The expandabilities of kaolin-group minerals in different horizons in 10 soils from New Zealand and Fiji were measured immediately after the application of formamide and after the sequential application of hydrazine, water, and glycerol (HWG treatment). The expandabilities of these minerals in some of the soil samples with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and after long-term (4-day) formamide treatments were also measured. The abundance of characteristic halloysite shapes was determined from electron micrographs of selected samples. The expandabilities of several non-soil kaolinite samples with the DMSO and HWG treatments were also measured.

The expansion of kaolin-group minerals showed the same trends within almost all profiles, whether determined using formamide (by the immediate-formamide treatment) or glycerol (by the HWG treatment). Except where both treatments led to complete intercalation, the HWG treatment always caused more expansion of kaolin-group minerals than obtained immediately after formamide application. The HWG treatment expanded some non-soil kaolinite samples, but well-crystallized kaolinite was not affected by this treatment. The DMSO treatment expanded kaolin-group minerals in the soils to a similar extent as the HWG treatment and also expanded well-crystallized kaolinite. The degree of expansion resulting from the immediate-formamide treatment matched abundance of typical halloysite particle shapes more closely than the degree of expansion given by the other intercalation treatments. The degree of expansion immediately following formamide application could be diminished, if the samples were heated at 40 ± 5°C.

Intercalation of sodium and potassium salts of lauric, myristic, palmitic, elaidic, oleic, 12-hydroxystearic, and a blend of C8–C10 acids in kaolinite has been followed by X-ray powder diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal studies. The 7-Å ‘c’ axis spacing in kaolinite expands to 11 Å as a result of intercalation; this expansion is independent of the alkyl chain length of the fatty acid. The orientation of the organic molecules in the kaolinite interlayer is nearly flat, and 1H NMR indicates an enhanced ordering in the potassium laurate intercalate. The reversal or equalization of the relative intensities of hydroxyl bands at 3696 and 3619 cm-1 of kaolinite are related to the phenomenon of intercalation. The decomposition temperature of these salts decreases when they are intercalated in kaolinite.

Samples of Na-saturated, Upton montmorillonite were prepared with different contents of water (H2O or D2O) by: (1) adsorption of water from the vapor phase at a specific value of p/p°, the relative humidity, (2) adsorption of water from the vapor phase at p/p° = 1.0 followed by desorption of the water into the vapor phase at a specific p/p° < 1.0, and (3) adsorption of water from the liquid phase followed by desorption of the water into the vapor phase at a specific p/p° < 1.0. Water adsorbed initially from the vapor phase was called V-adsorbed water, and water adsorbed initially from the liquid phase was called L-adsorbed water. The water contents of these samples were determined by gravimetric analysis, the c-axis spacings by X-ray powder diffraction, the O-D stretching frequencies by IR spectroscopy, and the heats of immersion by differential microcalorimetry. No difference was found between V-adsorbed and L-adsorbed water; however, if the final water content was established by adsorption, the system was in a different state than if the final water content was established by desorption. In particular, hysteresis was observed in the following properties: the relative humidity of the adsorbed water, the O-D stretching frequency in this water, and the degree of order in the stacking of the clay layers. The only property that did not exhibit hysteresis was the heat of immersion. Apparently, hysteresis occurred because the orderliness of the system was not reversible, and, thus, any property that depended on orderliness was hysteretic.

