We aimed to examine changes in serum bilirubin and uric acid (UA) levels in subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD). In addition, we investigated if altered serum bilirubin and UA levels correlate with the subtypes of SIVD as well as the severity of leukoaraiosis (LA).

This cross-sectional study included 1098 consecutive patients with slight symptoms, such as dizziness, vertigo etc. According to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances, they were divided into either SIVD group or controls (CN), and the SIVD group was further grouped in lacunar infarction (LI) and LA subtypes, as well as different grades. Serum bilirubin and UA levels were determined by the vanadate oxidase method and enzymatic method respectively, after at least an eight hour overnight fasting, in all subjects.

The bilirubin level was obviously lower while the UA level was significantly higher in the SIVD group when compared with the controls. Moreover, the LA subgroup presented more significant changes in bilirubin and UA when compared to the LI subgroup in both males and females. The correlation was positive between the UA levels and the LA severity (r=0.134, p=0.006). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (95% CI) for SIVD in the lowest tertile of total bilirubin (Tbil<9.58μmol/L) and highest tertile of UA (UA>339μmol/L) were 2.702(1.936–3.770) and 2.135(1.521–2.996) respectively after adjusting for confounding variables.

Serum bilirubin levels were lower, whereas UA levels were higher in SIVD patients when compared with controls in both males and females, especially in LA patients. Moreover, serum UA levels positively correlated to LA severity.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the single largest cause of death and disability following injury worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical, medical and accident related trends for patients with TBI hospitalized in an urban level 1 Trauma Centre.

Data were retrospectively collected on individuals (n = 5,642) who were admitted to the Traumatic Brain Injury Program of the McGill University Health Centre - Montreal General Hospital from 2000 to 2011.

Regression analysis showed a significant upward trend in the yearly number of cases as well as an upward trending by year in the proportion of TBI cases aged 70-years-old or more. The Injury Severity Scale scores were positively associated with year indicating a slight increase in injury severity over the years and there was an increase in patient psychological, social and medical premorbid complexity. In addition, the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score tended to become more severe over the years. There was a slight decrease in the proportion of discharges home and in the proportion of deaths.

These results will help to understand the impact of TBI in an urban Canadian level 1 Trauma Centre. This information should be used to develop public prevention strategies and to educate the community about the risk of TBI especially the risk of falls in the ageing population. These findings can also provide information to help health policy makers plan for future resources.

Endovascular coiling of aneurysms crossing the Circle of Willis has been described in small case series. The technical challenges in manipulating a stent across the Circle of Willis lie in negotiating difficult angles and small arteries. We present our experience with treating aneurysms by stent assistance in which the Circle of Willis was crossed to facilitate optimal stent deployment.

We retrospectively reviewed the cases in our institution from January 2009 to June 2012 in which the Circle of Willis was traversed to facilitate optimal stent deployment. We measured the diameter of the communicating arteries traversed, caliber of the target arteries in which the stent was deployed and the most acute angle negotiated (“critical angle”). We compare our results with other published series in the literature.

Eight patients fulfilled the criteria: 5 males (45-66 years). There were three anterior and five posterior circulation aneurysms. Four of the aneurysms were ruptured. The PCOM was traversed in five cases, the ACOM in three cases. The mean diameter of the communicating artery was 1.17mm. The mean diameter of target arteries was 1.27mm. The “critical angle” was 72-147 degrees. In all patients, there was satisfactory obliteration of the aneurysm. There were two cases of minor SAH post procedure.

Utilizing the Circle of Willis for optimal stent placement in aneurysm remodeling is technically feasible but challenging. This technique can be performed successfully in patients with acute SAH. The procedural risk must be balanced against potential complications such as SAH.

The protective effects of a novel stilbene derivative, (E)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (MSTMP), on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced human derived neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y) damage and its molecular mechanisms were investigated.

SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 200 μmol·L−1 H2O2 for 12 h. The effect of MSTMP on cell viability and apoptosis was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry method. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) in cells were determined by commercial kits. The expressions of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-3, caspase-9 and inducible NOS (iNOS) were detected by Western blotting. Intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed using 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe.

MSTMP increased the SH-SY5Y cell viability by inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by H2O2. These effects were accompanied by an increase of SOD activity, GSH level, and a decrease of MDA content. Moreover, MSTMP showed stronger effects on inhibition of LDH leakage, apoptotic cells, intracellular ROS level and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 than TMP. Furthermore, MSTMP induced a decrease of NO level and the activity of iNOS, tNOS in a time-dependent manner.

MSTMP prevents H2O2-induced cell injury through anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis via ROS-NO pathway.

