Index
abstinence treatments, 307
abusive behaviors, digital,
Acceptable Use Policies, 383
acculturation,
active use, , ,
activism, LGBT+, 199
addiction. See also internet addiction; problematic social media use
digital media design features promoting, 367,
gaming, , , , 301
smartphone, , ,
Addictive Patterns of Use (APU) scale, , 308
adolescents. See also specific topics
barriers to mental health services for,
beneficial uses of social media by, 229
brain development and digital media use studies in,
change experienced by, 1
conceptual considerations for digital media usage and mental health of,
developmental psychopathology approach to,
digital media as developmental context for, 9,
digital mental health interventions for, ,
digital technology vulnerabilities of, 367
externalizing and health risk behavior rise in, 264
fame aspirations of,
history of study of social media use by,
idols of,
measurement of digital media use by, , , 223
overview of digital media use by,
selective exposure to social media by, ,
self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in, 339
sexuality development of,
sleep role in development of,
social interactions of,
social media as social context for, , , 54
as target population for mental health prevention and intervention, 389
Adolescents’ Digital Technology Interactions and Importance (ADTI) scale, 222,
adverse online experiences,
affirmation, narrative partner provision of,
affordances, social media, , ,
adolescent identity development and,
anonymity as, ,
asynchronicity as, 52
attention problems and, 323
for communication, , 21
cue manageability as,
cultural beliefs and,
marginalized population digital media use and,
scalability as,
sexually oriented use and,
Africa, digital media use in, 164
age, problematic social media use association with, 304
aggression,
direct,
exposure to online, 269
media violence effects on,
offline and online overlap of,
quantity of digital media use and, 268
aggressive sexual behavior,
algorithmic exclusion, 204
algorithms
peer relationship research and,
racial inequalities perpetuation by, 179
selective exposure to media with,
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
media use policy statement of, 232
routine screening recommendations of, 308
American Psychological Association (APA), mental health app evaluation by, 397
amygdala (AMYG), 108,
anorexia nervosa (AN),
anterior cingulate cortex,
anterior insula (AI),
anterior temporal pole (ATP), 108,
anti-mainstream sentiments,
anxiety
adverse online experiences associated with,
beneficial digital media behaviors for,
clinical and intervention resources for,
DSM-5 definition of,
FOMO association with, 226
future research directions in,
gender association with,
highly visual social media association with,
hypotheses on relationship between social media use and,
prevalence of, 217
problematic digital media behaviors for,
sleeplessness association with, 227
social media use association with,
theories of,
Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), mental health app evaluation by, 397
appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC),
applications (apps). See also specific apps
attention-holding design features of, 367,
history of research on adolescent use of,
identity development support through, 77
mental health intervention delivery by,
artificial intelligence, mental health intervention delivery by, 400
artificial light, circadian rhythm disruption by, 326
Asia, digital media use in,
Asian Americans
protective mechanisms of social technologies for,
risks of digital media use by,
association, social media platforms allowing, 21
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT), mental health app evaluation by, 397
attention
deterioration of control processes of, 321
digital media design features and, 367,
digital media effects on, ,
future research directions in, 323
media multitasking effects on,
narrative partner provision of,
positive effects of digital media on,
on social media,
social media use and,
TV effects on,
video game effects on, ,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 201
game-based interventions for adolescents with,
media effects on related behaviors of,
social media use and,
attentional networks, brain,
attitudinal outcomes, of sexually oriented digital media use,
audiovisual anonymity, 139
audiovisual cues, in computer-mediated communication,
augmented reality, mental health intervention delivery by,
authenticity, in social media,
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 201,
automatic thoughts, in depression and anxiety, 218
auto-play,
awareness, of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality, 352
Be Internet Awesome curriculum,
bedtime, digital media delay of,
behavioral change, for healthy digital habits, ,
behavioral component, of digital media usage,
behavioral outcomes, of sexually oriented digital media use,
Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), 302
biased scanning, 145
binge eating disorder (BED),
biracial-ethnic identities,
Black adolescents
beneficial uses of social media for,
news media impacts on, 224
protective mechanisms of social technologies for,
risks of digital media use by,
Black Twitter culture, 193
blue light, 326
Blue Whale Challenge, 344
body dissatisfaction,
body image, 242, 255
adolescent developmental period and,
depression and anxiety association with, 225
future research directions in,
social media behaviors linked to,
social media content devoted to,
social media impact on, , 225,
subjective social media experiences linked to,
theoretical frameworks for,
body positivity,
brain development
adolescent studies,
age group comparisons and longitudinal studies,
current research limitations in,
digital media use and, ,
early childhood studies,
reward processing, , 108, ,
self-regulatory control, ,
social information processing, , 108, ,
brain stimulation, 124
Brazil, selfie use in,
bulimia nervosa (BN),
Caribbean, digital media use in,
censorship,
The Center for Humane Technology, 374,
