War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Treaties and customary law — Whether principal international agreements reflecting customary international law — Hague Convention No IV, 1907 — Geneva Conventions, 1949 — Additional Protocol No I, 1977 — Conventional Weapons Convention and Protocols — Civilians — Protection — Occupied territory — Bombardment — Attacks on targets indispensable for the survival of the civilian population — Rape — Looting and destruction of property

International tribunals — Evidence — Standard of proof — Serious allegations — Requirement that allegations be established by clear and convincing evidence — Remedies — Damages — Declaratory relief — Whether declaratory relief sufficient remedy in the case of unlawful but unsuccessful attack

Treaties — Relationship with customary international law — Whether treaty provisions have become declaratory of international law

War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Treaties and customary law — Whether principal international agreements reflecting customary international law — Hague Convention No IV, 1907 — Geneva Conventions, 1949 — Additional Protocol No I, 1977 — Conventional Weapons Convention and Protocols — Civilians — Protection — Allegations of massacres — Bombardment — Attacks on targets indispensable for the survival of the civilian population — Rape — Looting and destruction of property

International tribunals — Evidence — Standard of proof — Serious allegations — Requirement that allegations be established by clear and convincing evidence — Remedies — Damages — Declaratory relief

Treaties — Relationship with customary international law — Whether treaty provisions have become declaratory of international law

War and armed conflict — Property — Authority of belligerent to take property of enemy nationals — Limits imposed by international law — Requirement that property not be despoiled — Duty to return or compensate at end of conflict — Relationship between law of armed conflict and general international law of expropriation

Expropriation — Application of law on expropriation in time of armed conflict — Relationship to law of armed conflict on the taking of property of enemy nationals

Claims — Nationality of claims — Dual nationality — Individual possessing nationality of claimant State and third State — Whether necessary to show that nationality of claimant State is the dominant and effective nationality — Claims on behalf of non-national — Eritrea–Ethiopia claims process — Lex specialis

Claims — International claims — States agreeing to establish commission to hear claims brought by one State against another on behalf of individuals — Nature of process — Whether an adequate alternative forum to national court — Control of claims by the State

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Claims — Relationship between national and international proceedings — Whether international tribunal an adequate alternative forum to claims in a municipal court — Doctrine of forum non conveniens — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdiction — State immune unless exception to immunity applicable — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Expropriation exception — Scope — Intangible property — Distinction between expropriation and repudiation of contractual rights — The law of the United States