed, or in the dust that collects on the ground in its proximity.

The present paper comprises descriptions of five new species of Mallophaga, included in five new genera.

One of these genera, Heteroproctus, has served to connect up three existing genera, Ornithobius, Akidoproctus, and Bothriometopus, the four forming a compact group for which I have established a new family, Akidoproctidae.