A new deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique is described, called half-width at variable intensity analysis. This method utilizes the width and normalized intensity of a DLTS signal to determine the activation energy and capture cross section of the trap that generated the signal via a variable, kO. This constant relates the carrier emission rates giving rise to the differential capacitance signal associated with a given trap at two different temperatures: the temperature at which the maximum differential capacitance is detected, and an arbitrary temperature at which some nonzero differential capacitance signal is detected. The extracted activation energy of the detected trap center is used along with the position of the peak maximum to extract the capture cross section of the trap center.

Antimicrobial textiles received considerable attention due to public health and personal hygiene concerns. On the other hand, pathogenic microorganisms gain immunity against existing antibacterial products. For these reasons, new and stronger antibacterial agents need to be developed immediately. In this work, silver nanowires (Ag NWs) were decorated onto conventional fabrics via facile and scalable dip and dry method. Antimicrobial activity of the nanowire-decorated fabrics was investigated against a Gram-positive coccus (Staphylococcus aureus), a Gram-negative bacillus (Escherichia coli), a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacillus (Bacillus cereus), and a yeast-like fungus (Candida albicans) via disk diffusion and time–dependent killing methods. The effect of Ag NW content was investigated, and the decorated fabrics showed promising antibacterial activity even with a small amount of Ag NW decoration (0.095 mg/cm2). Moreover, decorated fabrics maintained their activity for 24 h. This work shows that Ag NW-modified fabrics can be used as antimicrobial textiles against a wide spectrum of bacteria.

In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD), as a novel strategy, has been applied to deposit MgO on nano-sized porous Si (pSi) dendrites obtained by etching Al–Si alloy for LIBs. The reversible specific capacity of pSi@MgO electrode is 969.4 mA h/g after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g between 0.01 and 1.5 V, and it presents the discharge specific capacities of 1253.0, 885.5, 642.4, 366.2, and 101.4 mA h/g at 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mA/g, respectively. What is more, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 765.1 mA h/g even at 500 mA/g after 200 cycles. The performance improvement can be attributed to the protection of the MgO layer and built-in space of porous Si for volume expansion upon cycling. These results illustrate that ALD derived coating is a powerful strategy to enhance electrical properties of anode materials with huge volume change for lithium-ion batteries.

The effect of severe warm rolling on microstructure and texture homogeneities was investigated in a lamellar (L12 + B2) AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA). The EHEA 90% warm-rolled at 400 °C showed disordering of the L12 phase and a remarkable increase in hardness. A much finer microstructure was observed on ND-RD (Normal Direction-Rolling Direction) plane as compared with that on the RD-TD (Rolling Direction-Transverse Direction) plane. The L12/Face Centered Cubic (FCC) phase developed α-fiber texture ND//〈110〉 with a particularly strong brass ({110}〈112〉) component, while the B2 phase developed the usual RD (//〈110〉) and ND (//〈111〉) fibers. Nevertheless, inhomogeneities in texture were noticed. Upon annealing at 800 °C, the ND-RD showed an ultrafine microduplex structure, while the RD-TD showed a retained lamellar structure. A rather uniform microduplex structure evolved after annealing at 1200 °C due to the accelerated kinetics of transformation at higher temperatures. The L12/FCC phase showed the retention of the α-fiber components, while the B2 phase showed stronger ND-fiber after annealing, although inhomogeneities in texture existed.

Sol–gel spin coating is applied to fabricate the pure and different concentrations of aluminum (Al)-doped ZnO films on high-quality silicon substrates. All films are showing high crystallinity in X-ray diffraction study, and lattice constants were obtained using PowderX software. The value of crystallite size was found in range of 20–40 nm. EDX/SEM mapping was performed for 2 wt% Al-doped ZnO film, which shows the presence of Al and its homogeneous distribution in the film. SEM investigation shows nanorods morphology all over the surface of films, and the dimension of nanorods is found to increase with Al doping. The E(g)dire. values were estimate in range of 3.25–3.29 eV for all films. Linear refractive index was found in range of 1.5–2.75. The χ1 value is found in range of 0.13–1.4 for all films. The χ3 values are found in range of 0.0053 × 10−10 to 6.24 × 10−10 esu for pure and doped films. The n2 values were also estimated. These studies clearly showed that the properties of ZnO have been enriched by Al doping, and hence doped films are more appropriate for optoelectronic applications.