Three montmorillonite samples, from Wyoming (particle size <0.2 µm, 4.6 wt. % Fe2O3), Greece (<14 µm, 6.5 wt. % Fe2O3), and Poland (0.5 wt. % Fe2O3, two fractions <2 µm and 2–10 µm) were intercalated with hydroxy-Al species. The amount of hydroxy-Al cations exchanged by the clays depended on the particle size: it decreased from 31 wt. % Al2O3 for 0.2 µm in size to 22.6 wt. % for >2 µm. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that most of the material was not intercalated after refluxing at 80°C for 2 hr; several redispersions of the pillared clay in hot water were required to obtain a single sharp XRD line at 18.6 Å. The diffusion of the Al cations therefore limited the cation-exchange process. The addition of NH4+ to the pillaring solution decreased the amount of Al fixed by the clay from 31 (no NH4+ to 26 wt. % (NH4+/Al = 10), but increased slightly the microporous volume of the resulting pillared material from 0.13 to 0.14 ml/g. The competition between NH4+ and Al-hydroxy cations for ion-exchange sites forced the Al species into the interlayer space and increased the homogeneity of the resulting pillared material. The influence of particle size on the amount of Al exchanged was then reduced. After calcination in air at 700°C the pillared Wyoming clay retained a microporous volume of 0.09 ml/g if no NH4+ was added, compared with 0.11 ml/g for a NH4+/Al ratio of 10. The Fe content of the clay affected the thermal stability of pillared clays at 800°C: for two samples prepared by competitive ion exchange (NH4+/Al = 10) the microporous volume increased from 0.06 ml/g for 6.4 wt. % Fe2O3 to 0.08 ml/g for 0.5 wt. % Fe2O3. The acidity of the pillared clay was determined by calorimetric adsorption of ammonia at 150°C, on samples calcined at 500°C. Pillared montmorillonite prepared using noncompetitive intercalation showed a weak acid strength: most sites adsorbed ammonia with an enthalpy of 65 kJ/mole. The intercalation of the same original clay using competitive ion exchange yielded a solid that possessed both weak (heat = 60 kJ/mole) and strong (120 kJ/mole) acid sties. Competitive ion exchange appears to be a simple means of preparation of large quantities of pillared clays of reasonable thermal stability and higher acidity than those obtained by conventional methods.

Effects of clay content on saturated hydraulic conductivities (k) of two coarse textured soils, Vista (mixed thermic Typic Xerochrepts) and Hanford (mixed nonacid Typic Xerorthents), and a medium textured soil, Wyo (thermic Mollic Haploxeralfs) series, were investigated. The clay and combined sand + silt fraction extracted from each of the soils were mixed with the respective soils to yield mixtures ranging from 0% clay to clay levels exceeding those in the natural soils. Rates of water movement through prepared columns of the mixtures were compared to rates through unfractionated soils.

Hydraulic conductivities for unfractionated soil and prepared mixtures were high for the Vista (maximum k = 100) compared with the Hanford (maximum k = 30) and Wyo (maximum k = 20) samples. These conductivities suggest that the relatively even distribution of particles among fractions of sand, silt, and clay gave rise to a greater proportion of larger conducting pores in the Vista sample, whereas the preponderance of particles in the fine sand and very fine sand and coarse silt fractions of the Hanford soil and in the medium silt or fine silt and clay fractions of the Wyo soil limited the proportions of larger conducting pores. Marked differences in k were measured for mixed-fraction systems for all soils. The largest k values for the Hanford soil were from systems containing proportions of the different size fractions similar to that of the natural soil. The highest k values for the Vista soil were from systems containing a clay content slightly less than or greater than that of the natural soil. Additions of clay to Wyo soil increased k values.

A montmorillonite exchanged with large hydroxy-Al cations was thermally treated to convert the hydroxy cations to oxide pillars and to generate permanent microporosity in the interlayers. The pillared clay products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and water-sorption measurements to delineate the effect of aging of the pillaring solutions, the methods of drying and concentration of clay-water suspensions, and the temperatures of calcination on micropore volumes. Although samples prepared at different conditions gave d(001) reflections of 17–17.5 Å, at least to 500°C, the concentrations of clay-water suspensions and the temperatures of calcination significantly changed the pore-size distribution and the volume of micropores present in the sample, as calculated from the water-sorption isotherms. A narrow pore-size distribution having little or no macroporosity or external surface condensation was observed in samples prepared by the addition of the pillaring solution directly to the clay (solid) without first making a clay-water suspension and calcining the sample at ≥400°C. About 87% of the total volume was found to be micropores of ≤14–17 Å in the sample calcined at 600°C. Aging the pillaring solution, however, did not influence either the water-sorption isotherms or the XRD patterns significantly under the conditions specified. Essentially the same results were obtained for samples prepared from both hydroxy-Al polymer (OH/Al = 2) and aluminum chlorohydrol (ACH) solutions.

Although alumina-pillared clays exhibited an extreme type-I isotherm (Langmuir type) for nitrogen adsorption, the sorption of water vapor gave an isotherm of unusual shape that fit neither a BET nor a Langmuir equation. This latter behavior has previously been attributed to a unique pore size and hydrophobicity and is apparently common to all pillared montmorillonite materials. The hydrophobicity of the pillared clay apparently developed on calcination by the migration of protons from the interlayers to the octahedral sheets, in which sites of cationic substitution (negative charge) were located. Protons migrated back to the interlayers by treatment with NH3, which subsequently converted to NH4+ in the interlayers. The exchange of the NH4+ by Ca2+ introduced hydrophilicity to the alumina-pillared clay, which was reflected both in the shape of the water isotherm (close to moderate Brunauer type I), the heat of sorption, and the total sorption capacity.

