We show, from a topological viewpoint, that most numbers are not normal in a strong sense. More precisely, the set of numbers $x \in (0,1]$ with the following property is comeager: for all integers $b\ge 2$ and $k\ge 1$ , the sequence of vectors made by the frequencies of all possibile strings of length k in the b-adic representation of x has a maximal subset of accumulation points, and each of them is the limit of a subsequence with an index set of nonzero asymptotic density. This extends and provides a streamlined proof of the main result given by Olsen (2004) in this Journal. We provide analogues in the context of analytic P-ideals and regular matrices.

We show that for a Salem number $\beta $ of degree d, there exists a positive constant $c(d)$ where $\beta ^m$ is a Parry number for integers m of natural density $\ge c(d)$ . Further, we show $c(6)>1/2$ and discuss a relation to the discretized rotation in dimension $4$ .

Let $r=[a_1(r), a_2(r),\ldots ]$ be the continued fraction expansion of a real number $r\in \mathbb R$ . The growth properties of the products of consecutive partial quotients are tied up with the set admitting improvements to Dirichlet’s theorem. Let $(t_1, \ldots , t_m)\in \mathbb R_+^m$ , and let $\Psi :\mathbb {N}\rightarrow (1,\infty )$ be a function such that $\Psi (n)\to \infty $ as $n\to \infty $ . We calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the set of all $ (x, y)\in [0,1)^2$ such that

$$ \begin{align*} \max\left\{\prod_{i=1}^ma_{n+i}^{t_i}(x), \prod_{i=1}^ma_{n+i}^{t_i}(y)\right\} \geq \Psi(n) \end{align*} $$

$n\geq 1$

Dirichlet’s theorem, including the uniform setting and asymptotic setting, is one of the most fundamental results in Diophantine approximation. The improvement of the asymptotic setting leads to the well-approximable set (in words of continued fractions)

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{K}(\Phi):=\{x:a_{n+1}(x)\ge\Phi(q_{n}(x))\ \textrm{for infinitely many }n\in \mathbb{N}\}; \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{G}(\Phi):=\{x:a_{n}(x)a_{n+1}(x)\ge\Phi(q_{n}(x))\ \textrm{for infinitely many }n\in \mathbb{N}\}. \end{align*} $$

$\Phi _{1},\Phi _{2}:[1,+\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb {R}^{+}$

$\mathcal {G}(\Phi _{1})\!\setminus\! \mathcal {K}(\Phi _{2})$

$\mathcal {G}(\Phi )$

$\mathcal {K}(\Phi )$

$\Phi $

$\mathcal {G}(\Phi _{1})\!\setminus\! \mathcal {K}(\Phi _{2})$

$\Phi _1$

Let $0\leq \alpha \leq \infty $ , $0\leq a\leq b\leq \infty $ and $\psi $ be a positive function defined on $(0,\infty )$ . This paper is concerned with the growth of $L_{n}(x)$ , the largest digit of the first n terms in the Lüroth expansion of $x\in (0,1]$ . Under some suitable assumptions on the function $\psi $ , we completely determine the Hausdorff dimensions of the sets

$$\begin{align*}E_\psi(\alpha)=\bigg\{x\in(0,1]: \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log L_n(x)}{\log\psi(n)}=\alpha\bigg\} \end{align*}$$

and

$$\begin{align*}E_\psi(a,b)=\bigg\{x\in(0,1]: \liminf\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log L_n(x)}{\log\psi(n)}=a, \limsup\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log L_n(x)}{\log\psi(n)}=b\bigg\}. \end{align*}$$

We prove the convergence and ergodicity of a wide class of real and higher-dimensional continued fraction algorithms, including folded and $\alpha $ -type variants of complex, quaternionic, octonionic, and Heisenberg continued fractions, which we combine under the framework of Iwasawa continued fractions. The proof is based on the interplay of continued fractions and hyperbolic geometry, the ergodicity of geodesic flow in associated modular manifolds, and a variation on the notion of geodesic coding that we refer to as geodesic marking. As a corollary of our study of markable geodesics, we obtain a generalization of Serret’s tail-equivalence theorem for almost all points. The results are new even in the case of some real and complex continued fractions.

We consider the two-dimensional shrinking target problem in beta dynamical systems (for general $\beta>1$ ) with general errors of approximation. Let $f, g$ be two positive continuous functions. For any $x_0,y_0\in [0,1]$ , define the shrinking target set

$$ \begin{align*}E(T_\beta, f,g):=\left\{(x,y)\in [0,1]^2: \begin{array}{@{}ll@{}} \lvert T_{\beta}^{n}x-x_{0}\rvert <e^{-S_nf(x)}\\[1ex] \lvert T_{\beta}^{n}y-y_{0}\rvert < e^{-S_ng(y)} \end{array} \ {\text{for infinitely many}} \ n\in \mathbb N \right\}, \end{align*} $$

where $S_nf(x)=\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}f(T_\beta ^jx)$ is the Birkhoff sum. We calculate the Hausdorff dimension of this set and prove that it is the solution to some pressure function. This represents the first result of this kind for the higher-dimensional beta dynamical systems.

Given any rectangular polyhedron $3$ -manifold $\mathcal {P}$ tiled with unit cubes, we find infinitely many explicit directions related to cubic algebraic numbers such that all half-infinite geodesics in these directions are uniformly distributed in $\mathcal {P}$ .

In this paper, we discuss a connection between geometric measure theory and number theory. This method brings a new point of view for some number-theoretic problems concerning digit expansions. Among other results, we show that for each integer k, there is a number $M>0$ such that if $b_{1},\ldots ,b_{k}$ are multiplicatively independent integers greater than M, there are infinitely many integers whose base $b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{k}$ expansions all do not have any zero digits.

