Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:01:44.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relevance of Different Intercalation Tests for Distinguishing Halloysite from Kaolinite in Soils

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

G. J. Churchman
G. J. Churchman*
Affiliation:
Division of Land and Soil Sciences, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
*
1Present address: CSIRO Division of Soils, Private Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The expandabilities of kaolin-group minerals in different horizons in 10 soils from New Zealand and Fiji were measured immediately after the application of formamide and after the sequential application of hydrazine, water, and glycerol (HWG treatment). The expandabilities of these minerals in some of the soil samples with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and after long-term (4-day) formamide treatments were also measured. The abundance of characteristic halloysite shapes was determined from electron micrographs of selected samples. The expandabilities of several non-soil kaolinite samples with the DMSO and HWG treatments were also measured.

The expansion of kaolin-group minerals showed the same trends within almost all profiles, whether determined using formamide (by the immediate-formamide treatment) or glycerol (by the HWG treatment). Except where both treatments led to complete intercalation, the HWG treatment always caused more expansion of kaolin-group minerals than obtained immediately after formamide application. The HWG treatment expanded some non-soil kaolinite samples, but well-crystallized kaolinite was not affected by this treatment. The DMSO treatment expanded kaolin-group minerals in the soils to a similar extent as the HWG treatment and also expanded well-crystallized kaolinite. The degree of expansion resulting from the immediate-formamide treatment matched abundance of typical halloysite particle shapes more closely than the degree of expansion given by the other intercalation treatments. The degree of expansion immediately following formamide application could be diminished, if the samples were heated at 40 ± 5°C.

Keywords

Expansion treatmentHalloysiteIntercalationKaoliniteSoil clay
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 38 , Issue 6 , December 1990 , pp. 591 - 599
Copyright
Copyright © 1990, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Anton, O. and Rouxhet, P. G., 1977 Note on the intercalation of kaolinite, dickite and halloysite by dimethyl-sulfoxide Clays & Clay Minerals 25 259 – 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Robinson, K., 1946 Randomness in the structure of kaolinitic clay minerals Trans. Farad. Soc. 42B 198 – 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, C. S., 1984 Simplified, complete CsCl-hydrazinedimethylsulfoxide intercalation of kaolinite Clays & Clay Minerals 32 125 – 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, C. S., Buol, S. W. and Weed, S. B., 1980 Mineralogical characteristics and transformations of a vertical rock-saprolite-soil sequence in the North Carolina Piedmont: II. Feldspar alteration products—Their transformations through the profile Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44 1104 – 1112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G. J., 1980 Clay minerals formed from micas and chlorites in some New Zealand soils Clay Miner 15 59 – 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G. J. and Carr, R. M., 1975 The definition and nomenclature of halloysites Clays & Clay Minerals 23 382 – 388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G. J. and Gilkes, R. J., 1989 Recognition of intermediates in the possible transformation of halloysite to kaolinite in weathering profiles Clay Miner 24 579 – 590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G. J., Whitton, J. S., Claridge, C. G. C. and Theng, B. K. G., 1984 Intercalation method using formamide for differentiating halloysite from kaolinite Clays & Clay Minerals 32 241 – 248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J. B., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., 1989 Kaolinite and serpentine group minerals Minerals in Soil Environments 2nd ed. Madison, Wisconsin Soil Science Society of America 467 – 525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eswaran, H. and Wong, C. B., 1978 A study of a deep weathering profile in Peninsula Malaysia. II. Mineralogy of the clay, silt and sand fractions Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42 149 – 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrix, W. P., Orr, C., Groves, M. J. and Wyatt-Sargent, J. L., 1970 Automatic sedimentation size analysis equipment Particle Size Analysis London Society for Analytical Chemistry.Google Scholar
Hewitt, A. E. and Churchman, G. J., 1982 Formation, chemistry, and mineralogy of soils from weathered schist, Eastern Otago, New Zealand New Zealand J. Sci. 25 253 – 269.Google Scholar
Hinckley, D. N. and Bradley, W. F., 1963 Variability in ‘crystallinity’ values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina Clays & Clay Minerals, Proc. 11th Natl. Conf., Ottawa, Ontario, 1962 New York Pergamon Press 229 – 235.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. C., 1980 Crystallinity of kaolin minerals and their weathering sequence in some soils from Nigeria, Brazil and Colombia Geoderma 24 317 – 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J. C. and Brown, G., 1979 A crystallinity index for soil kaolins and its relation to parent rock, climate and soil maturity J. Soil Sci. 30 557 – 563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L., 1956 Soil Chemical Analysis—Advanced Course .Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L. and Abdel-Kader, F. H., 1978 Kaolinite intercalation procedure for all sizes and types with X-ray spacing distinctive from other phyllosilicates Clays & Clay Minerals 17 157 – 167.Google Scholar
Olejnik, S., Aylmore, L. A. G. Posner, A. M. and Quirk, J. P., 1968 Infrared spectra of kaolin mineral-dimethyl sulfoxide complexes J. Phys. Chem. 72 241 – 249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, D. W., 1984 Halloysite, gibbsite and kaolinite from some krasnozems from Northern Queensland Abstracts, Australian Society of Soil Science Conference, Brisbane, 1984 152.Google Scholar
Range, K. J., Range, A., Weiss, A. and Heller, L., 1969 Fire-clay type kaolinite or fire clay mineral? Experimental classification of kaolinite-halloysite minerals Proc. Int. Clay Conf, Tokyo, 1969, Vol. 1 3 – 13.Google Scholar
Ross, C. J. and Kerr, P. F., 1934 Halloysite and allophane U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 185–G 135 – 148.Google Scholar
Shimizu, H., 1972 Kaolin mineral transformation during weathering and diagenesis Nendo Kagaku 12 63 – 73.Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff (1987) Soil taxonomy: Soil Management Support Services Technical Monograph 6, 3rd printing, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 244 pp.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. H. and Pohlen, I. J. (1970) Soil survey method: New Zealand Soil Bur. Bull. 25, 242 pp.Google Scholar
Theng, B. K. G. Churchman, G. J., Whitton, J. S. and Claridge, G. G. C., 1984 Comparison of intercalation methods for differentiating halloysite from kaolinite Clays & Clay Minerals 32 249 – 258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wada, K., 1961 Lattice expansion of kaolin minerals by treatment with potassium acetate Amer. Mineral. 46 78 – 91.Google Scholar