certainty, sexual,
chatbots, mental health intervention delivery by, 400
#ChatSafe, ,
cigarette use, posts related to, 275
cingulo-opercular (CO) network,
circadian rhythm, device disruption of, 326
click bait,
co-construction theory
externalizing and health risk behaviors in, 264
of social media versus offline contexts, ,
coercion, sexual,
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
online or web-based mental health interventions using,
for problematic social media use,
cognitive component, of digital media usage,
cognitive control, digital media use and,
cognitive processing, media multitasking effects on, , 321
cognitive theory, of depression and anxiety, 218, ,
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Internet Addiction (CBT-IA),
coming out process,
commitments
formation of self-evaluated,
future research directions in,
identity development and,
to racial-ethnic identity,
relationship, 149
social media impact on,
communication. See also digital communication
analysis of content of,
asynchronous, 52,
digital media use in, 9
digital platform affordances for, , 21
history of internet use for,
history of social networking site and social media app use for,
communication theories
computer-mediated,
selective exposure theory,
selectivity paradigm representation in,
social media impact on,
uses-and-gratifications theory,
communion themes, in adolescent identity development, 72
communities
disadvantaged neighborhoods, 200
LGBT+, 195
racial-ethnic based online,
on social media,
structures of,
comparison groups, for digital media research, 19
Compulsive Texting,
compulsory heterosexuality,
computer access, 9, ,
computer-mediated communication (CMC) theories,
conditionality paradigm of media effects theories, 43
developmental susceptibility, 44
dispositional susceptibility, 43
social media as social context,
social-context susceptibility, 44
conflicts, in adolescent identity development,
Conformist stage, of ego development theory,
connectedness
self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through,
social media role in,
Conscientious stage, of ego development theory,
contagion, of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors,
content analysis,
context collapse, 196
Context-Convergence Hypothesis, 44
control networks, brain,
coping techniques, social media exchange of, 348
core beliefs, in depression and anxiety, 218
counterculture movements,
COVID-19 pandemic
digital media as intervention tool during,
problematic social media use rates and, 303
crime, online,
critical awareness, of digital media design features and psychological principles, ,
cross-cultural research,
crowding out hypothesis,
cue manageability,
Cultivation Theory, 44
cultural tools, digital media as, ,
cultural values in digital media, , 167
in Africa, 164
in Asia,
challenges in study of,
future research directions in,
governmental use of digital media to reassert, 179
in Latin America/Caribbean,
in Middle East, 166
culturally-sensitive mental health interventions, 405
culture
in adolescent identity development, 64
community structures in digital societies and,
depression and anxiety in response to, 218
variation in,
curricula, digital citizenship,
Cyber Civics Classroom Curriculum, 373
Cyberbalance and Healthy Content Choices Curriculum, 373
cyberbullying,
depression and anxiety association with,
among people with intellectual disabilities,
quantity of digital media use and, 268
self-injurious thought and behavior risk with, 345
of sexual/gender minority youth,
CyberCivics, 377
cyber-delinquency,
cybersex,
CyberWise, 374,
Cyworld, 173
daytime sleepiness, 324
deficit-producing hypothesis, 321
delinquency, 265
offline and online overlap of,
online depictions of offline, 267
quantity of digital media use and,
depression
adverse online experiences associated with,
beneficial digital media behaviors for,
challenges in studying social media relationship with,
clinical and intervention resources for,
DSM-5 definition of,
FOMO association with, 226
future research directions in,
gender association with,
highly visual social media association with,
hypotheses on relationship between social media use and,
among LGBT+ youth,
online single session interventions for, 394
prevalence of, 217
problematic digital media behaviors for,
sleeplessness association with, 227
social media use and, 90,
theories of,
descriptive norms,
detection, of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality,
Developing Healthy Social Media Practices (DHSMP) Prevention program,
development. See also brain development; identity development; sexuality development
body image and disordered eating during adolescent period of,
sleep role in,
transactional theories of,
developmental context, digital media as, 9,
developmental factors, selective social media use and, 42
developmental psychopathology,
developmental susceptibility, 44
deviancy training, 280
devices
access to, 9, ,
addiction to, , ,
attention-holding design features of, 367,
circadian rhythm disruption by, 326
cultural differences in terminology used for, 173
data collection technologies using, ,
mental health intervention delivery by,
passive sensing technology using, ,
school policies on, , 383
sleep displacement by,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
depression and anxiety definition in,
Internet Gaming Disorder definition in, 301
dialogue
in adolescent identity development,
social media impact on,
diary, media use,
diary designs
for measurement of digital media use, 18
in study of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 341
diet, media,
differential susceptibility to media effects model (DSMM),
developmental factors, 42
developmental susceptibility, 44
dispositional factors, 42
dispositional susceptibility, 43
social context factors,
social-context susceptibility, 44
digital agency, 380
digital citizenship
current state of education on,
curricula and resources for,
definition of,
school-based initiatives on, ,
Digital Citizenship Collection, 373
Digital Citizenship curriculum, 373