Water-infiltration characteristics of soil can be improved by preventing clay dispersion. The present study determined the adsorption properties of hydroxy-Al polycations (Al-p) and their relation to the destabilization of clay suspensions. Al-p was synthesized and fractionated into nominal molecular weights between 104 and 5 × 104. The reactions of Al-p with Na-illite and Na-montmorillonite indicated a very strong affinity of Al-p to the clay surfaces. The maximum adsorptions of Al-p by Na-illite and Na-montmorillonite were found to be 0.37 and 1.7 mmole Al/g, and very close to the cation-exchange capacity of the two clays, suggesting that the adsorption was chiefly controlled by the mechanism of charge screening. Adsorption of Al-p increased the points of zero charge (PZCs) and the apparent points of zero salt effect (PZSEs) of illite and montmorillonite. PZSEs for both clays were 4.7 at their maximum Al-p adsorption, and PZCs ranged from 5.3 to 6.4, depending on solution ionic strength and the individual clay minerals. The differences in PZCs were probably due to outer-sphere complex formation between Al-p-treated illite and montmorillonite and the swamping electrolyte. Critical flocculation concentrations (CFCs) of Al-p for Na-illite and Na-montmorillonite were at 0.28 and 1.0 mmole Al/g, whereas zero electrophoretic mobilities were at about 0.36 and 1.67 mmole Al/g Al-p additions. Excessive addition of Al-p reversed this surface charge of clay colloids and restabilized the illite but not montmorillonite suspensions. This difference was probably due to the stronger and more extensive interparticle bridging of montmorillonite particles by Al-p than those of illite. The CFCs for the two clays were also found to be dependent on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH, and ionic strength. Increases in SAR and pH significantly increased the CFC, whereas an increase in ionic strength decreased the CFC.

Point defect centers in hydrothermal kaolinite have been investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Kaolinite was sampled in petrographically well-defined materials coming from uranium-rich hydrothermally altered volcanic tuffs (Nopal I uranium deposit, Chihuahua, Mexico), which show extensive kaolinization and an intense redistribution of uranium. Several kaolinite parageneses were defined according to their origin (fissure fillings and feldspar pseudomorphs); their location relative to the U6+ mineralization at the scale of the deposit (mineralized breccia pipe vs. barren surrounding rhyolitic tuffs), and at the scale of mineral assemblages; and their crystal chemistry.

Two types of centers of axial symmetry were identified (A- and A′-centers) and represent positive holes trapped on apical oxygens (Si-O−-centers). A-centers were stable to 400°C, whereas A′-centers annealed at 350°C. A relation between defect-center concentration and U content demonstrates that natural irradiation was responsible for these centers. On the other hand, defect-center concentration was not directly linked to the origin (fissural or feldspar pseudomorph) or the crystal chemistry (structural order and substitutional Fe3+ content) of the kaolinite. According to petrographic data, and with respect to the relative thermal stability of A- and A′-centers, two successive irradiations of kaolinite were evidenced: (1) originally during crystallization of kaolinite from radioactive hydrothermal solutions, and (2) permanently when kaolinite was in contact with secondary U-silicates, which led to the formation of A′-centers.

Because of the short half-life of U, these two radiation-induced centers were created by short-lived elements of the U-decay series. As a consequence, variations of defect-center concentration possibly reflect variations in radioactive disequilibrium during the history of the alteration system. This provides a unique tool for tracing the dynamics of the transfer of radionuclides in the geosphere: kaolinite may be used as a sensitive in situ dosimeter, which may be useful in the fields of weathering petrology and nuclear waste management.

Mineralogical (XRD), morphological (transmission electron microscopy), chemical (major, rare-earth elements, and scanning-transmission electron microscopy), and isotope (Sr, O, H) measurements were made of marine detrital smectite from shales to study their reactions during early diagenesis. Albian, Aptian, and Palaeogene smectite samples were selected from Deep Sea Drilling Project drill cores taken in the Atlantic Ocean and from outcrops and drill cores from Belgium and northern France. Detrital, fake-like smectite particles seem to have adapted to their depositional environment by isochemical dissolution and subsequent crystallization of authigenic, lath-like particles. The major-element and rare-earth element compositions of both types of particles are similar. The Sr isotope chemistry suggests that the dissolution-crystallization process occurred soon after deposition in an almost closed chemical system. Except for slight changes in the amount of Fe and the oxygen isotope composition, the reaction took place without noticeable chemical exchange with the interstitial or marine environment. Such closed-system recrystallization of clay minerals may be a common diagenetic process if the water/rock ratio is small, as in shales.

