This chapter examines the origins and development of the “War Story” as a subgenre of American short fiction. It argues that the “War Story” evolved out of the Civil War and the subsequent flowering of realism, which influenced this subgenre both stylistically and philosophically. This chapter explores the major iterations of the “War Story” and documents its adaptation by writers such as Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, Ernest Hemingway, and Tim O’Brien.

Computer modeling of specific psychological processes began over fifty years ago. Cognitive scientists do not use computers merely as tools, but also as inspiration about the nature of mental processes. Computational cognitive science has a long way to go. There are many unanswered questions. However, cognitive scientists believe that the mind/brain is in principle intelligible in terms of whatever turns out to be the best theory of what computers can do. The overview of cognitive science given in this chapter should suffice to show that significant progress has been made.

This chapter provides an introduction and an overview of computational cognitive sciences. Computational cognitive sciences explore the essence of cognition and various cognitive functionalities through developing mechanistic, process-based understanding by specifying corresponding computational models. These models impute computational processes onto cognitive functions and thereby produce runnable programs. Detailed simulations and other operations can then be conducted. Understanding the human mind strictly from observations of, and experiments with, human behavior is ultimately untenable. Computational modeling is therefore both useful and necessary. Computational cognitive models are theoretically important because they represent detailed cognitive theories in a unique, indispensable way. Computational cognitive modeling has thus far deepened the understanding of the processes and the mechanisms of the mind in a variety of ways.

Defoe’s public life – his bankruptcies; his jailing for political attacks; his notorious, seemingly unprincipled service to various political parties – is so absorbing that an attempt at viewing his inner life and his life in a domestic setting might seem both irrelevant and unnecessary. Nevertheless, we have to give some credence to the reality of the sincere, loving father who presented himself in the letters to his daughter Sophia. Such a vision of Defoe has to be woven into the many other Defoes: the somewhat unscrupulous businessman, the adventurer, the spy, the writer whose lively imagination found its fulfilment in the fictions he wrote from 1718 to 1725. When he appealed to his ’Sincerity’ in his autobiography, few seemed to believe him, but it is possible that amid all the lies and deceptions that he practised there was a core of belief in his own integrity. This essay tries to trace that part of his self throughout his career.

After a brief orientation to logic-based (computational) cognitive modeling, the necessary preliminaries are discussed in this chapter (e.g., what a logic is, and what it is for one to “capture" human cognition are explained). Three “microworlds" or domains that all readers should be comfortably familiar with (natural numbers and arithmetic; everyday vehicles; and residential schools, e.g., colleges and universities) are introduced, in order to facilitate exposition in the chapter. Then the ever-expanding universe U of formal logics, with an emphasis on three categories therein, is given: deductive logics having no provision for directly modeling cognitive states; nondeductive logics suitable for modeling rational belief through time without machinery to directly model cognitive states such as believes and knows; and finally, nondeductive logics that enable the kind of direct modeling of cognitive states absent from the first two types of logic. Then, there follows a focus spcifically on two important aspects of human-level cognition to be modeled in logic-based fashion: the processing of quantification, and defeasible (or nonmonotonic) reasoning. Finally, a brief evaluation of logic-based cognitive modeling is provided, together with some comparison to other approaches to cognitive modeling, and the future of the discipline is considered. The chapter presupposes nothing more than high-school mathematics of the standard sort on the part of the reader.

In a Confectionary Performance as that term is used in this chapter, the maker and the spectator will both appreciate that the performance is a deliberate one of making something by combining other things. ‘Synthesis’ and ‘articulation’ would serve as satisfactory synonyms for ‘confection’, but the advantage of ‘confection’ as a description of making processes that persuade spectators is the word’s association with pleasing sweetness. The very word persuasion originates in the idea that a person is moved ‘through sweetness’ (per-suade). Paying attention to the use of culinary and other sensory affective Confectionary Performances, this chapter highlights the significance in our post-truth age of political performances that bypass our logical thought processes in order to influence us through our feelings.