Scaffolds based on two different geometries were constructed by additive manufacturing: one based on a triply periodic minimal surface, the Schwarz D surface, and the other based on a rectangular geometry with orthogonal through-holes. For construction of the scaffolds, two different materials were used: polylactic acid (PLA) in filament form and alumina in printable paste form. The structure of the resulting scaffolds was characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and cell proliferation was assessed for each geometry and material, using fluorescence microscopy and DNA quantification via NanoDrop. Additive manufacturing allowed us to obtain scaffolds with the assessed materials while guaranteeing the interconnectivity of the pores in each one. The curved surfaces constructed with PLA were more favorable for cell attachment and proliferation of the CHO-K1 cell line.

Heteroatom-doped carbon plays a vital role in the field of energy storage and conversion, and the synthesis of them has intimate relation with doping pathways. In this work, a facile two-step doping pathway, i.e., hydrothermal method followed by thermal annealing process, was employed to prepare annealed three-dimensional N,S-codoped graphene framework (3D A-NSG). The morphology, structure, composition, and related electrochemical performance were all studied. The results showed that A-NSG possessed typical 3D thin nanosheets, much increased specific surface area and structural defects, strengthened conductivity, and optimized N and S configurations (especially for dominated pyridinic N as well as graphitic N and –C–S–C–). As a result, A-NSG presented much better capacitance and oxygen reduction reaction performance than the counterparts. Apparently, our work offers a good guidance on the synthesis of advanced heteroatom-doped carbon materials by adjusting the doping strategy.

Herein, we present the fabrication and characterization of Gd:PbI2 thin films from low-cost material using a cost-effective spin-coating technique by taking the Gd content as 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt% in PbI2. Single-phase and good crystallinity films oriented along the c-axis were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Size of crystallites increased with Gd concentration and was estimated to be in the range of 16–32 nm. Determination of morphology and size of grains (50–103 nm), and elemental confirmation were carried out by SEM/EDX analysis. Optical transparency of fabricated films was found to be in the range of 72–92%. The energy gap is reduced from 2.31 to 2.05 eV; this makes Gd:PbI2 films highly applicable in solar cells. The stable value of refractive index is estimated to be in the range of 1.85–2.3. Dielectric constant was observed to be reduced with doping and in the range of 2.5–35, and ac conductivity was also reduced by doping; however, both were enhanced with frequency. The values of χ(1), χ(3), and n(2) are found to be in the range of 0.15 to 2.5, 8 × 10−14 to 6.5 × 10−9, and 5 × 10−12 to 4 × 10−8, respectively.

In this work, flavonoids in Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. were extracted by ultrasound-assisted methodology and determined by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. After that, extraction conditions were optimized by the single fact investigation, the central composite design, and response surface methodology (RSM) in turn. The results showed the optimal values of ethanol concentration, solid–liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and number of extraction times were 60%, 1:20 (g/mL), 45 °C, 34 min; 80 W, and 5, respectively. The extraction ratio of flavonoids could be as high as 94.50%. The influence order of each factor was ultrasonic power > extraction time > extraction temperature > ethanol concentration. The results also showed that the experimental value was close to the predicted value (94.49%) of the established model by RSM, which proved that the established model was reasonable. The thermodynamic results showed that the extraction process was endothermic and could proceed spontaneously.

The interaction between water and oxide surfaces plays an important role in many technological applications and environmental processes. However, gaining fundamental understanding of processes at oxide–water interfaces is challenging because of the complexity of the systems. To this end, results of experimental and computational studies utilizing well-defined oxide surfaces help to gain molecular-scale insights into the properties and reactivity of water on oxide surfaces. This is a necessary basis for the understanding of oxide surface chemistry in more complex environments. This review highlights recent advances in the fundamental understanding of oxide–water interaction using surface science experiments. In particular, we will discuss the results on crystalline and well-defined supported thin film oxide samples of the alkaline earth oxides (MgO and CaO), silica (SiO2), and magnetite (Fe3O4). Several aspects of water–oxide interactions such as adsorption modes (molecular versus dissociative), formation of long-range ordered structures, and dissolution processes will be discussed.