The Digital Citizenship Handbook for School Leaders, 373
Digital Citizenship+ Resource Platform, 373
digital communication
community structure effects of,
future research directions in,
opportunities and challenges for study of,
theoretical considerations in study of,
transformed peer constructs in,
digital divide,
digital footprints, 368
Digital Literacy & Citizenship Curriculum, 373
digital media. See also social media; specific topics
access to, ,
active versus passive use of, , ,
attention effects of, ,
attention-holding design features of, 367,
change as central to,
comparison groups in study of, 19
cultural differences in terminology used for, 173
as cultural tools, ,
definition of, , 10
depression and anxiety beneficial behaviors on,
depression and anxiety problematic behaviors on,
as developmental context during adolescence, 9,
developmental psychopathology approach to,
in externalizing and risk-taking behaviors,
governmental control and use of, 179
in high-income economies, 162
in lower- and middle-income economies, 162
measurement of use of, , , 223
mechanisms underlying mental health relationship to usage of, 26
overview of adolescent use of,
psychological well-being impacts of activities using, , , 367,
re-imagination of conceptualization of usage of,
research challenges caused by fluid landscape of,
safe spaces provided by,
school-based initiatives on digital citizenship and, ,
school-based initiatives on healthy use of, , ,
self-reflection about personal use of, ,
sexuality development and,
sexuality implications of,
sexually oriented use of, 135, ,
sleep effects of,
as social context, , , 54
social interactions through, 9
user variables underlying mental health relationship to usage of,
digital media habits
adolescent development studies of,
age group comparisons and longitudinal studies of,
brain development and, ,
early childhood development studies of,
healthy,
reward processing role in, , 108, ,
self-regulatory control role in, ,
social information processing role in, , 108, ,
digital media research, 9,
changes in,
clinical trial studies in, 310
conceptual considerations for,
definitions and terminology for, 10
design of,
history of,
methodological challenges in,
narrative research methods in, 76
naturalistic observation in, 76,
overview of adolescent digital media use,
person-specific approach to,
sample demographics and diversity in, 311
self-injurious thought and behavior challenges in,
smartphone data collection in, ,
digital mental health interventions (DMHIs), 389, 406
barriers to existing mental health services and,
benefits of,
challenges and future directions to,
culturally-sensitive and equitable, 405
effectiveness of,
modes of delivery of,
privacy and security issues in,
research-commercial gap in, 402
scalability of, 404
suggested readings for, 392
youth-centered,
digital metacognition,
digital micro interventions (DMIs), 351
digital monitoring and controlling, dating abuse via,
digital natives, 15
digital societies,
digital status seeking, 22
digital third space, 200
direct aggression,
disadvantaged neighborhoods, 200
disclosure, by LGBT+ youth,
discrimination
against racial-ethnic minority youth,
against sexual/gender minority youth,
disinhibition, online, 43
disordered eating, 242, 255
adolescent developmental period and,
future research directions in,
social media behaviors linked to,
social media content devoted to,
social media impact on,
subjective social media experiences linked to,
theoretical frameworks for,
displacement, sleep,
dispositional factors, selective social media use and, 42,
dispositional susceptibility, 43
distractibility, media multitasking effects on,
distraction, social media as tool for, 70
dopaminergic pathways,
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC),
dorsal attentional network,
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC),
dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC),
Down syndrome, 200
downward social comparison, 26
DQ Institute, 373
dual systems framework, of brain development,
echo chambers, on digital media,
ecological momentary assessment (EMA)
for measurement of digital media use, 18
in study of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 341
ecological momentary interventions,
ecosystem, social media as, 196
editability, social media platforms allowing, 21
egocentrism,
Egypt, governmental use of digital media in, 179
electroencephalography (EEG),
brain reward circuitry studies using,
control and attentional network studies using,
early childhood development studies using,
social information processing studies using, 117
electronic actions, against sexual/gender minority youth, 197
eMoodie,
emotional support, 89
empathy, in internet-addicted individuals, 117
ENLIGHT, 397
ephemeral content, 139
ethics, self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and,
executive network,
exosystems,
experience sampling method (ESM), 18
experiential learning, by LGBT+ youth, 196
experimentation, as motivation for sexual engagement with digital media, 141
exploration
identity, ,
racial-ethnic identity,
sexual,
external focus, in adolescent identity development,
externalizing behaviors, 264
aggression, bullying, and violence,
digital media as tool for reduction of,
digital media use in,
future research directions in,
mechanisms of,
problem behavior and delinquency,
extroversion, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
Facebook
adolescent use of,
appearance-related feedback on,
brain reward circuitry in use of,
changes in use of, 15
government bans of, 179
historical research on adolescent use of,
identity exploration on,
LGBT+ youth use of, 196
marginalized population affordances/hindrances on, 204
narrative elaboration on, 75
sexual agency and, 146
social information processing in use of,
as tool for introspection, 70
Facebook Stories,
face-to-face communication,
fame, social media role in adolescent aspirations for,
family media agreements,
Family Media Use Plan (FMUP), 232
fatigue, social media, 70
