We apply two methods to estimate the 21-cm bispectrum from data taken within the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) project of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Using data acquired with the Phase II compact array allows a direct bispectrum estimate to be undertaken on the multiple redundantly spaced triangles of antenna tiles, as well as an estimate based on data gridded to the uv-plane. The direct and gridded bispectrum estimators are applied to 21 h of high-band (167–197 MHz; z = 6.2–7.5) data from the 2016 and 2017 observing seasons. Analytic predictions for the bispectrum bias and variance for point-source foregrounds are derived. We compare the output of these approaches, the foreground contribution to the signal, and future prospects for measuring the bispectra with redundant and non-redundant arrays. We find that some triangle configurations yield bispectrum estimates that are consistent with the expected noise level after 10 h, while equilateral configurations are strongly foreground-dominated. Careful choice of triangle configurations may be made to reduce foreground bias that hinders power spectrum estimators, and the 21-cm bispectrum may be accessible in less time than the 21-cm power spectrum for some wave modes, with detections in hundreds of hours.

The second-order structure functions (SFs) of the velocity field, which characterize the velocity difference at two points, are widely used in research into non-reacting turbulent flows. In the present paper, the approach is extended in order to study the influence of combustion-induced thermal expansion on turbulent flow within a premixed flame brush. For this purpose, SFs conditioned to various combinations of mixture states at two different points (reactant–reactant, reactant–product, product–product, etc.) are introduced in the paper and a relevant exact transport equation is derived in the appendix. Subsequently, in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the newly developed approach for advancing the understanding of turbulent reacting flows, the conditioned SFs are extracted from three-dimensional (3-D) direct numerical simulation data obtained from two statistically 1-D planar, fully developed, weakly turbulent, premixed, single-step-chemistry flames characterized by significantly different (7.53 and 2.50) density ratios, with all other things being approximately equal. Obtained results show that the conditioned SFs differ significantly from standard mean SFs and convey a large amount of important information on various local phenomena that stem from the influence of combustion-induced thermal expansion on turbulent flow. In particular, the conditioned SFs not only (i) indicate a number of already known local phenomena discussed in the paper, but also (ii) reveal a less recognized phenomenon such as substantial influence of combustion-induced thermal expansion on turbulence in constant-density unburned reactants and even (iii) allow us to detect a new phenomenon such as the appearance of strong local velocity perturbations (shear layers) within flamelets. Moreover, SFs conditioned to heat-release zones indicate a highly anisotropic influence of combustion-induced thermal expansion on the evolution of small-scale two-point velocity differences within flamelets, with the effects being opposite (an increase or a decrease) for different components of the local velocity vector.

The maser emission of the J = 1-0 lines of SiO in vibrationally excited states has been detected in two regions of massive star formation, W51 IRS2 and Sgr B2 MD5. The SiO masers apparently coincide with strong H2O masers in each source within the uncertainties of < 5″. Their velocity ranges fall within those of the nearest H2O masers (Figure 1). In W51 IRS2 the maser emission is observed only in the v = 2 state, and the upper limit of the v = 1 line (3σ) is 1/15th of the v = 2 line intensity. The v = 1 emission found in Sgr B2 MD5 is five times stronger than the marginally detected v = 2 emission (Figure 2). Their luminosities are comparable to those from the corresponding maser in Orion.

Extensive mapping of the CO and 13CO (J = 1-0) emission of the Bok globule, B361, is reported. The observations were made with the 4-m millimeter-wave telescope of Nagoya University. The mapped area extends over 60'x40′ which includes some filamentary dark clouds: L967, L964, L961, and L960, located to the west of B361.

The CO (J=1-0) emission in M82 has been mapped with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. The CO intensity distribution in the central region is resolved into two peaks. An axisymmetric model reveals a ring structure of molecular gas at a distance of 80-400 pc (centered near 200 pc) from the nucleus. This “200-pc ring” corresponds to just the region of a star formation burst. The molecular gas in M82 is also expanding out of the galactic plane with a velocity of 100-500 km s−1. The expansion energy of (0.1-1.4) x 1056 erg can be explained by the energy supply of supernovae in the central region.