Tectal gliomas commonly present with hydrocephalus from obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The creation of a ventriculostomy in the floor of the third ventricle (ETV) has been previously reported to by-pass aqueduct obstruction. The goal of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of ETV in the presence of an obstructing tectal glioma.

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentation, management, and clinical outcome after ETV in patients diagnosed with tectal glioma and obstructive hydrocephalus in our institution over a period of 15 years. Shunt freedom at follow-up was the main outcome variable. Long-term clinical outcome was assessed at the most recent clinic visit. Clinical outcome was ranked as excellent, good, or poor according to resolution of symptoms and patient functional status.

The median age at presentation was 16.5 years (range: 6.4 to 59 years) and the most common presenting symptom was headache. Eleven patients had ETV as a primary procedure and three patients underwent ETV as a substitute for shunt revision at the time of shunt failure. At follow-up (median 3.9 years, range: 2.2 to 7 years) 13 of 14 patients remain shunt independent with excellent (n=9) or good outcomes (n=5).

In patients with tectal glioma causing obstructive hydrocephalus, ETV can be performed safely in the primary setting or as a substitute for shunt revision. A high rate of shunt freedom (78%-100%) at prolonged follow-up can be expected in this patient population.

We explored the early expression of NF-κB, MCP-1 and -MMP 9 in a rabbit carotid aneurysm model, and investigated the possible mechanism of aneurysm.

twenty four adult new Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups. normal control (group a); rabbits received elastase induction for 1, 2 3 weeks (group b, C and d respectively); hematoxylin-eosin stains were performed for observation. the mrna and protein expression of NF-κB, MCP-1 and MMP-9 were analyzed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods.

the expression of NF-κB and MCp-1 reached their peaks after induction for one week, then decreased. their expression in week 1 and week 2 had no statistical difference. the expression of MMP-9 increased after induction. We observed the highest expression at week 3. as the induction time increased, the number of smooth muscles reduced. endothelial cells were damaged; the aneurysm wall elastic layer was damaged.

activation of NF-κB may be one of the initiating factors contributing to the occurrence and development of cerebral aneurysm. MCP-1 induced macrophage adhesion and infiltration in the artery wall of cerebral aneurysms, and contributed to the occurrence and development of brain aneurysm. damage to elastic fibers is one of the key factors for aneurysm formation. increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of MMP-9 are the main reasons for elastic fiber damage.

Iterative reconstruction has been reported to reduce radiation dose in CT, while preserving and even improving image quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) on radiation dose reduction and image quality for noncontrast adult head CT and to compare SAFIRE with conventional filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction.

Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective analysis of head CT scans reconstructed with SAFIRE and/or FBP for 107 patients. Radiation dose parameters were recorded from scanner-generated CT dose reports. Signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios (SNR, CNR) were calculated from gray and white matter (GM, WM) attenuation measurements. Image noise, artifacts, GM-WM differentiation, small structure visibility, and sharpness were graded by two readers. Statistical analysis included the independent-samples t test for quantitative data, the related samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test for qualitative data, the coefficient of repeatability for intraobserver variation, and κ statistics for interobserver agreement.

Mean effective dose was significantly reduced with SAFIRE from 2.0 to 1.7 mSv (p<0.0001). SAFIRE also significantly improved GM SNR, WM SNR, and GM-WM CNR (p<0.0001). Significant reductions in image noise and posterior fossa artifact as well as improvements in GM-WM differentiation, small structure visibility, and sharpness were noted with SAFIRE (P<0.005).

SAFIRE for noncontrast adult head CT reduces patient radiation dose by 15% for the settings employed at our institution, while significantly improving multiple quantitative and qualitative measures of image quality.

Patients confronted with the daunting prospect of a potentially life-altering procedure with uncertain outcome demonstrate high levels of anxiety and need for information. Regardless, many patients are left unsatisfied by the amount of information received from physicians. This study sought to examine the information-seeking patterns of patients and suggest ways to optimize the communication of medical information, specifically within the context of neurosurgery.

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 neurosurgical patients operated on for benign or malignant brain tumors. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis in NVivo10.

Three major themes relating to information-seeking by neurosurgical patients were identified: 1) almost all patients searched for information on the Internet; 2) in addition to characterizing the tumor as benign or malignant, patients sought additional information such as the location of the tumor in the brain; and 3) patients with malignant tumors were less likely to seek information online and more likely to consider alternative therapies. To improve the provision of information to neurosurgical patients, physicians can 1) offer to review imaging results with patients; 2) promote an environment open to questions; 3) provide information in a forthright manner, avoiding the use of medical jargon; and 4) consider guiding patients to reliable Internet sites and facilitating written records of consultations.