Samples of underclays corresponding to nine different coal beds of the María Luisa coal seam in the Aller valley (Asturias, Spain) were collected to determine whether their mineralogy and geochemistry could be used for correlation. The underclays are dominated by illite, with an average abundance of 46%, and contain smaller amounts of chlorite, kaolinite (chlorite always more abundant), paragonite, pyrophyllite, mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S), and mixed-layer muscovite/paragonite. This mineralogical association along with the illite “crystallinity” values (mean values of “crystallinity” in air-dried and ethylene glycol-solvated illite are 0.48° and 0.35°2θ, respectively) suggest that the samples have undergone very low-grade metamorphism. No consistent variation in the mineral components with increasing depth below the coal was noted. The presence of chlorite and K-feldspar precludes the development of the underclays by extensive leaching by acid swamp waters and thereby suggests that their mineral composition was determined largely by provenance.

Thirty-seven mineralogical and geochemical variables were treated by stepwise discriminant analysis. The variables that best served as discriminators between the underclays were: illite + I/S contents of both the whole rock and clay fraction, illite “crystallinity” of the clay fraction in both air-dried and glycolated patterns, pH of the samples, and the elements (in order of atomic number) Na, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba. The Molino underclay is clearly distinct from the other eight underclays, suggesting its potential use in regional correlation.

The effects of humic acid (HA) on the crystallization of precipitation products of Al under mildly acidic to alkaline conditions were investigated. The extent of Al precipitation substantially decreased with increasing HA concentration (0 to 75 µg/ml) in the pH range 6 to 10 during the 80-day aging period. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data show that, at pH 6.0, the amount of pseudoboehmite formed in the systems decreased with the increasing concentration of HA present. The proportion of Al hydroxide polymorphs (gibbsite and bayerite) was greatly influenced by the amounts of HA present in the systems. At pH 6.0 and HA concentration of 37.5 µg/ml, all the precipitation products of Al were noncrystalline. At pH 8.0 and a HA concentration of 12.5 µg/ml, the formation of gibbsite and bayerite was completely inhibited and only pseudoboehmite was evident in the XRD patterns. Further increase in HA concentration (25–75 µg/ml HA) at pH 8.0 resulted in no precipitation of Al, and only a broad peak at ∼3.3 Å, characteristic of HA, was observed. The XRD patterns of the precipitates of Al formed in the absence of HA at pH 10.0 showed the characteristic peaks of bayerite. At pH 10.0, the precipitation products of Al formed even at the HA concentration of 2.5 µg/ml yielded no XRD peaks. Infrared absorption spectra and transmission electron micrographs of the precipitation products of Al formed in the systems studied substantiate the findings obtained by XRD. The data obtained in this study indicate that HA affects the formation of Al hydroxide polymorphs, pseudoboehmites and short-range ordered mineral colloids.

The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory sums the attractive van der Waals and repulsive electrostatic forces as a function of separation distance to predict the interaction between charged particles immersed in a liquid. In aqueous media, however, non-electrostatic polar (electron acceptor/electron donor or Lewis acid/base) forces between particles with high energy surfaces often are comparable to, or greater than, the components of DLVO theory. By means of contact angle measurements on smooth self-supporting clay films, the values of the polar surface forces (AB) and the van der Waals forces (LW) of hectorite were measured. Determinations of ζ were used to derive the electrostatic forces (EL). Calculations based on the values obtained for the EL, LW, and AB forces show that for smooth spheres with a radius of 1 µm in a ≥ 0.1 M NaCl solution a net attraction exists leading to flocculation. At NaCl concentrations of ≤ 0.01 M, a repulsion energy of about +500 to +1300 kT exists at separation distances ≤ 50 Å, preventing contact between particles, thus ensuring stability of the colloidal suspension. At these concentrations, theory predicts that small clay particles or edges of clay crystals having an effective radius of curvature ≤ 10 Å should be energetic enough to overcome the repulsion barrier which prevents flocculation. Experimentally, for NaCl solution concentrations of ≥ 0.1 M, suspensions of hectorite particles flocculated, whereas at concentrations of ≥ 0.01 M, the suspensions remained stable. These experimental results agree with the predictions made by summing all three forces, but contradict the calculations based on classical DLVO theory.