We have made HCO+ (J = 1-0), HCN (J = 1-0) and CS (J = 2-1) observations of a bipolar flow source GL490 (Lada and Harvey 1981; Snell et al. 1984) using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope with 20″ resolution. A HCO+ spectrum obtained toward a central infrared source (Harvey et al. 1979) has prominent line wings extending up to 15-25 km s−1 from the line center (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows a map of HCO+ high velocity emission more than 8 km s−1 off the line center. The emission has “head-tail”-structures in both the blue- and the red-shifted sides; a “head” with stronger emission and a “tail” with weaker narrow ridge emission extending to the opposite side of the “head” through the center. The “head” emission has the same bipolar structure as the CO flow. Intermediate velocity emission at 38 km s−1 from the line center shows (1) a narrow ridge elongated in the NE-SW direction, at the blue-shifted side, and (2) a pair of shell-like structures symmetrically placed SW and NE of the center of the high velocity emission, at the red-shifted side (Figure 3).

We formulate and conduct the time-integration of time evolution equation for the giant molecular cloud mass function (GMCMF) including the cloud-cloud collision (CCC) effect. Our results show that the CCC effect is only limited in the massive-end of the GMCMF and indicate that future high resolution and sensitivity radio observations may constrain giant molecular cloud (GMC) timescales by observing the GMCMF slope in the lower mass regime.

During the totality on June 11, 1983 in East Java, Indonesia, a near infrared photometric observation of the solar corona was made using a stratospheric balloon, which was successfully launched by a joint team of ISAS, Japan and LAPAN, Indonesia. The surface brightness distributions in four near infrared bands: at 1.25, 1.65, 2.25 and 2.8 μm, have been obtained in the outer coronal region. Noticeable excess emissions superposed on the strong coronal background emission have been recorded in the scan profiles at 1.25 and 1.65 μm, and less conspicuously at 2.25 μm as well, at about 4 R⊙ from the sun. From the observed spectral and spatial characteristics, the excess emission component appears to originate in the thermal radiation from the circumsolar dust ring made of relatively large particles of about 100 μm in radius and with the olivine-like optical properties.

Infared polarimetric and photometric mapping observations at K(2.2 μm) and H(1.65 μm) have revealed an extended dust envelope around the late-type star IRC+10216. The observations were made on the 3.8-m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, in 1985 December and 1987 January and February. The polarization observations were made by emplying the Kyoto polarimeter (Sato et al. 1987). Great care was taken to check the contamination by stray light in the telescope and instruments as the source on peak was extremely bright (K~0 mag). From the observations of normal stars, we found that the polarized intensity (degree of polarization times the intensity) was a good measure of the envelope, free from contamination by stray light, although the intensity and the degree of polarization suffered from the contamination separately.

Sustained friction drag reduction and heat transfer augmentation are simultaneously achieved in a fully developed channel flow where the averaged transport equations and wall boundary conditions for momentum and heat have identical form. Zero-net-mass-flux wall blowing and suction is assumed as a control input and its spatio-temporal distribution is determined based on optimal control theory. When the root-mean-square value of the control input is 5 % of the bulk mean velocity, the friction drag is decreased by 24 % from the uncontrolled value, whereas the heat transfer is more than doubled. Optimizations with different amplitudes of the control input and different Reynolds numbers reveal that the optimal control inputs commonly exhibit the property of a downstream travelling wave, whose wavelength is ∼250 in wall units and phase velocity is ∼30 % of the bulk mean velocity. Detailed analyses of the controlled velocity and thermal fields show that the travelling wave input contributes to dissimilar heat transfer enhancement through two distinct mechanisms, i.e. direct modification of the coherent velocity and thermal fields and an indirect effect on the random fields. The present results show that the divergence-free velocity vector and the conservative scalar are essentially different, and this is a key to achieving dissimilar heat transfer enhancement in turbulent shear flows.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.

