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Page 1 of 3

  • 2 - The Impact of Victory and Defeat on the Military Orders’ Public Image

  • Edited by Kelly DeVries, United States Military Academy, Clifford J. Rogers, John France
  • Book:
    Journal of Medieval Military History XXI
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    10 January 2024
    Print publication:
    06 June 2023, pp 74-96

  • Summary

    Throughout their existence the military orders were acutely dependent on maintaining a positive public image in Western Christendom. Popular military orders could expect to receive substantial donations and enthusiastic support from their benefactors, sufficient to pursue their military and medical vocations. Less popular orders might find themselves at the mercy of their detractors, whose censure could impact their revenues, their recruitment or even their existence. This article examines how news of battles fought in the borderlands could impact the military orders’ public image away from the frontier, in Christendom's core countries. It demonstrates that news of victory or defeat could have either a positive or negative impact on an order's reputation. It all depended on how this news was offered and how it was received.

    The monastic military orders were among of the most distinctive manifestations of the crusading movement. The earliest were the Knights Templar. They began as a small group of warriors protecting pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the years after the First Crusade (1095–99). Over time they grew to become both a vast international operation and a formal institution of the Church. Later years saw the establishment of many other military orders, following their example. These included the Hospitallers, a medical and charitable institution formed prior to the Templars, but which acquired a military role in the 1120s. Another was the Teutonic Knights, a medical and later military order established in 1190 during the Third Crusade. These would become the three largest military orders and they all rose to prominence at least in part through their dedication to the defense or reconquest of Jerusalem. Elsewhere, from the twelfth century onwards, many other military orders emerged to fight Christendom's opponents, especially in Iberia and the Baltic.

    In their origins, most military orders, including the Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights, were small operations. They conducted their vocations with the assistance of local patrons or visiting pilgrims who expressed their support by offering buildings, income, or land to facilitate their activities. In some cases, the smaller military orders never grew much beyond this simple model. Conversely, some military orders expanded to become massive international institutions and, in each case, they brought about this growth by capturing the attention of patrons in Western Christendom.

  • Effectiveness of an Alcohol-Based Nasal Antiseptic in Reducing MRSA Bacteremia in an Adult Intensive Care Population

  • Lauren Reeves, Lisa Barton, Michelle Nash, Jennifer Williams, Don Guimera, Bryan Simmons, Nicholas Hysmith, Jackie Morton
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 November 2020, p. s206
    Print publication:
    October 2020
    • Article
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  • Background: Hospitalized patients are at an increased risk of invasive infection with Staphylococcus aureus when colonized with the bacteria on admission. Rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia are directly correlated with overall patient acuity, placing patients in intensive care areas at greatest risk. Universal decolonization with nasal antibiotic ointments has been shown to reduce the incidence of invasive MRSA in critically ill patients; however, debate remains regarding the long-term efficacy of this strategy and the possibility of developing antimicrobial resistance. An alcohol-based nasal antimicrobial may be an effective alternative. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a twice daily alcohol-based product in reducing the rate of MRSA bacteremia in an academic tertiary-care adult intensive care setting. Methods: Our study was an observational design with retrospective and prospective cohorts each consisting of 61 critical care beds. The baseline incidence of MRSA bacteremia was determined from a 7-month period preceding the implementation of the nasal antimicrobial. At implementation, each admission received an electronic order for an alcohol-based nasal antiseptic that was applied twice daily during the intensive care stay. The primary outcome was the incidence of MRSA bacteremia in each group. MRSA bacteremia was defined by the CDC NHSN criteria after review by an infection prevention nurse. The 2 test was used to compare the rates between the 2 groups, and P < .005 was considered significant. Results: The study periods contained similar patient days, with 12,475 in the retrospective group and 12,733 in the prospective group. The rate of MRSA bacteremia in the retrospective cohort was 0.2404 compared to 0 in the prospective cohort. This rate change was statistically significant, with P < .0001. Conclusions: The alcohol-based nasal antiseptic was effective in reducing healthcare-onset MRSA bacteremia in this intensive care population. This approach may be a safe and effective alternative to nasal antibiotic ointment that avoids antibiotic resistance risks.

    Funding: None

    Disclosures: None

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