fear of missing out (FOMO)
depression and anxiety association with, 226
media effects in adolescents with, 43
selective social media use and, 42
filters, selective exposure to media with,
Finsta, , 222,
fitness, social media content devoted to, 252
fitspiration, 252
focus, media multitasking effects on,
followers, body image and,
footsie,
Friendster,
frontal eye fields (FEF),
fronto-parietal (FP) network,
functional MRI methods,
brain reward circuitry studies using,
control and attentional network studies using,
functional near-infrared spectroscopy, brain development studies using, 124
game-based interventions, mental health,
gangs, social media use by,
gender identity,
gender norms, conformity to,
geographic identity, 200
goal-striving, identity development and, 71
government, internet control by, 179
grappling, narrative partner functions in,
grooming, 143
group chats, racial-ethnic based, 193
group therapy, for problematic social media use, 307
habituation, to high arousal levels, 321
harassment, of sexual/gender minority youth,
Harm Reduction Therapy (HRT),
hashtags,
health information, social media delivery of, 284
health risk behaviors, 264
digital media as tool for reduction of,
digital media use in,
future research directions in,
mechanisms of,
sexual risk taking,
substance misuse,
Healthy Internet Use Model,
heterosexuality, compulsory,
high-income economies, 162,
highlight reels,
homelessness
beneficial uses of social media in,
identity development and,
HomeNet study,
Human Relations Media, 373
Hyperpersonal communication model, 46
identification, of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality,
identity development, 63,
construction of life story in, 72
culturally and digitally mediated,
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
in disadvantaged neighborhoods, 200
formation of self-evaluated commitments in,
future research directions in,
homelessness and,
identity exploration and introspection in, ,
intellectual disability and,
marginalized,
model of,
objective aspect of, ,
observation of, 76
of racial-ethnic minorities, ,
of sexual and gender minorities, ,
social media impacts on, , ,
subjective aspect of,
identity exploration,
idols, social media interactions with,
iKeepSafe,
image-based content
appearance preoccupation in,
depression and anxiety association with,
loneliness reduction via,
psychological well-being impacts of,
impulse control,
Indigenous adolescents
protective mechanisms of social technologies for,
risks of digital media use by,
infinite scroll,
influence, peer,
information exchange, self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through, 348
information overload, 70
information seeking, as motivation for sexual engagement with digital media, 140
inhibitory control, 43
injunctive norms,
Instagram
adolescent idols on,
adolescent use of,
appearance preoccupation on,
body image and, 246,
brain reward circuitry in use of, ,
fame through,
Finsta accounts on, , 222,
identity exploration on, 68
information shared on,
self-injury content on,
Instagram Stories,
Instant Messaging Addiction,
Integrated Threat Theory,
intellectual disability,
intention-setting activities, 379
interactional factors, in social media effects on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 349
interactive media, 10
interactivity continuum,
internal focus, in adolescent identity development,
internet
access to, ,
government control of, 179
history of research on adolescent use of,
information permanence on,
internet addiction (IA),
assessment of, , 309
clinical implications of,
clinical trial studies of, 310
definition of,
future research directions in,
neural correlates of, , , 117
normative use versus,
prevention of,
research limitations in,
sample demographics and diversity in studies of, 311
screening for,
terminology inconsistency in, 309
treatment of,
Internet Addiction Scale,
Internet Relay Chat rooms (IRCs), 13
Internet Safety curriculum, 373
interpersonal factors, in adolescent identity development, 64
interpersonal needs, historical study of social media use for,
intersectional identities,
intersectionality theory, body image and, 255
interventions. See also digital mental health interventions; school-based initiatives
depression and anxiety resources,
for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality, 351
for sleep improvement, ,
intimacy
in computer-mediated communication,
historical study of social media use for,
intrapersonal factors, in adolescent identity development, 64
intrapersonal needs, historical study of social media use for,
introversion, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
Iran, governmental control of internet in, 179
isolation
among LGBT+ youth,
social media role in,
Latin America, digital media use in,
LGBT+ youth,
beneficial uses of social media for,
identity development of, ,
intersectional identities of,
resilience through digital media use by,
risks of digital media use by,
life cycle theory,
commitment formation and,
life story
construction of, 72
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
future research directions in,
social media impact on,
likes
brain reward network activation by, ,
deviancy training via, 280
fluid nature of technology and, 15
peer influence via, 88
peer interactions and,
popularity and social status management using, ,
psychological principles of,
sexually oriented digital media use and,
loneliness
social media increase in,
social media reduction in,
longitudinal studies, digital platform fluidity challenges for, 16
lower- and middle-income economies, 162,
lower-income households, identity development in, 200
lowest common denominator model, 196
machine learning, for detection of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality,
macrosystems,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
brain reward circuitry studies using,
control and attentional network studies using,
early childhood development studies using,
social information processing studies using,
maladjustment, social media use and, 90