Mechanical fracture of electrodes will occur during lithiation caused by large volume changes, which leads to the capacity loss of the lithium-ion battery. Herein, we present a new analytical model to investigate the effect of creep deformation on stress relaxation and fracture of the lithiated tin (Sn) electrode under the galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation. Interestingly, it is found that the presence of creep can improve fracture resistance and toughness of the Sn electrode. In addition, the surface effect has the capacity to weaken the creep deformation effectively. And the different size of the Sn electrode shows different effects for creep deformation. This conclusion explains the difference in charging conditions, and the mechanism of stress change inside the electrode is also different. Deeply, the base on our model, the stress strength factor, and critical size of the electrode have been evaluated under galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation with creep deformation effects. Finally, the safety area during lithiation is established to determine the critical size of the Sn electrode. And the presence of creep deformation may significantly increase critical dimensions of the electrode. These results will provide a valuable basis to design the durable electrodes.

Polylactic acid (PLA) filament 3D parts printed by fused deposition modeling (FDM) have poor mechanical properties because of weak fusion interfaces. This article shows that SiC-coated PLA filaments are effective means to increase mechanical performance of PLA composites that are microwave heated. Numerical calculations on temperature-rising characteristics and temperature distribution of the interface in the microwave field are shown. 3D-printed specimens of PLA/SiC composites were printed by FDM and heated in a microwave. The experiments show the SiC/PLA composite filaments have better temperature-rising characteristics and temperature distribution at 185 °C for 60 s in the microwave field, and this enabled the 3D-printed specimens to achieve in situ remelting on the interface and increased interface bonding between PLA filaments. The SiC/PLA composite specimens heated using microwave increased by 51% in tensile strength, 42% in tensile modulus, and 18.7% in interlayer breaking stress relative to PLA. These results provided a new approach for the improvement of FDM workpiece strength.

G-protein-coupled receptor 142 (GPR142) belongs to rhodopsin family. GPR142 and GPR119, both Gq-coupled receptors, are expressed in pancreatic β cells of pancreas; their activation eventually leads to triggering of insulin secretion. In this paper, through a systems and synthetic biology approach, the effect of a common hit compound has been investigated in GPR142 and GPR119 pathways. This hit that has the potential to be developed as a lead for nanodrug was obtained through high-throughput virtual screening. The hit compound was further docked with nanoparticles (GOLD, SPION, and CeO2). The probable effect of this potential hit on insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes and its dynamic behavior was explored. Kinetic simulation was performed for cross-validation of its role in both the pathways. This study opens up a probable avenue in therapy of type 2 diabetes through regulation of GPR142 and GPR119 receptors. The biological circuit constructed may further have an application as a modulator to control the up- and downregulation of the biochemical pathway and can be implemented as sensors or nanochips for therapy.

High-purity niobium single crystals of five different orientations were compressed at 77 K to 2–4% plastic strain to investigate the mechanisms operative in the initial stage of yielding. The crystals deformed in the direction close to the [001] axis exhibit predominant slip on the high-stressed (101) and a much lower stressed $\left( {0\bar{1}1} \right)$ plane. The expected slip on the $\left( {\bar{1}01} \right)$ plane is nearly homogeneously distributed with only a few sharp slip traces corresponding to localized slip. The samples compressed along center-triangle orientations and those close to the $\left[ {011} \right] - \left[ {\bar{1}11} \right]$ edge deform predominantly by twinning on {112}〈111〉 systems with some contribution from slip on the $\left( {\bar{1}01} \right)\left[ {\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}} \right]$ system with the highest Schmid factor. A majority of twins exhibit internal contrast due to alternating slip on $\left( {\bar{1}01} \right)$ and $\left( {0\bar{1}1} \right)$ planes. No slip traces are observed in the matrix adjacent to the twin, which implies that twin boundaries are impenetrable obstacles for the motion of dislocations.

To suppress the interface gap between the cell walls of wood and filled epoxy resin, a green and universal H2O2 or H2O2/HAc steam-modified delignification approach is developed to remove more lignin, thereby generating more pores to be more conveniently backfilled by epoxy resin for highly transparent wood composites. Utilizing the excellent penetration ability of steam, not only different wood species, such as basswood and pine, with different cutting directions but also the thickest (40 mm) and largest (210 × 190 mm) wood samples can be successfully delignified. Compared with the 1.9% lignin content (which is the normal content of delignified wood prepared by solution-based methods) of delignified wood, the as-prepared delignified wood has the lowest lignin content of 0.84% to date. After the infiltration of epoxy resin, not only did the mechanical strength of the 5-mm transparent wood composite increase from 12.5 to 20.6 MPa, but the transmittance (the wavelength was 550 nm) also increased from 80 to 87% due to the lower absorbance of visible light by lignin and the suppression of the interface debonding gap between the cell walls and the backfilled epoxy resin.