Trolley dilemmas were first developed by moral philosophers engaged in reflection on the ethics of permissible harm. But they have since become central to psychological research into morality. One reason why psychologists have paid so much attention to trolley dilemmas is that they see them as a key way to investigating the contrast between deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics. This framing, however, departs from the original philosophical purpose of trolley dilemmas, and can lead psychological research astray. In this chapter, we question the assumption that trolley dilemmas can shed general light about the psychological bases of utilitarian decision-making. Some lay responses to trolley dilemmas that psychologists routinely classify as "utilitarian" in fact have little meaningful relation to what philosophers mean by this term. Even when what underlies lay responses to trolley dilemmas partly echoes aspects of a utilitarian approach to ethics, this doesn’t generalize to other moral domains, and tells us little about the psychological roots of other aspects of utilitarianism. Properly used, trolley dilemmas have a useful role to play in psychological research. But once we get clear about what we can, and cannot, learn from them, the current centrality of the trolley paradigm in moral psychology will seem overblown.

Scholars have explored the impact of the unconscious on legal decision-making. Research has shown that, as with all human beings, intuitive reactions play a significant role in judges’ and arbitrators’ decision-making. This article examines the unconscious intuitive processes in the arbitration process and offers suggestions to foster a more robust deliberative overlay and improve the quality of decisions by arbitrators. It also provides suggestions for counsel’s consideration to aid them in capitalizing on these unconscious influences. In order to provide a context that reflects actual arbitrator decision making, the results of a survey of arbitrators is reported where they illustrate and amplify the psychological influence discussed.

This chapter analyzes reciprocity in the social sciences, historical forms of law, and domestic contexts, including the law of contracts and in federal States, to shed light upon some of reciprocity’s fundamental characteristics. Reciprocity is not incompatible with the existence of a community, but necessarily requires a social relation, and one of its defining characteristics is its relationship with equality. Rather than being a negative concept, based on occasional and discontinued instances of interaction on the basis of reactions to conduct, reciprocity is a concept fundamental to the existence of social relations, and inherent to ideas of justice and fairness.

This chapter introduces the book’s approach and its main theses, ending with an overview of the Phaedo. I argue that the dialogue has an unfolding structure, in which claims made early are often explained only at later stages. I briefly lay out the distinct stages of Socrates’ accounts of the forms, of the soul, and of ethics. These are not three independent topics; instead, his ethical account is grounded in his account of the soul, which is in turn grounded in his account of the forms. Another important thread running through the dialogue is how Socrates responds to Simmias’ and Cebes’ fears by trying to help them acquire the right sort of rational confidence in their views. I also discuss how Socrates appropriates and transforms ideas from his religious, scientific, and literary context in articulating and defending his philosophical theories.

A single perspective cannot explain the entirety of serial murder. In psychology, we promote a biopsychosocial model of understanding any behavior or mental process. The author provides a summary of various perspectives, starting with behavioral neuroscience (i.e., biopsychology). She summarizes direct evidence from case studies showing neural issues in serial murderers, implied evidence of brain dysfunction of serial murders, and evidence of no neural issues in serial murderers. She then discusses the biological correlates of violence in general. The case of MSK Joseph DeAngelo highlights crime solved through forensic genetic genealogy.

Author Marissa A. Harrison, a long-time research psychologist, describes her journey to writing Just as Deadly: The Psychology of Female Serial Killers. She recounts her pathway to conducting research on female serial killers (FSKs) and broadly introduces the concepts, content, and approach to writing this book. She describes her work with fellow researchers in various explorations of the psychology of serial murder and introduces her published work in scientific journals such as Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, and Current Psychology. Harrison describes her team’s work on morbid curiosity and protective vigilance, thought to motivate the great interest in serial murder. Included is a case study of Amy Archer-Gilligan to illustrate how FSKs can be just as deadly as male serial killers (MSKs). The author underscores the mandate for proper attribution of others’ work in scientific writing and her endeavors to provide extensive documentation for all factual information in this book to ensure a science-based presentation.

This chapter argues that our subjective experiences ߝ how we experience the world and understand ourselves within it ߝ are just as closely governed as our objective conduct, discussed in the last chapter. Whether they realise it or not, contemporary teachers are expected to play a significant role in this form of regulation. After all, teachers are now not simply responsible for transmitting a given curriculum and keeping children in line; they are de facto psychologists, responsible for the mental health, regulation and development of their pupils.