We establish a normal approximation for the limiting distribution of partial sums of random Rademacher multiplicative functions over function fields, provided the number of irreducible factors of the polynomials is small enough. This parallels work of Harper for random Rademacher multiplicative functions over the integers.

The paper deals with the sets of numbers from [0,1] such that their binary representation is almost convergent. The aim of the study is to compute the Hausdorff dimensions of such sets. Previously, the results of this type were proved for a single summation method (e.g. Cesàro, Abel, Toeplitz). This study extends the results to a wide range of matrix summation methods.

For any x in $[0,1)$ , let $[a_1(x),a_2(x),a_3(x),\ldots ]$ be its continued fraction. Let $\psi :\mathbb {N}\to \mathbb {R}^+$ be such that $\psi (n) \to \infty $ as $n\to \infty $ . For any positive integers s and t, we study the set

$$ \begin{align*}E(\psi)=\{(x,y)\in [0,1)^2: \max\{a_{sn}(x), a_{tn}(y)\}\ge \psi(n) \ {\text{for all sufficiently large}}\ n\in \mathbb{N}\} \end{align*} $$

and determine its Hausdorff dimension.

This paper is concerned with the growth rate of the product of consecutive partial quotients relative to the denominator of the convergent for the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number. More precisely, given a natural number $m,$ we determine the Hausdorff dimension of the following set:

$$ \begin{align*} E_m(\tau)=\bigg\{x\in [0,1): \limsup\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log (a_n(x)a_{n+1}(x)\cdots a_{n+m}(x))}{\log q_n(x)}=\tau\bigg\}, \end{align*} $$

where $\tau $ is a nonnegative number. This extends the dimensional result of Dirichlet nonimprovable sets (when $m=1$ ) shown by Hussain, Kleinbock, Wadleigh and Wang.

A Cantor series expansion for a real number x with respect to a basic sequence $Q=(q_1,q_2,\dots )$ , where $q_i \geq 2$ , is a generalization of the base b expansion to an infinite sequence of bases. Ki and Linton in 1994 showed that for ordinary base b expansions the set of normal numbers is a $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^0_3$ -complete set, establishing the exact complexity of this set. In the case of Cantor series there are three natural notions of normality: normality, ratio normality, and distribution normality. These notions are equivalent for base b expansions, but not for more general Cantor series expansions. We show that for any basic sequence the set of distribution normal numbers is $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^0_3$ -complete, and if Q is $1$ -divergent then the sets of normal and ratio normal numbers are $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^0_3$ -complete. We further show that all five non-trivial differences of these sets are $D_2(\boldsymbol {\Pi }^0_3)$ -complete if $\lim _i q_i=\infty $ and Q is $1$ -divergent. This shows that except for the trivial containment that every normal number is ratio normal, these three notions are as independent as possible.

Given an infinite subset $\mathcal{A} \subseteq\mathbb{N}$ , let A denote its smallest N elements. There is a rich and growing literature on the question of whether for typical $\alpha\in[0,1]$ , the pair correlations of the set $\alpha A (\textrm{mod}\ 1)\subset [0,1]$ are asymptotically Poissonian as N increases. We define an inhomogeneous generalisation of the concept of pair correlation, and we consider the corresponding doubly metric question. Many of the results from the usual setting carry over to this new setting. Moreover, the double metricity allows us to establish some new results whose singly metric analogues are missing from the literature.

We show that fractal percolation sets in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ almost surely intersect every hyperplane absolutely winning (HAW) set with full Hausdorff dimension. In particular, if $E\subset\mathbb{R}^{d}$ is a realisation of a fractal percolation process, then almost surely (conditioned on $E\neq\emptyset$), for every countable collection $\left(f_{i}\right)_{i\in\mathbb{N}}$ of $C^{1}$ diffeomorphisms of $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, $\dim_{H}\left(E\cap\left(\bigcap_{i\in\mathbb{N}}f_{i}\left(\text{BA}_{d}\right)\right)\right)=\dim_{H}\left(E\right)$, where $\text{BA}_{d}$ is the set of badly approximable vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. We show this by proving that E almost surely contains hyperplane diffuse subsets which are Ahlfors-regular with dimensions arbitrarily close to $\dim_{H}\left(E\right)$.

We achieve this by analysing Galton–Watson trees and showing that they almost surely contain appropriate subtrees whose projections to $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ yield the aforementioned subsets of E. This method allows us to obtain a more general result by projecting the Galton–Watson trees against any similarity IFS whose attractor is not contained in a single affine hyperplane. Thus our general result relates to a broader class of random fractals than fractal percolation.

An effective estimate for the measure of the set of real numbers for which the inequality |P(x)|<Q-w for $w > {3 \over 2}n + 1$ has a solution in integral polynomials P of degree n and of height H(P) at most $Q \in {\rm{\mathbb N}}$ is obtained.

Given a finite set $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$, points $a_1,a_2,\dotsc,a_{\ell} \in A$ form an $\ell$-hole in A if they are the vertices of a convex polytope, which contains no points of A in its interior. We construct arbitrarily large point sets in general position in $\mathbb{R}^d$ having no holes of size $O(4^dd\log d)$ or more. This improves the previously known upper bound of order $d^{d+o(d)}$ due to Valtr. The basic version of our construction uses a certain type of equidistributed point sets, originating from numerical analysis, known as (t,m,s)-nets or (t,s)-sequences, yielding a bound of $2^{7d}$. The better bound is obtained using a variant of (t,m,s)-nets, obeying a relaxed equidistribution condition.

We investigate the distribution of the digits of quotients of randomly chosen positive integers taken from the interval $[1,T]$ , improving the previously known error term for the counting function as $T\to +\infty $ . We also resolve some natural variants of the problem concerning points with prime coordinates and points that are visible from the origin.