Residual stress is generally evaluated using indentation by comparing the indentation curves of stressed and stress-free states. Here, we suggest a new method that can evaluate surface residual stress without indentation testing on stress-free specimen using stress-independent indentation parameters and an analysis of indentation contact morphology for the stress-free state. We found that several indentation parameters are independent of the stress by Vickers indentation testing on various stress states. The indentation contact morphology can be represented by indentation parameters including stress-independent ones, and by applying the stress-independent parameters obtained from the stressed state to the indentation contact depth function, we can estimate an indentation curve for stress-free state. The estimated curve matches well with the experimental stress-free indentation curve, and it was also confirmed that the applied stress values evaluated by comparing the estimated curve with the stressed indentation curve agree well with the reference values obtained from strain gauge.

Fatigue performance of metallic nanolayered composites (NLCs) has been gaining more and more attention due to the rapid development in the field of both micro-electro-mechanical systems and high-performance engineering structure materials and the increasing demand for long-term fatigue reliability. Metallic NLCs have exhibited different damage behaviors due to the effect of high-density heterogeneous interface compared with bulk materials and thin metal films. In this review paper, the cyclic deformation damage behavior, fatigue cracking feature, and fatigue properties of some metallic NLCs are reviewed. Effects of length scales, including layer thickness and grain size, on fatigue damage behaviors of the NLCs are revealed, and the transition of the fatigue cracking behavior and the corresponding damage mechanism are discussed. Then, the fatigue properties of some typical metallic NLCs are presented and compared with that of bulk materials and metal thin films. The effect of interface type and grain boundary alignment is also discussed to correlate with fatigue cracking resistance of the NLCs. Finally, some prospective research topics on fatigue performance of metallic NLCs are addressed.

Severe phase coarsening and separation in Sn–Bi alloys have brought increasing reliability concern in microelectronic packages. In this study, a phase field model is developed to simulate the microstructural evolution and evaluate the change in macroscopic physical properties of the flip chip Cu/Sn58Bi/Cu joint under the conditions of isothermal aging, as well as the coupled loads of elastic stress and electric current stressing. Results show that large-sized Bi-rich phase particles grow up at the expense of small-sized ones. Under the coupled loads, Bi atoms migrate along the electron flow direction, consequently Bi-rich phase segregates to form a Bi-rich phase layer at the anode. The current crowding ratio in the solder decreases rapidly first and then fluctuates slightly with time. Current density and von Mises stress exhibit inhomogeneous distribution, and both of them are higher in the Sn-rich phase than in the Bi-rich phase. Electric current transfers through the Sn-rich phase and detours the Bi-rich phase. As time proceeds, the resistance of the solder joint increases, and the average von Mises stress of the solder joint decreases. The Bi-rich phase coarsens much faster under the coupled loads than under the conditions of isothermal aging.

Conventional methods for determination of trace drug residues are either time consuming or labor intensive or require large specialized instruments, which hamper their practical applications in field analysis. Here, we present a rapid and quantitative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection method coupled with a portable Raman spectrometer for determination of trace drug residues on fish surface. Graphene oxide (GO) decorated popcorn-like Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on Cu plate (GO/AgNPs/Cu) were fabricated by a facile approach and directly employed as a robust SERS detection substrate. For practical SERS detections, trace-level residues of crystal violet (10−8 M, 4.1 ng/g) and malachite green (10−8 M, 3.6 ng/g) could be readily detected by simply swabbing the contaminated fish scale surface with the SERS substrate. Importantly, SERS detection was quantitatively realized in the broad linear concentrations. Compared with lab-based Raman spectrometer with large footprints, our method has potential applications in practical rapid, accurate, and on-site SERS determination.

The grain boundary network of nanocrystalline Cu foils was modified by the application of cyclic loadings and elevated temperatures. Broadly, the changes to the boundary network were directly correlated with the applied temperature and accumulated strain, including a 300% increase in the twin length fraction. By independently varying each treatment variable, a matrix of grain boundary statistics was built to check the plausibility of hypothesized mechanisms against their expected temperature and stress/strain dependences. These comparisons allow the field of candidate mechanisms to be significantly narrowed. Most importantly, the effects of temperature and strain on twin length fraction were found to be strongly synergistic, with the combined effect being ∼150% that of the summed individual contributions. Looking beyond scalar metrics, an analysis of the grain boundary network showed that twin related domain formation favored larger sizes and repeated twin variant selection over the creation of many small domains with diverse variants.