marginalized populations,
beneficial uses of social media by,
challenges in study of,
differential access in, 202
digital mental health interventions for, 405
disadvantaged neighborhoods, 200
future research directions for,
hard to reach and hidden,
homelessness,
intersectional identities,
people with intellectual disabilities,
racial-ethnic minorities, ,
sexual and gender minorities, ,
social media site affordances/hindrances for,
marijuana use, posts on,
mass communication,
media agreements,
media diet,
Media Education Lab, 373
media effects theories, 40
computer-mediated communication theories compared with,
conditionality paradigm,
future research avenues for,
selectivity paradigm,
social media impact on,
transactional affordance theory of social media uses,
transactionality paradigm,
Media Lessons and Resources, 373
media literacy education (MLE), ,
media multitasking, 330
attention problems associated with,
definition of, 317
future research directions in, 323
neural correlates of,
positive effects of,
Media Practice Model, 283
Media Use Plan, 232
MediaSmarts,
melatonin, screen light effects on, 326
mental health. See also specific mental illnesses
beneficial uses of social media for, 229
change in concept of, 1
conceptual considerations for digital media usage and,
developmental psychopathology perspectives of,
digital activities impact on, , , 367,
historical study of internet use relationship to,
historical study of social networking site and social media app use relationship to,
history effects of, 349
identity development impact on, 63
mechanisms underlying digital media usage relationship to, 26
user variables underlying digital media usage relationship to,
mental health interventions, 389, 406
barriers to existing mental health services and,
benefits of digital,
challenges and future directions to,
modes of delivery of,
mental health services, barriers to adolescent use of,
mesosystem, social media as,
message sending, mood effects of,
metacognition, digital,
meta-modernity, 170
M-Health Index and Navigation Database (MIND), 397
microsystem, social media as,
mid-anterior cingulate (mACC),
Mirroring Framework, 44
misinformation, on digital media,
mixed methods design, for measurement of digital media use, 18
Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS), 397
mobility narrative, ,
alternatives to,
moderate-discrepancy hypothesis, selective social media use and, 42
moderation, of self-injury content,
mood, social media effects on,
morbidity, externalizing and health risk behaviors causing, 264
mortality, externalizing and health risk behaviors causing, 264
multicultural theory, of depression and anxiety, 218, ,
multiracial-ethnic identities,
Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs), 13
narrative identity
construction of, 72
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
future research directions in,
social media impact on,
narrative partners, in adolescent identity development,
narrative reinforcement, of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 343
Native American adolescents
protective mechanisms of social technologies for,
risks of digital media use by,
natural language processing, for detection of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality,
near-infrared spectroscopy, brain development studies using, 124
negative sexuality, 136
negative susceptibles, 55
neighborhoods, disadvantaged, 200
NetSmartz, 373
neuroticism, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
new media, 10
News Literacy Project, 373
news media, depression and anxiety association with, 224
no relationship hypothesis, of depression and social media use,
non-susceptibles, 55
normalization effect, on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 343
normative social media use, 220,
norms. See also social norms
in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
gender,
media effects resonating with, 44
peer influence on,
problematic social media use association with,
sexist, 142
sexual risk taking and,
social media, 22, , ,
North Korea, governmental control of internet in, 179
objectification, sexual,
objectification theory,
objective aspect of identity development, , 71
construction of life story, 72
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
social media impact on,
offline communication, computer-mediated communication compared with,
offline contexts, online contexts versus, ,
online discrimination
against racial-ethnic minority youth,
against sexual/gender minority youth,
online disinhibition, 43
online mental health interventions,
online sexual risk behavior, developmental susceptibility to, 44
online support, self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through,
online support groups, 285
open to new experiences, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 108,
parallel activities,
parent training, for treatment of problematic social media use, 307
parents
school-based initiatives to help,
selective social media use and,
partner pressure, 142
passive sensing technology, ,
passive use, , ,
past selves, inability to escape,
Pathological Video Game Use,
Pathway Model of Problematic Mobile Phone Use, 301
peer approval
body image and,
investment in,
peer groups, selective social media use and,
peer pressure, as motivation for sexual engagement with digital media, 142
peer relationships
digital communication transformation of peer constructs,
future research directions in,
importance of, 85
observation of,
opportunities and challenges for study of,
peer influence in,
popularity and social status in, ,
in sexuality development,
social connectedness in,
social media redefinition of,
theoretical considerations in study of,
peer selection, in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
peer socialization, in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
peer support, self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through,
persistence, of social media platforms, 21
personality, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