KNbO3 thick films were deposited on (100)c SrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 substrates at 240 °C for 3 h by hydrothermal method. Film thickness increased linearly with increasing the deposition number of times and 130 μm thickness was achieved by the 6 time deposition. XRD analysis showed the growth of epitaxial orthorhombic films with the mixture orientation of (100), (010) and (001). Cross-sectional SEM observation showed that the 130 μm-thick film was dense and no obvious voids inside the film. In addition, the crystal structure change along film thickness direction was not detected from the cross-sectional Raman spectral observation.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.

A wide range of applicability of the Reynolds analogy between turbulent momentum and heat transport implies inherent difficulty in diminishing or enhancing skin friction and heat transfer independently. In the present study, we introduce suboptimal control theory for achieving a dissimilar control of enhancing heat transfer, while keeping the skin friction not increased considerably in a fully developed channel flow. The Fréchet differentials clearly show that the responses of velocity and temperature fields to wall blowing/suction are quite different, due to the fact that the velocity is a divergence-free vector field while the temperature is a conservative scalar field. This essential difference allows us to achieve dissimilar control even in flows where the averaged momentum and energy transport equations have an identical form. It is also found that the resultant optimized mode of control input exhibits a streamwise travelling-wave-like property. By exploring the phase relationship between the travelling-wave-like control input and the velocity and thermal fields, we reveal that such control input contributes to dissimilar heat transfer enhancement via two different mechanisms, i.e. direct modification of the coherent components of the Reynolds shear stress and the turbulent heat flux, and indirect effects on the incoherent components, through modification of the mean velocity and temperature profiles. Based on these results, a simple open-loop strategy for dissimilar control is proposed and assessed.

Each process used to deposit or make the bi-axially textured template, buffer layer(s), and the superconductor in a coated conductor creates interfaces along which defects or interfacial reactions may result. These defects can be additive and propagate through the entire film structure to affect the growth and properties of the superconducting film. Defects within the films and their corresponding transport properties have been correlated with the differences in the thickness of the underlying buffer layer material. This knowledge can be used to control and engineer the structure of the coated conductor to maximize critical current densities.

The discovery of superconductivity in MgB2 has been followed by many papers reporting attractive thin film properties. In most cases these have involved the deposition of precursor films followed by in-situ or ex-situ post annealing in a Mg-rich atmosphere. Although simple device structures have been fabricated from such films, it is desirable for a number of reasons that a heterostructure device technology be developed. Heterostructure growth is likely to require in-situ growth, preferably without post-annealing. To achieve this, low oxygen and high Mg background pressures are required in the vicinity of the sample. By using a novel heater geometry we have been able to grow superconducting MgB2 films from Mg-rich targets at temperatures below 500 °C. This paper reports the growth method, and structural and electrical characterization of the films.

Pulsed laser deposition of Yba2Cu3O7-δ?(YBCO) coated conductors was studied for the range of P(O2) from 120 mTorr to 1200 mTorr, higher than typically used oxygen partial pressures during deposition. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the sensitivity of YBCO film quality to varying P(O2) for scaled-up fabrication of long-length coated conductors. Deposition at high P(O2) (≥?400 mTorr) gave very high and more consistent critical temperatures (Tc ≈?92 ±?0.4 °K) than results obtained at lower oxygen partial pressures (≤?200 mTorr) as determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Typically, the lower partial pressures are used although the laser fluence used in this research (3.2 J/cm2) is higher than typical. Transport Jc's were consistantly high for a wide range of oxygen pressures, 5–8 ×?106 A/cm2 at 77 K, self-field for P(O2) = 200–1200 mTorr. These results indicate that pulsed laser deposition of YBCO is relatively insensitive to P(O2) at the higher pressures of oxygen considered.