Novel modified clay adsorbents were prepared by blocking cation-exchange sites of an expandable clay, such as montmorillonite, with polymeric or polyvalent inorganic ions and by using cationic surfactants as sources of surface organic carbon. Electrokinetic measurements demonstrated that the adsorbed polycations were essentially nonexchangeable. Adsorption and desorption experiments revealed that about 90% of the cationic surfactant was apparently irreversibly bound to the surface. Flocculation and peptization studies were performed to establish that the adsorbed surfactant moiety was oriented with its hydrocarbon tail towards the surface. Such a configuration of simultaneously adsorbed polycations and cationic surfactants was designated as an inorgano-organo-clay (IOC). As shown in an accompanying paper, these IOCs bind priority pollutants as strongly as granulated activated carbon.

Samples of mixed-layer illite/smectite were investigated from a single bentonite bed zoned with respect to expandability from 90 to 30%. Chips of natural rocks were embedded in a resin, using a procedure designed to preserve the original fabric, cut with an ultramicrotome, and observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). These observations confirmed the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) model of mixed-layer clays, i.e., that illite/smectite grains in natural rocks are built of mixed-layer crystals, from 1 to as many as 15 silicate layers thick (4–6 interlayers per crystal on average). These crystals are present either as individual particles (loose crystals) or, typically, they form nearly parallel face-to-face groupings called here quasi-crystals. Free fundamental smectite and illite particles as defined by Nadeau and coworkers were essentially absent.

Illite and smectite interlayer spacings were 10 and 13.5 Å, respectively. Crystal thickness and number of interlayers were measured for 35–100 mixed-layer crystals per sample. Illite/smectite expandabilities were calculated from these data in two ways: either neglecting the crystal edges or accounting for them. The former determinations agree well with XRD estimates of expandability and the latter, with expandabilities calculated from the distributions of fundamental particle thickness measured by a shadowing technique in the TEM. This result explains the systematic discrepancy between XRD and TEM measurements of illite/smectite expandability.

Pillared, regularly and randomly interstratified illite/smectite (I/S) was prepared by interacting aluminum chlorohydrate with I/S in aqueous dispersion. I/S samples from Kinnekulle, Sweden, ranging in composition from 30–60% smectite layers, were used as starting clays. The pillaring resulted in a separation of the smectite layers in the I/S of about 9 Å, as estimated by X-ray powder diffraction and by nitrogen adsorption studies. Only the smectite layers of the clay were modified by the pillaring procedure. The pillared products had surface areas of 200–260 m2/g and pore volumes of about 0.18 cm3/g. The uptake of Al by the clay and the micropore surface area of the pillared products were proportional to the fraction of smectite layers in the I/S. The thermal and hydrothermal stability of the pillared I/S was similar to that of pillared montmorillonite prepared using the same procedure.

Spherical halloysite aggregates have been identified for the first time in mineral matter isolated from bituminous coals. The spherules, found in Permian coals of the Sydney basin, New South Wales, range from 0.4 to 0.6 µm in diameter and have a delicate ring-like structure that helps to confirm the halloysite identification. They appear from their location to be related to influxes of pyroclastic debris, either directly or from nearby soils, into the original peat accumulation. Analytical electron microscopy indicates higher proportions of Si and Fe than coexisting particles of hexagonal platy kaolinite, and electron diffraction reveals a typical disordered halloysite structure. The aggregates are larger than those normally reported in soils, and comparison to growth rates in soils suggests development over a significantly longer time than that expected for accumulation of the host coal seams. The buckled structure in the ring-like pattern and the related crude polyhedral outlines probably reflect shrinkage with dehydration during the coalification process, but it may also be due to the different sample preparation techniques.