person-society coherence, 72
person-specific effects,
phenomenological and ecological framework (PVEST),
popularity, social media impact on, ,
pornography,
gender stereotypes in, 148
information seeking in use of, 140
sexual agency and, 146
sexual behaviors and,
sexual certainty and,
sexual objectification and,
sexual risk taking link to,
sexual satisfaction and, 147
Sexual Script Theory and, 144
sexually permissive attitudes and,
Social Cognitive Theory and,
positive sexuality, 136,
positive susceptibles, 55
posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), 108,
posterior parietal cortex (PPC),
posts
alcohol and drug-related,
length restrictions on, 75
loneliness reduction through,
temporary accessibility of, 139
poverty, identity development in, 200
precuneus (PREC), 108,
prefrontal cortex
in brain control networks,
in brain reward circuitry, 108,
in social information processing, 108,
prevention messaging,
privacy
of digital mental health interventions,
self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and,
social media impact on,
pro-ana content, 225,
Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS),
Problematic Media Assessment and Treatment Clinic, , 309
Problematic Media Use Measure (PMUM), 308
problematic social media use, 300
assessment of, , 309
attention problems associated with,
clinical implications of,
clinical trial studies of, 310
definition of,
digital media design features promoting, 367,
future research directions in,
gender and age association with, 304
normative social media use versus, 220,
prevention of,
rates of, 303
research limitations in,
reward processing in,
sample demographics and diversity in studies of, 311
screening for,
terminology inconsistency in, 309
treatment of,
pro-mia content,
PsyberGuide, 397
psycho-education programs, for problematic social media use,
psychosocial moratorium, in identity development, 67
publicness, body image and, 246
racial inequalities, digital algorithms perpetuating, 179
racial-ethnic minorities,
beneficial uses of social media for,
identity development of, ,
intersectional identities of,
multicultural theory of depression and anxiety in, 218
news media impacts on, 224
resilience through digital media use by,
risks of digital media use by,
rape myths,
reading skills,
recipient effects, 54
reciprocal activities,
relational victimization, 197
resilience
racial-ethnic minority youth use of digital media for,
sexual and gender minority youth use of digital media for,
resonance, of social norms and media effects, 44
resource access, by LGBT+ youth, 199
resource exchange, self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through, 348
reward processing
brain networks involved in, 108,
digital media use and, , 108, , ,
in problematic social media use,
reward seeking, peer influence and, 88
Rinsta,
risk-taking behaviors, 264
aggression, bullying, and violence,
digital media as tool for reduction of,
digital media use in,
future research directions in,
mechanisms of,
peer influence and, 88
problem behavior and delinquency,
sexual risk taking,
substance misuse,
risky sexual behaviors, 150
role commitments,
romantic competition, 149
romantic relationships, 270
sexually oriented digital media outcomes in, 149
sexually oriented digital media use in, 141
rule-breaking, 265
safe environments, for research on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors,
safe spaces, for LGBT+ youth,
salience network,
sample, demographics and diversity of, 311
satisfaction, sexual, 147
scalable sociality,
school-based initiatives
behavioral change aim of, ,
critical awareness aim of, ,
curricula for,
on digital citizenship, ,
equity concerns for,
goals of, , ,
on healthy digital media use, , ,
lessons used in,
problems, parents, precedent, and policies as drivers of,
psycho-education programs for problematic social media use,
self-reflection aim of, ,
screen light, 326
screen media, 10
Screenshots Curriculum, 373
second-level digital divide,
security, of digital mental health interventions,
selection
peer,
social media algorithm effects on,
selective exposure, ,
selective exposure theory,
developmental factors, 42
dispositional factors, 42
social context factors,
selectivity paradigm of media effects theories,
self, social media as distraction from, 70
Self-Aware stage, of ego development theory,
self-branding, 92
self-concept, sexual,
self-development
culturally and digitally mediated,
sexual,
self-effects, 45
asynchronicity and, 52
cue manageability and,
recipient effects compared with, 54
scalability as,
sexual,
self-evaluated commitments,
self-exploration, 67
self-expression
mood effects of,
school-based initiatives on, 368
self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through, 347
self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB), , 354
adolescence and, 339
challenges in research on,
contagion of,
cyberbullying and, 345
detection of,
exposure to social media content on,
heavy social media use and, 345
intervention and prevention opportunities for,
interventions for, 351
among LGBT+ youth, 198
methodological innovation in study of, 353
methods used in study of,
moderators and mediators of social media effects on,
normalization and narrative reinforcement of, 343
prevention of, , 396,
privacy and ethical issues of,
safe environments for minimization of,
social media benefits for reduction of,
social media challenges in, 344
social media risks for,
social media role in,
stigma reduction for, 352
self-knowledge, 347
self-perception,
self-perception theory,
self-presentation
in active versus passive digital media use,
asynchronicity affordance in, 52
body image and,
controllability of,
cue manageability affordance in,
cultural effects on,
externalizing and health-risk behaviors in, 283
positivity bias in, 45
scalability affordance in,
sexual, ,
social media use in,
social status and popularity via, 92
self-reflection, ,
self-regulatory control
brain networks involved in,
digital media use and, ,
self-report, limitations of, ,
self-story