There are many ways that physicians can improve the provision of information to patients, including providing written information and physician recommended online resources, and being mindful of patient perceived time constraints and barriers to effective communication.

Tissue plasminogen activator has been found to significantly improve patient outcomes post stroke. Previous economic evaluations have adjusted for fewer admissions to inpatient rehabilitation but not for decreased length of stay in rehabilitation. Our objective was to estimate the potential cost savings associated with a decreased length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation for patients who receive tissue plasminogen activator compared to those who do not, in a Canadian context.

Decreased length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation for patients who received tissue plasminogen activator compared to controls was reported previously in a population of 1962 patients admitted to hospital with an ischemic stroke in Ontario between July 1, 2003 and March 31, 2008. Average per diem cost savings associated with the use of tissue plasminogen activator were calculated using a literature based cost estimate. Sensitivity analysis varying the length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation was performed.

The estimated mean per diem cost of inpatient rehabilitation derived from the literature was $626. Based on previously reported estimates for reduced length of stay, receipt of tissue plasminogen activator was estimated to result in savings of $939 per patient during inpatient rehabilitation. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these cost savings could range from $501 to $1377 per patient on average.

Future economic evaluations of tissue plasminogen activator should consider adjusting for shortened length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation for patients who receive tissue plasminogen activator.

To report an unusual case of malignant degeneration in a ganglioneuroma of the jugular foramen post stereotactic radiosurgery as well as to systematically review the pertinent literature involving radiosurgery associated malignancies.

Ganglioneuromas are uncommon lesions of the peripheral nervous system and infrequently reported in the head and neck region. There have been no previously described cases of ganglioneuromas occurring in the jugular foramen. Malignant degeneration of these lesions is rarely described, especially in the context of radiosurgery. Radiosurgery associated malignancies overall are exceptionally rare and only a limited number of cases have been reported.

We describe a case of a ganglioneuroma occurring in the jugular foramen and mimicking the appearance of a jugular foramen schwannoma. This lesion underwent stereotactic radiosurgery and developed a delayed degeneration into a malignant nerve sheath tumor. The occurrence of ganglioneuroma in this region has not been previously described and presumed malignant degeneration is even rarer. This case highlights a previously understated risk associated with stereotactic radiation treatments. To date, 33 previous cases of stereotactic radiosurgery associated malignancies have been reported. We review the pertinent details of these cases. We caution that as follow up periods and awareness increases, reports such as this may become increasingly common.

Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of lysosomal metabolism. The clinical phenotypic spectrum encompasses overlapping features of variable severity and is suggestive of individual single sulfatase deficiencies (i.e., metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis, and X-linked ichthyosis).

We describe a 3-year-old male with severe hypotonia, developmental regression and progressive neurodegeneration, coarse facial features, nystagmus (from ocular albinism), and dysmyelinating motor sensory neuropathy. Ethics approval was obtained from the Western University Ontario.

Extensive investigative work-up identified deficiencies of multiple sulfatases: heparan sulfate sulfamidase: 6.5 nmoles/mg/protein/17 hour (reference 25.0-75.0), iduronate-2-sulfate sulfatase: 9 nmol/mg/protein/4 hour (reference 31-110), and arylsulfatase A: 3.8 nmoles/hr/mg protein (reference 22-50). The identification of compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the SUMF1 gene c.836 C>T (p.A279V) and c.1045C>T (p.R349W) confirmed the diagnosis of MSD.

The complex clinical manifestations of MSD and the unrelated coexistence of ocular albinism as in our case can delay diagnosis. Genetic counselling should be provided to all affected families.

To determine the prevalence of glaucoma in older adults with dementia of the alzheimer's type (DAT).

retrospective chart review: the prevalence of glaucoma was determined in older adults with a diagnosis of DAT or mixed dementia (DAT with vascular contribution) admitted to the geriatric and neurology units of the Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal and the hôpital Maisonneuve-rosemont between april 2008 and april 2009 (n=220; DAT group). they were matched for age and date of hospitalisation to the first 220 individuals without dementia (control group) recruited from other medical units in the same hospitals: gastroenterology, internal medicine or cardiology. a diagnosis of glaucoma was deemed positive if recorded in the chart or if there was a medication compatible with this diagnosis. Chi-square tests were used for between-group comparisons.

Subjects' age ranged from 66 to 101 years. the prevalence of glaucoma was 6.8% in our study population (n=30/440). glaucoma was significantly more prevalent in the DAT group (n= 21; 9.5%) than in the control group (n= 9; 4.1%) [χ1 2 = 5.15; p = 0.023].

the prevalence of glaucoma was higher in a group of older adults with DAT than in a comparable control group. these results underscore the importance of providing regular eyecare for persons affected by DAT.