Quasi-spherical particles (7-µm mean diameter) were prepared from cross-linked hydroxy-Al-montmorillonite (basal spacing =15.3 and 18.6 Å) by spray-drying. These particles (SP-CLM) were used as a packing material for columns in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aromatic phosphate esters, chlorosubstituted phenyl-ureas, monosubstituted benzenes, and the o-, m-, and p-isomers of disubstituted benzenes were separated on the columns, using isopropanol and hexane. Alkyl and alkoxy groups in the solute molecules sterically hindered the interaction of these molecules with the solid phase. The retention of the isomers of disubstituted benzenes that possess one electronegative (or dipolar) and one nonpolar substituent increased in the order: o- < m- < p-. In contrast, for all investigated disubstituted benzenes containing two electronegative (or dipolar) substituents, the o-isomer was retained on the 18.6-Å SP-CLM more strongly than the m- and p-isomers. The chromatographic data suggest that the strength of the interaction of phenolic groups with the solid phase increased with the acidity of these groups. The o-isomers of phenols that contained an additional electronegative (or dipolar) substituent displayed an exceptionally strong adsorption. The capacity of the o-isomers of disubstituted benzenes containing two electronegative (or dipolar) substituents to form chelates with Al probably was responsible for the strong retention of such o-isomers compared with the retention of the corresponding m- and p-isomers.

Cross-linked hydroxy-Al-montmorillonite acted as a strong and selective adsorbent for many families of organic compounds. It was used successfully as the solid phase in HPLC separations with eluents ranging from nonpolar (e.g., hexane) to highly polar (e.g., water).

The influence of added sodium and calcium nitrate electrolyte on the particle aggregates in the colloid fraction of natural bentonite and kaolin was studied. Clays were flocculated in distilled water and various electrolyte concentrations. Aggregate size was studied by sedimentation analysis; the mean radius of the aggregates was plotted against the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+. For bentonite, the mean radii decreased with an increase of Na+ and Ca2+ concentration, reaching a minimum; and further increases in concentration led to an increase of the mean radii of the aggregates. For kaolin, an increase in Na+ and Ca2+ concentration gave rise to an increase in the mean radii of aggregates.

Scanning electron micrographs showed different types of aggregates, depending on the physico-chemical conditions of a sedimentation process. In bentonite and kaolin sediments formed from a distilled water slurry, the dominant aggregate was an edge-face type. The small addition of salts to a bentonite slurry led to the formation of edge-edge-type aggregates; for kaolin edge-face-type aggregates formed, although within the microaggregate face-face associations were observed. The highest concentrations of electrolytes for sediments of both clays led to formation of compact, face-face-type aggregates.

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies were carried out on 1,6-hexanediamine hydrochloride (HDA)-treated synthetic fluorhectorite to determine the orientation of functional groups within the structure. Oriented crystal layers were prepared by flocculating the smectite slurry with glass fibers to obtain a 100-µm-thick paper. Orientations were determined by measuring integrated IR band intensities at various incident beam angles (≤60°), inasmuch as absorption occurred only if the oscillating dipole of the functional group interacted with the electric vector of the incident radiation. The H-N-H plane in amine groups was aligned parallel to the lamellar plane. The H-O-H plane of the small amount of sorbed water was inclined 45° or more to the interlamellar layer, and the OH groups were inclined 45° to this layer.

Even with the incorporation of HDA in the interlamellar structure, at high humidity, additional water sorbed. The sorbed water competed with and displaced amine groups from the surface, resulting in randomly oriented amine groups. Many of the amine groups were ionized, whereas the additional sorbed water showed little orientation.

This study demonstrated that the orientation of intercalated amines in fluorhectorite can be determined by following the intensity changes in infrared-active bands as a function of the incident beam angle. With intercalated HDA, the orientations were influenced by the presence of interlayer water.

Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), and chlorophenols were sorbed from their respective aqueous solutions onto inorgano-organo-clays (IOCs). Cetyl pyridinium hydroxy-Al montmorillonite (CPC-hydroxy-Al montmorillonite), an IOC, containing only 11–12% surface organic carbon by weight, bound pentachlorophenol strongly, with an observed monolayer capacity of 0.08 mmole/g. The comparable value for granulated activated carbon (GAC) was found to be 0.12 mmole/g. On the other hand, cetyl pyridinium cation-exchanged montmorillonite (CPC-montmorillonite), containing 19.2% surface organic carbon by weight, did not bind pentachlorophenol as efficiently as did IOCs. For benzo(a)pyrene, CPC-hydroxy-Al montmorillonite was found to be a better adsorbent than GAC and CPC-montmorillonite. The significant difference in the sorption potential of the two types of surfactant-laden clays for pentachlorophenol and benzo(a)pyrene was probably due to the surface orientation of the adsorbed organic carbon. For 3,5-dichlorophenol, however, both types of organo-clays exhibited weak binding, which was probably due to the greater aqueous solubility of the dichlorophenol.