construction of, 72
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
future research directions in,
social media impact on,
sensation seeking, 43
sensitivity screens,
sexting,
partner pressure in, 142
in relationship initiation and maintenance, 141
school-based initiatives on, 368
sexual attraction and, 149
sexual behaviors and,
sexual exploration through, 141
sexual objectification and,
sexual risk taking link to,
sexual satisfaction through, 147
sexual self-concept development through,
sexual agency, 146
sexual and gender minorities,
beneficial uses of social media for,
identity development of, ,
intersectional identities of,
resilience through digital media use by,
risks of digital media use by,
sexual attraction, 149
sexual behaviors, adolescent engagement in,
sexual certainty,
sexual citizenship, 199
sexual coercion,
sexual exploration,
sexual health education, digital media use in,
sexual identity, 135
development of marginalized, ,
sexually oriented digital media use in construction of,
sexual objectification,
sexual risk taking, 270
developmental susceptibility to online, 44
exposure to online,
quantity of digital media use, 270
sexting, cybersex and offline sexual risk,
sexual satisfaction, 147
Sexual Script Theory, 144
sexual self-concept,
sexual self-development outcomes, of sexually oriented digital media use,
sexual socialization,
sexuality
digital media implications for,
digital media uses within context of,
sexually aggressive behavior,
sexually oriented digital media use, 135,
affordances of,
attitudinal outcomes of,
behavioral outcomes of,
future research directions in,
motivations for,
relationship quality indicators of, 149
sexual self-development outcomes of,
theoretical frameworks for effects of,
sexually permissive attitudes,
shared vulnerabilities, in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
single session interventions (SSIs)
online or web-based, 394
for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality, 351
sleep
in adolescent development,
depression and anxiety association with, 227
digital media effects on,
future research directions for digital media effects on,
individual susceptibilities to problems with, 329
sleep displacement,
sleep trackers,
smartphones
access to, 9,
addiction to, , ,
attention-holding design features of, 367,
circadian rhythm disruption by, 326
cultural differences in terminology used for, 173
data collection technologies using, ,
mental health intervention delivery by,
passive sensing technology using, ,
school policies on, , 383
sleep displacement by,
Snapchat
adolescent use of,
affordances of, 21
body image and, 246,
sexting via,
visual conversations on, 175
Snapchat Stories,
social activism, LGBT+, 199
social cognition, 88
Social Cognitive Theory,
social comparison
body image and, 248
as mechanism underlying digital media usage relationship to mental health, 26
in social media effects on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors,
social comparison theory, 245
social connectedness,
social context, social media as, , , 54
social context factors, selective social media use and,
social credit system, of China, 179
Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE), 46
Social Information Processing Theory, 46
social isolation
among LGBT+ youth,
social media role in,
social learning, by LGBT+ youth, 196
social media
adolescent use of,
anxiety association with,
appearance preoccupation in,
attention effects of,
attention on,
attention-holding design features of, 367,
beneficial uses of,
body image effects of, , 225,
body positivity content on,
censorship on,
changes in use of,
community structures in,
contextual characteristics of,
definition of, , 10,
delinquent acts portrayed on, 267
depression association with, 90,
eating disorder encouragement in,
as ecosystem, 196
fame through,
features versus platforms of, 94
gang use of,
governmental control and use of, 179
health information delivery through, 284
history of study of adolescent use of,
identity development effects of, , ,
as identity playground,
information permanence on,
mass media compared with, 54
mental health intervention delivery by, 399
as micro- or mesosystem,
narrative elaboration on, 75
normative versus problematic use of, 220,
norms of, 22, , ,
offline contexts versus, ,
peer influence intensification on,
peer relationship redefinition by,
person-specific effects of,
popularity and social status effects of, ,
prevention messaging delivery through,
quality of use of,
school-based initiatives on digital citizenship and, ,
school-based initiatives on healthy use of, , ,
selective exposure to, ,
self-injurious behaviors and,
similarities between different platforms of,
social connectedness and isolation via,
as social context, , , 54
subjective experience of,
suicide and,
as tool for introspection, 70
validation on,
weight loss and fitness content on, 252
social media addiction, 300
assessment of, , 309
attention problems associated with,
clinical implications of,
clinical trial studies of, 310
definition of,
digital media design features promoting, 367,
future research directions in,
gender and age association with, 304
normative social media use versus, 220,
prevention of,
rates of, 303
research limitations in,
sample demographics and diversity in studies of, 311
screening for,
terminology inconsistency in, 309
treatment of,
social media affordances, , ,
adolescent identity development and,
asynchronicity as, 52
attention problems and, 323
for communication, , 21
cue manageability as,
cultural beliefs and,
marginalized population digital media use and,
scalability as,
sexually oriented use and,
social media challenges, in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, 344
social media effects theories, 40
computer-mediated communication theories compared with,
conditionality paradigm,
future research avenues for,
selectivity paradigm,
social media impact on,
transactional affordance theory of social media uses,
transactionality paradigm,
social media fatigue, 70
social modeling,
social network use disorder,
social networking sites. See also specific sites
history of research on adolescent use of,
neural correlates of use of,
sexual agency and, 146
social information processing in use of, 108,
social norms
in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
media effects resonating with, 44
problematic social media use association with,
social media impact on,
social status
in externalizing and health-risk behaviors,
physical appearance tie to,
social media impact on, ,
social support, self-injurious thought and behavior reduction through,
social ties, in digital societies,
social-context susceptibility, 44
socialization
peer,
sexual,
social media algorithm effects on,
societies, digital,
source anonymity,
status seeking, digital, 22
stigma
digital mental health interventions as solution to,
of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidality, 352
stimulated recall method, 77
storytelling
dialogue and narrative partner functions in,
in identity development, 71
social media impact on,
streaks, psychological principles of,
structural MRI methods,
control and attentional network studies using,
early childhood development studies using,
subjective aspect of identity development,
formation of self-evaluated commitments,
identity exploration and introspection,
social media impact on,
subjective experience
body image and disordered eating link to,
of social media users,
substance use, 273
alcohol and drug-related posting and,
exposure to alcohol and drug-related posts and,
peer influence on,
quantity of digital media use and,
suicide, , 354
adolescence and, 339
challenges in research on,
contagion of,
cyberbullying and, 345
detection of,
exposure to social media content on,
heavy social media use and, 345
intervention and prevention opportunities for,
interventions for, 351
among LGBT+ youth,
methodological innovation in study of, 353
methods used in study of,
moderators and mediators of social media effects on,
normalization and narrative reinforcement of, 343
prevention of, , 396,
privacy and ethical issues of,
safe environments for minimization of,
social media benefits for reduction of,
social media challenges in, 344
social media risks for,
social media use and, 90,
stigma reduction for, 352
Super Peer Theory,
superior parietal lobule (SPL),
superior temporal sulcus (STS), 108,
support groups, online, 285
surveillance, governmental, 179
surveillance capitalism, 179
TalkLife,
Talks and Guidelines for Families & Educators, 373
task switching skills, 322
teachers, digital media use by,
technology pledges,
telehealth services, mental health intervention delivery by, 393
temporal coherence, in adolescent life story, 72
temporoparietal junction (TPJ), 108,
text messaging. See also sexting
alcohol and drug-related,
antisocial, 267
mental health intervention delivery by, 395
prevention messaging delivery through,
text-based communication, face-to-face communication compared with,
text-based content, psychological well-being impacts of,
text-based platforms, internal attributes focus and,
“13 Reasons Why,”
TikTok
adolescent use of,
artificial intelligence recommendation engine of,
body image and, 246,
LGBT+ youth use of, 204
time trackers,
tobacco use, posts related to, 275
topic modeling,
traditional learning, by LGBT+ youth, 196
trained attention hypothesis, 322
trait aggressiveness, media effects in adolescents with, 43
transactional affordance theory of social media uses,
importance of user subjective experience,
micro- and meso-level context of social media,
user shaping of social media context and effects,
transactional theories of development,
transactionality paradigm of media effects theories,
developmental factors, 42
dispositional factors, 42
social context factors,
transformation framework
body image effects of social media in, 246
of social media versus offline contexts, ,
trigger warnings,
tripartite influence model,
Turkey, digitally-mediated self in,
Twitter
affordances of, 21
aggression on, 268
Black culture on, 193
censorship on,
narrative elaboration on, 75
Twitter-feuds,
upward social comparison, 26
usage. See also problematic social media use
conceptualization and operationalization of,
measurement of, , , 223,
quality of,
user variables, in relationship between digital media usage and psychological well-being,
users
social media context and effects shaping by,
subjective experience of,
uses-and-gratifications theory,
validation
narrative partner provision of,
on social media,
values
future research directions in,
identity development and,
social media impact on,
variable rewards, digital media use of,
ventral striatum (VS),
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 108,
verbal victimization, 197
Video Game Addiction Scale, 309
video games
attention effects of, ,
mental health intervention delivery by,
positive effects of playing,
violent content in, 269
videoconferencing, mental health intervention delivery by, 393
violence,
developmental susceptibility to, 44
dispositional susceptibility to, 43
exposure to online, 269
offline and online overlap of,
quantity of digital media use and, 268
social-context susceptibility to, 44
virtual reality, mental health intervention delivery by,
visibility, social media platforms allowing, 21
visualness, body image and, 246
Walther’s Social Information Processing Theory, 46
wearables, passive sensing technology using, ,
web-based mental health interventions,
WeChat, 175
weight loss, social media content devoted to, 252
WEIRD (Western, Educated, Individualistic, Rich, Democratic) societies, research focus on, , 168, 175,
WeRNative, 194
White Ribbon Week, , 377
Year in Review, Facebook, 70
youth of color
beneficial uses of social media for,
intersectional identities of,
multicultural theory of depression and anxiety in, 218
news media impacts on, 224
online discrimination against,
protective mechanisms of social technologies for,
youth-centered digital mental health interventions,
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